Bamin culture Bamin art folk music

Fujian's music can be traced back to very ancient times. 1979 A bronze clock was unearthed in Huangkeshan, Yang Ze Brigade of Xiqiaoqiao Commune in Jian 'ou County. According to archaeological analysis, it belongs to the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

According to documents, Fujian music was quite developed in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Tang Suzong (756-76 1), Fuzhou observation envoys presented dozens of musicians to Hebo, the son of Quan Xiangzai (Bi Zhi, Volume 3, Liangzhou Qu). Not only are there many musicians in officials' families, but even among the people, music and entertainment are quite common. For example, in the early days of Tianfu (90 1-904), in the south of Fuzhou, there were "people embroidered by mistake, boats lined up in clouds, mulberry buildings in wine markets on both sides of the strait, and the shadow of Rongcheng was revealed by Xiao Guan" (Lin Feng: Archaeological Records of Rongcheng).

During the Five Dynasties, Chen Jinfeng, the queen of the King of Fujian, was good at singing and dancing, and was proficient in melody. During the Dragon Boat Festival, I spent my time in wandering music. I told the maids to sing and dance in the West Lake, and the audience was blocked (The Legend of Chen Jinfeng in the Spring and Autumn Period and Ten Kingdoms, volume 94). During this period, there also appeared an actor who was as proficient in melody and good at acting as the influence of King Jianyang (Chen Yan: Biography of Fujian Actors, Volume 50).

By the Song Dynasty, Fujian's music level had been greatly improved, and many literati wrote music works and participated in the activities of formulating court elegant music. For example, Yang Chen's "Le Shu" is a wide-ranging music treatise, which preserves a lot of precious materials. Cai's "New Law of Lv" solved the transposition problem of the three-point profit and loss law reasonably in theory. Ruan Yi, Liu E, Cai Jing and Cai You. They all participated in the innovation and formulation of court elegant music.

In the Ming Dynasty, Fujian music became a school of its own, called "Yin Min" (Xie: Five Miscellaneous Secrets, Volume 12, Five Busi). According to the explanation of Guanyin Club written in the 13th year of Qianlong (1747), there were many popular tunes in southern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty, such as full-cavity, Kunqu, super-strong, strong-pipe, random-playing and luoluo, which showed the prosperity of folk music.

Fujian folk music completely preserves the original appearance of ancient Central Plains music. For example, Nanqu has the same title and performance form as Daqu in Tang and Song Dynasties, and the horizontal pipa (commonly known as Nanpa), the cave flute (shakuhachi), the two strings, the cymbals and the clappers in Nanqu all retain the prototypes of Tang, Song and Yuan musical instruments.

According to incomplete statistics, there are dozens of local folk songs, minor, folk music and instrumental music in Fujian, among which the folk songs are mainly Minnan folk songs, Hakka folk songs and She folk songs. Quyi music mainly includes Nanqu, Jin songs, Beiguan, Nanci, Xi aria, folk songs and bamboo songs. Instrumental music mainly includes ten times, ten lessons, ten notes and cage blowing.

(1) South Zone

Nanqu is one of the oldest existing music types in China, and is known as "the legacy of Tang and Song Dynasties". General scholars believe that it originated from quaint music in the Central Plains, and it was introduced to southern Fujian with immigrants from the Central Plains in the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Nanqu has preserved a large number of ancient songs from the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Mo Ke Dou Le, Midnight Song, Han Gong Qiu, Ganzhou Song, * * Flowers, Nian Nujiao and so on. When playing Nanqu, it kept the legacy of the left music in the Tang Dynasty, and all of them were played. The singer grasps the beat and acts as a conductor in the center; Those who play flute and two strings sit on the left one or two; Those who play pipa and sanxian sit on the right one or two. Usually five people play together. If there is a big scene, please make it lively and add other musical instruments. This kind of ostentation and extravagance is exactly the same as Tang Band (Cave 85 of Guo Huang) and Tang Music and Dance (Cave 156 of Dunhuang). Also, the oblique pipa played in Nanqu is exactly the same as the oblique pipa played by maids in Han Xizai's The Banquet of the Five Dynasties.

Nanqu consists of three parts: finger, score and song. Finger sleeve, also known as finger sleeve, has 48 sets, which is a relatively complete divertimento with words, songs and pipa fingering. Music score is instrumental music, and there are sixteen sets. Among them, the four famous songs Scenery of the Four Seasons, Plum Blossom Exercise, Walking Horse and Birds Returning to the Nest depict the four seasons of rain and dew in spring and summer and autumn snow. Plum blossoms brew snow into spring, and wonderful flowers bloom; Horses gallop, chasing electricity and clouds; Different birds fly, each doing his best. Song is a Sanqu, a oratorio accompanied by musical instruments. There are more than 1000 songs, which is the most popular part. Nanqu is simple and elegant, euphemistic and soft, and good at lyricism. Finger covers are mostly the joys and sorrows of love between men and women and the unfortunate experiences of ancient women; The spectrum mainly describes the natural scenery and expresses the feelings of traveling and parting; Songs also show the parting, lovesickness and resentment of men and women.

(2) Hakka folk songs

Hakka folk songs are full of traditional Central Plains cultural spirit, melodious and heroic northern temperament and soft and smooth southern characteristics. The tunes of Hakka folk songs are relatively free, with more decorative tones and semitones. The tune can be flexibly adjusted according to the singer's different vocal range, the length of liquor, the content of lyrics and the factors of time, place and people. But often casually answer, export into a song. Although the singing methods and lyrics of Hakka folk songs are varied, the lyrics are mostly seven words and four sentences, paying attention to smooth charm, and often using homophones and puns to express thoughts and feelings.

During the long migration process, Hakka people have formed various folk songs. After the Hakka people moved to Fujian, they lived with the people in southern Fujian for a long time, and the Hakka tune was also influenced by the singing of Fulao dialect. For example, Minnan folk songs in Jinjiang area and Hakka folk songs in western Fujian penetrate each other, which also has the characteristics of feathering emphasis on high notes; In high-profile, more emphasis is placed on feather sound.

Hakka folk songs reflect a wide range of life contents, such as love, labor, family, patriotism, sacrifice, praise, drinking, banter, mutual abuse, hypnosis, lamentation and persuasion.

(3) She folk songs

Fujian is the main residence of She nationality. Folk songs are an indispensable part of her life. She nationality, whether at ordinary times or festivals, when young men and women get together, will pour out their inner feelings through folk songs; Young men will sing love songs when they meet girls on the road; Young guests come to the village and there is an all-night welcome song at the party. Before marriage, young men and women should be cousins and in-laws; In various wedding ceremonies, there are various duets. She people sing "Please lead the song" when they worship their ancestors to welcome the dragon head. She people in Fuan and Xiapu counties also hold grand festival songs regularly. Every year on the Dragon Boat Festival in April, June 1 Sunday, July 7, August 15 and September 9, young women and men of the She nationality all wear bright holiday costumes and gather in Ge Ping from all directions to sing songs in groups of three or five.

She folk songs are rich in content, including songs, Wang songs, Zhong and lantian jade, and some describing historical figures, butterfly lovers and other love stories, the Legend of the White Snake, and wedding songs such as Farewell Song, Eight Immortals Going to Heaven, First Bride Song and Noisy Song.

The singing forms of She folk songs are rich and colorful, including solo, duet, chorus and duet, among which duet is the most common. When singing duets, men and women sit on both sides, and women especially like to crowd together. The most skillful folk songs of She nationality are "double-tone" singing, also called "double-tone falling", which belongs to the nature of cantata. Mainly popular in Ningde area.