Tujia folk custom (composition) is about 550 words.

In the long history, Tujia people have different understandings of the white tiger culture. The most typical performance is that Tujia people in Hubei and Chongqing stay away from the white tiger, while Tujia people in western Hunan stay away from the white tiger. But in terms of national identity, both Xiangxi Tujia and Hubei-Chongqing Tujia admit that they are Tujia. Therefore, the academic circles have come to the conclusion that Tujia ancestors are homologous and different branches.

Two manifestations of Tujia people's different understanding of white tiger culture

The White Tiger is an ancient cultural symbol of China. Ancient China attached great importance to the white tiger culture, which covered a wide range of fields, including astronomy, geography, folk customs and national beliefs. For example, people associate the white tiger with the stars in the sky, and attribute the "chief, floor, stomach, anger, finish, mouth and ginseng" among the 28 stars to the seven nights of the West White Tiger. The white tiger view was built in the Han dynasty, which was the place where Confucianism talked about the Five Classics. Ban Gu, a historian in the Eastern Han Dynasty, also compiled the Confucian deliberation opinions on the White Tiger View into the White Tiger View, which was circulated in the world, showing the importance attached to the White Tiger culture at that time.

Tiger culture appears constantly in ancient books. I ching said: "great men and tigers have changed, and their works are wonderful." The leopard of a gentleman has changed, and its Wen Wei is also. The villain changed his face and obeyed the king. " In other words, the change of saints, like tigers, is vigorous, diverse and full of vitality; The transformation of outstanding people in society is like a leopard, relatively calm; Ordinary people's change is only superficial obedience, without their own opinions. "Book of Rites Quli" has the saying that "line, left green dragon and right white tiger". "Line" refers to the formation when marching. In other words, the marching formation should be like the formation of green dragon and white tiger. Ying Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded in "Customs": "Wang Wurong had 300 chariots and 3,000 warriors, and was captured in Konoha." Like the anger of a tiger. "One of the words" samurai "describes that Zhou Wuwang's fighting team is brave and goes to the battlefield like a tiger. Later, people associated the white tiger culture with geomantic omen. For example, according to ancient Chinese geomantic omen, when choosing a house or a grave, we should choose the terrain of Zuoqinglong and Youbaihu.

With the development of society, people's understanding is deepening, and their understanding of tiger culture is also divided. People's different understanding of the white tiger culture has also influenced some ethnic groups' understanding of the tiger. For example, Tujia ancestors' understanding of tigers can be divided into two groups: "driving white tigers" and "respecting white tigers". One school thinks that the white tiger is an evil god, harmful to people and must be resolutely removed. This school is mainly distributed in Xiangxi Tujia inhabited areas (including today's Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Zhangjiajie City, Changde City and Huaihua City) (hereinafter referred to as Xiangxi Tujia). Another school thinks that the white tiger is a family god and an object of worship. This school is mainly distributed in Tujia areas in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing (hereinafter referred to as Hubei-Chongqing Tujia). "Drive away the white tiger" and "respect the white tiger" have always been the focus of debate in the academic field of Tujia studies. Ethnologists have made some explanations for these two completely different viewpoints according to folk data. They classified them as "sitting on a white tiger" and "sitting on a white tiger". For example, in the Encyclopedia of Tujia Traditional Culture, it is said that the white tiger of Tujia nationality in western Hunan is "sitting on the white tiger" and "sitting in the classroom, there will be disasters if there is no disaster", so it must be rushed. The white tiger of Tujia people in Hubei and Chongqing is a "white tiger in the hall". "The white tiger in the hall is the god of the family" and must be enshrined.

Tujia Nationality's "Driving White Tiger" in Xiangxi

In ancient times, "driving the white tiger" was particularly popular among Tujia people in western Hunan, which may be influenced by the view that the white tiger is an evil god among the five gods mentioned above, and it is considered harmful to people. People have also expanded this understanding that white tigers are everywhere and will bring disaster to people. For example, when a child is in infancy, his parents will ask the horse (wizard) to "crush the white tiger" (also called "nail the white tiger") at home. The specific method is: the horse cuts the white paper into the shape of a tiger, recites a spell to the paper-cut white tiger, and then nails the paper-cut white tiger to the central column of the hall. When the child reaches the age of 12, the horse takes down the white tiger paper-cut nailed to the pillar in the hall and takes it to the wild to burn or throw it away. This is called "burning white tigers" (or "releasing white tigers"). It means burning the white tiger to death or releasing it into the wild, and never harassing children again. However, Tujia people in Xiangxi believe that nailing or burning white tigers cannot be done once and for all, and children will often be harassed by white tigers when they grow up. In daily life, when a child has a high fever, he thinks it is a white tiger and asks the horse to drive it away. Not only children, but also adults will meet white tigers, such as foaming at the mouth during heatstroke, and horses have to do something to drive them away.

The horse body ceremony of Tujia nationality in western Hunan is the most authoritative religious ceremony, and it will cost a lot of money to do it well. Every horse body ceremony must have a "white tiger" in the last class. If you don't drive the white tiger out of the house, then this horse body ceremony is equivalent to not doing it, and the master horse body who undertakes this matter will also compensate the owner for the economic losses. Only when the white tiger is driven out can the ceremony be considered a complete success.

Tujia people in western Hunan hate the white tiger, so they also extend the white color related to the white tiger as an unlucky symbol. For example, on festive days such as Chinese New Year and festivals, avoid wearing white handkerchiefs, white clothes and white trousers to avoid the appearance of white items. There are many Tujia language place names in Tujia areas in western Hunan, all of which contain elements of hating tigers. For example, "Lishe Lake" means "the place where tigers died", "Harry Ku" means "the mountain where tigers were killed" and "Leeb Ku" means "the mountain where tigers were killed".

"Respect for the White Tiger" of Tujia People in Hubei and Chongqing

Tujia ancestors in Hubei and Chongqing had a cultural awareness of worshipping the white tiger long ago, and worshipped the white tiger as an ancestor. "Biography of Nanman in Southwest China" says: "The original five surnames of Nanman in Ba County, Ba Shi, Fan Shi, You Shi, Shi Xiang and Zheng Shi, are all from the military." The ancestor of Tujia nationality in this area is Lin Jun. After Lin Jun died, his soul became a white tiger. From then on, Tujia ancestors in this area revered the White Tiger.

Tujia ancestors in Hubei and Chongqing also used tigers as mascots. In the archaeological excavation at the junction of Hubei and Chongqing, many tiger buttons were found. Tiger button is a military instrument used to knock and boost morale in ancient marching operations. A tiger is cast on the top of the tiger button to signal the tiger to cheer for the soldiers. The soldiers used the tiger button to make the army strong and ensure victory. Usually, in the middle of Tujia ancestral halls in this area, a white tiger is often painted to ward off evil spirits, which also symbolizes good luck and makes people live and work in peace and contentment. In daily life, children wear tigers' hats and shoes in order to be protected by tigers and make them grow up easily. The funeral dance that is still popular in this area is actually a dance that shows the worship of the white tiger. Undertaker, dressed in white, sang "Sayer Ho" and danced like a tiger. The dance moves are rough, vigorous and powerful, showing a strong spirit.

It can be seen that Tujia nationality is a member of the Chinese nation. In the long history, Tujia people have different understandings of white tiger culture. The most typical manifestation of this difference is that one respects the white tiger and the other drives it away. However, in terms of national identity, Xiangxi Tujia and Hubei-Chongqing Tujia both admit that they are Tujia, and they have achieved integration. Therefore, the academic circles have come to the conclusion that Tujia ancestors have the same origin and different branches. This is the road map for the formation of Tujia nationality.

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