How to view the changes in social life from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China

Changes in Social Life In the late Qing and early Republican period, after the impact of the Xinhai Revolution, Chinese social customs changed dramatically. The biggest change was the cutting off of hair braids. The Qing Dynasty forced Han Chinese men to wear their hair in braids, and the late Qing progressives regarded the braids as a national disgrace. After the Wuchang Uprising, revolutionaries mobilized the masses to cut off the braids. After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, it issued a decree requiring people to cut their braids and change their clothes. The second is the change of dress. In feudal society, people's status was differentiated by their clothes. After the Xinhai Revolution, the centuries-old practice of using clothes and crowns to "show the name and status, and recognize the prestige" was discarded by the society, and people's clothing styles began to diversify. At that time, people severely criticized the long-established custom of foot-binding, and the non-foot-binding movement appeared, with various non-foot-binding groups and non-foot-binding propaganda throughout the country. on March 13, 1912, the Nanjing provisional government issued the "Advice on the prohibition of foot-binding text", which played an important role in changing the bad habit of foot-binding. The Nanjing Provisional Government also issued the General Order on the Prohibition of Opium, which strictly prohibited smoking. Women in the late Qing and early Civil War Chinese society at the end of the Qing Dynasty Changes in clothing and the dissolution of the rule of clothes and crowns Modern Chinese society from the perspective of changes in customs and concepts

The end of the Qing Dynasty and early Civil War, Chinese society saw the emergence of the social trend of the new and revolutionary social trends, social styles of the old and the new coexisted, and the revolutionary new trend involves a wide range of fields, and the momentum of the great is rare in the history of China, to the Chinese society has brought about a brand-new meteorology. The activities of foreigners in China in the late Qing and early Republic of China

Renewal of Ideological Concepts The Nanjing Provisional Government issued a law requiring the people to get rid of the decadent customs of the former Qing Dynasty and to revolutionize the etiquette and designations, abolishing the old-fashioned etiquette of kowtowing, bowing, making obeisance, inviting the public to rest in peace, hitting the thousand and arching one's hand, and replacing them with bowing, taking off one's hat, shaking hands, and clapping one's hands. Wedding and funeral etiquette has also changed to a new style, abolishing the old-style wedding and funeral of all kinds of backward rituals and customs. People's title, no longer use "adults, masters," all to "Mr.", "Ms.", "Jun" and "gentleman" are used instead. Traditional concepts were gradually replaced by new ideas, recognizing that the feudal monarchy, divine right, clan right, husband's right is the destruction of individual personality, advocating the Western idea of freedom, equality and fraternity, and strive to break the feudal yoke, give the people equal rights and status. At that time, the whole country was against prostitution and concubinage, and demanded monogamy, the right to property independence, personal autonomy, and no harsh treatment of domestic workers. Various social organizations were established for the purpose of humanitarianism and emancipation of human rights, and the Xinhai Revolution broke the feudal yoke that confined the development of human personality. At this time, people began to take an interest in affairs of state and politics, and all kinds of rallies, associations, and election activities were widely developed. Intellectual women also began to devote themselves to politics.

At that time, people attached importance to the role of industry and commerce, and believed that running an industry was an important means of saving the country. People broke the traditional concept of the four people, for the development of industrial exhaustion, investment in factories, industrial and commercial development trends around the world. Commerce, industry and finance at the end of the Qing Dynasty At the beginning of the People's Republic of China, the new school advocates, students choose a profession, considering its practical value and benefits, law and politics enrollment, hundreds of people applying for admission, the traditional poems and lyrics, study of the Bible and read the history of the heart of science, is no longer valued. The pursuit of luxury and ostentation also appeared in society, and all kinds of consumer industries were developed, which impacted on the traditional moral and ethical concepts of feudal society. At the same time, China's inherent academics also underwent significant changes. Changes in the academic outlook in the late Qing Dynasty The concept and program of academic division in the late Qing Dynasty Academic history: the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period Wang Guowei: nationalism and western learning Wang Guowei, the late Qing Dynasty master of nationalism The discovery of Dunhuang's Cave of Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and the development of Dunhuang studies

Prosperity of literature and art In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republican period, the "condemnation novels" that exposed the social corruption and darkness appeared, such as Li Boyuan's The Shape of the Officialdom and Wu's The Story of the Present. The late Qing and early Republican "condemnation novels" appeared to expose the darkness of social corruption, such as Li Boyuan's "officialdom" and Wu Cornuer's "twenty years witnessed the strange present situation", exposing the corruption of the Qing officials at all levels, the magistracy darkness. There were also some novels reflecting the revolution, such as "The Chronicle of the Chaos in Guangzhou", "The New Han Dynasty", and "The Yellow Flower in Tears of Blood", which depicted the Huanghuagang Uprising and the Wuchang Uprising.

The intellectuals actively studied and publicized the ideas and culture of Europe and the United States, and many translations appeared, such as Darwin's The Origin of Species, Rousseau's The Treatise of the Civil Pact, Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, and John Muller's Principles of Freedom, etc., from which they drew on the theory of evolution, the theory of natural human rights, and the Western modern political program as ideological weapons to oppose feudal autocracy. Literary works were also translated in large numbers, and works by Shakespeare, Dickens, and Balzac were translated and published one after another. The most famous translator was Lin Shu, who translated foreign works into Chinese ancient languages based on others' interpretation. In terms of art, a large number of painters with new ideas, new skills and the courage to innovate emerged. For example, Li Shutong, Wu Changshuo, Gao Jianfu, Liu Haisu and so on. Cai Yuanpei, on the other hand, put forward for the first time the need for national art education.

Progress in the press and publishing industry

The end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Civil War, Western learning has been a great development, coupled with the widespread use of new printing technology, the press and publishing industry into a new period of development. 1897, Xia Ruifang, Bao Xianen and others jointly founded the Commercial Press in Shanghai, the beginning of the printing house, and later became a set of editing, printing, distribution as one of the integrated publishing enterprises. 1921, January, Lu Fei Kui, In January 1921, Lu Feikui, Dai Kedun, Chen Xiegong, Shen Zhifang and others founded the China Bookstore. It integrated editing, printing and distribution, and was a modern publishing enterprise with great influence in the early years of the Republic of China. The development of the private publishing and distribution industry soon surpassed that of the church and government-run publishing organizations.

The revolutionaries also promoted publishing activities during their campaign. For example, in 1902, Chen Fan founded the newspaper Su Pao, which employed Zhang Taiyan as its chief writer and published a large number of articles criticizing the feudal authoritarian system. 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded the newspaper Min Pao in Tokyo, Japan, to publicize the ideas of the bourgeois democratic revolution. It is estimated that there were more than 1,000 kinds of newspapers and magazines in the country at that time. The rise and development of modern Chinese press and publishing business is inseparable from the changes of Chinese social politics, economy and culture. Chinese culture at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China (photo)

Development of modern education A new education system began to be established at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and in 1903 the Qing court issued the "Statutes of the Schools of Zao Ding", which stipulated the actual implementation of the school system throughout the country, known as the "decimo school system", laying the foundation of China's modern education system. After the promulgation of the charter, all kinds of school rapid development, to 1909, all kinds of elementary school in the country has reached more than 50,000, 123 schools of higher learning. At the same time of founding new schools, the Qing court also sent young students and officials to study abroad, and a large number of self-financed international students also appeared in the private sector. The foreign students greatly broadened their horizons and accepted new knowledge abroad, and became the most active members of Chinese society. Zhang Zhidong and the School Department of the Late Qing Dynasty

The Republican government reformed the education system of the late Qing Dynasty, and the main measures included: setting up new educational institutions. Such as the school was renamed school, men and women can be the same school, the abolition of the reading of the Bible, banned the textbooks issued by the Qing Ministry of Education, prohibited corporal punishment, the abolition of the Qing dynasty school of nobles, and so on. Reorganization of educational objectives. The educational objectives of the Ministry of Education of the Qing Dynasty were abolished with respect to "loyalty to the emperor and respect for Confucius", and "moral education was emphasized, supplemented by practical education, military and national education, and completed with aesthetic education" as the fundamental objective of education. The school system was reorganized. Primary school was made compulsory for 4 years, high school for 3 years, middle school for 4 years, undergraduate university for 3 or 4 years, and teacher training school for 4 years. Various school orders were also issued one after another to supplement the published School System Order, all of which were called the "Imjin and Decapolis School System". The reform of the education system in the early years of the Republic of China was in line with the trend of historical development and promoted the rapid development of new-style education in China.

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