What is the difference between ancient Chinese court paintings and literati paintings? Give examples of the works and explain their realm and emotions at that time.

Chinese painting can be categorized into figure painting, landscape painting, and bird and flower painting according to the different subjects it depicts, and in the process of its development, bird and flower painting is the latest to mature. Bird and flower painting is a traditional family of Chinese painting that mainly depicts plants and animals, and can be subdivided into subfamilies such as flowers, plumes, vegetables and fruits, grasses and insects, animals and beasts, and scales and meshes. But from the appreciation of class and style characteristics to distinguish words can also be divided into court flowers and birds and literati flowers and birds.

Literati painting in the Southern Song Dynasty, in addition to the further development of theoretical discussions, in practice, there are also impressive achievements. Mi Youren's "Yunshan Ink Play", Yang Jianzhi's Ink Plum, and Zhao Mengjian's Narcissus and Orchid are all valued by the world. Known as the "Four Gentlemen", still valued by painters today, plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, in the Southern Song Dynasty has basically become a fixed subject of literati painting.

The two Song dynasty is the ancient bird and flower painting unprecedented development, and made significant achievements in the period, the court in the decoration of the wall of the hall to seek gorgeous, so that the bird and flower painting in the aristocratic art occupies an important position. The demands of the middle and upper classes of society and crafts and decorations also contributed to the development and activity of flower and bird paintings. Flower and bird painting in the Northern Song Dynasty, like landscape painting is developed on the basis of flower and bird painters in the Five Dynasties, the two famous flower and bird painters in the Five Dynasties, Huang Chyuan and Xu Xi lived to the early years of the Song Dynasty, and their descendants, Huang Jucai and Xu Chongsi, were good at flower and bird paintings, which had a great influence on the development of flower and bird paintings in the Song Dynasty. Especially by Huang Chyuan, Huang Jucai father and son pioneered by the fine brush outline color sketching painting method, in the early Song Dynasty 100 years, was the Palace Painting Academy as a kind of flower and bird painting norms. Although there were new artists in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Cui Bai (11th century) and Zhao Chang, who called himself "Zhao Chang of Sketching", who created a breakthrough in the boundaries of the subject matter of "courtyard style" paintings, they basically maintained a purely objective style of depiction. But they basically kept their depictions purely objective. Existing Cui Bai "two birds playing with rabbits" and Zhao Chang's "butterfly" is a clear example.

The flower and bird paintings of the Northern Song Dynasty, represented by the courtyard style paintings, were able to depict objectively and emphasized on sketching. Because of the pleasure rulers for the purpose, even the emperor also personally involved in the creation of paintings, they have extreme leisure and superior conditions to the pursuit of details of the real development to the peak. For example, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was a famous painter of birds and flowers in the Northern Song Dynasty. When he was in control of the Palace Painting Academy, he asked the bird and flower painters of the Academy to study whether the peacock lifts its left or right foot first, and whether the moonflower should show different changes of stamens and leaves at different times. The pursuit of truthfulness in details like this is an important aesthetic standard of the Royal Academy. Northern Song dynasty courtyard bird and flower painting this focus on sketching to deliberately pursue the details of the real art style, throughout the Song dynasty is the mainstream of bird and flower painting, at the same time, the development of "courtyard" bird and flower painting also laid the foundation for the rise of the "literati" bird and flower painting, but also at that time, the system and the formation of the inevitable painting. It is also the inevitable formation of the political system and the painting at that time.

Beyond the Song court academy, there was another trend of bird and flower painting that did not dominate but had a great influence on the later literati bird and flower paintings, that is, represented by the ink bamboo of Wentong and Su Shi, the ink plums of Yang Tiangou, and the orchids of Zheng Sishao, etc., which no longer emphasized on the practicality of sketching but emphasized on the expression of feelings through the objects of the bird and flower paintings. Under the influence of this artistic trend, the so-called "Four Gentlemen" (plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum) in traditional bird and flower painting became increasingly popular, and this trend gained even greater development in the Yuan Dynasty, when literati painting flourished.

The earliest known form of literati painting originated in the Song Dynasty, when Su Shi proposed the term "literati painting". During the Song Dynasty, the literati painters were not professional painters, but amateur creations of the literati. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the literati painters formed a unique system, their paintings express their feelings and sentiments, and they do not stick to the form of the law, and they are mostly good at ink and ink writing, and they love to paint plum and bamboo to show their noble character, and they love to write orchids and chrysanthemums to show their self-importance, which makes them perfect and interesting and different from the refined courtyard style and professional painters. According to legend, ink and bamboo in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, but achieved great success and had a great impact on later generations is the Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Tong, who served in the capital as Dr. Tai Chang, Jixian school manager, and then to the four kinds of Lingshou and other places as a magistrate, and then transferred to Huzhou, did not go to the office and died. Su Shi called his poetry, calligraphy and painting the four best. He loved to paint ink bamboo, bamboo in-depth observation and experience, claiming that "painting bamboo must be bamboo in the chest, pen familiar with, is to see what it wants to paint, color from the, vibration pen straight chase what it sees, such as the rabbit up migratory bird fall, less vertical is gone." Though it is to send Xing but it is brewing mature. Passed for his painting "bamboo" shaft modeling real painting style rigorous spontaneous natural. His ink bamboo created the "huzhou bamboo school". Literary scholar Su Shi is also good at ink bamboo, legend has it that he also painted Zhu Zhu and so on. Legend has it that the ink plum began in the Northern Song Dynasty with the monk Huaguang, and Yang Jianzhi was the most accomplished. Calligrapher Ouyang Xun "to his brushwork strong and sharp, so the use of the plum." His ink plum has elegant and leisurely, out of the ordinary mood, and the courtyard paintings shaped by the delicate and soft image is very different.

In the spirit of literati painting, he gave moral character to plum, orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemums, and expressed the emotions of painting in and out of the painting, such as "Four Gentlemen" and "Three Friends". Sometimes, it is "Yat-ben Cao Cao", writing wildly about oneself. This has been formed in the Song Dynasty, to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and flourished, becoming a unique category of traditional painting.

The mainstream of the Yuan dynasty bird and flower painting is the development of literati painting interest, there are very few paintings of the Academy of the work of heavy colorful rich and delicate, literati ink and ink writing and ink plum and bamboo flourish, showing a great change in the field of bird and flower painting. The literati painting authors, although the former teacher of the court, but also into the room of heavy color masters, but after the development of the literati painting. At this time the representative figures are Wang Yuan, Zhang Zhong, Wang Guan, Ke Jiushi, etc., like Wang Yuan's early division Zhao Meng, especially the bird and flower division of the court master Huang Chyuan, but their own ink and white painting method of painting flowers, birds, trees and rocks style known in the world, birds and flowers in ink to see the subtle rigor and elegance of the light and ease, showing the courtyard style of birds and flowers to the literati style of interest, the Zhang Zhong, also ink brush birds and flowers, compared to the Wang Yuan and show the simplicity of light and easy, both work and writing, and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, a certain degree of literary painting. He had a certain influence on the Ming and Qing bird and flower paintings.

The formation of "literati" flower and bird painting has injected a new sense of traditional Chinese painting, the Five Dynasties period of the country's war and political turmoil, but in spite of this, the "literati painting" has been recognized by the upper echelons of the people and the people, but also in the continuous development. The representation of "literati" was not only limited to painting, but also involved in various cultural fields, which gave a good soil for bird and flower painting, and made the development of "literati bird and flower painting" preceded others. Xu Wei is the representative of "literati flower and bird painting" since the Five Dynasties. He had the talent of the world and encountered a mismatch, had the talent of the world but not to show the mentality, so in the creation of the literati flower and bird paintings, both the Wu School of literati flower and bird and Lin Liang literati flower and bird of the long and not for the sake of, with a wild grass like brushwork, splash of ink, in the "seemingly and unlike the image of flowers and trees in the eyes of the embodiment of the rhyme in the literati paintings, the road on the long than other artists. In the path of literati painting, he was longer than all the other artists. Bada Shanren is another outstanding representative of "literati" painting after Xu Wei, his flower and bird paintings completed anthropomorphic expression, painting the mind, attacking the dynasty, pointing to the east and cursing the west, in order to express the dissatisfaction of the heart, so that the literati paintings, especially flower and bird paintings reached the height of the New Literati Painting, the later generations and the modern influence is very great.

The rise of literati painting, is inseparable from the social development at that time, painting in the field of scholarly layer has been a doll, the old style of painting binding many painters, to use the painting of the state of mind has been far less than the state of mind of the literati at that time, so many painters, including the court painter, the works turn to the literati paintings, paintings of mentality to literati paintings to satisfy the public to satisfy the literati paintings for the scholarly air from the five generations. Late Yuan Dynasty literati painting style of creation has matured, thus contributing to the later Chinese painting.

The court painters were the painters recognized by the royal family, which dominated the society at that time. The folk painters, later known as "humanistic painters", also played a great role in the history of flower and bird painting.

Briefly analyzed as follows:

One: Court Birds and Flowers

Chinese bird and flower painting attaches great importance to sketching, and takes sketching as the basis of creation. This kind of sketching is not simply a simple imitation of the reality of flowers and birds, but on the basis of a true depiction of the objective object, showing the vitality of flowers and birds and their different characteristics. Just like expressive figure painting, it does not aim at external resemblance, but attaches more importance to transmitting the spirit. Song Dynasty is the peak of flower and bird painting, Song Dynasty emphasized sketching, Song Huizong Zhao Ji control of the Palace Painting Academy, the characteristics of plants and animals more stringent requirements, even harsh, such as the peacock open the usual is the first to lift the left foot or right foot are concerned.

Specific works such as:

Flower Basket Figure Song Li Song

Exquisite, elegant woven basket, a blooming flowers, bright and colorful. The large red camellia sits steadily in the center, and is the most beautiful of all; the elegant green calyx plum and the boudoir-like Rui Xiang recline beside it; the white daffodil and the delicate white lilac lie curiously on the edge of the basket.

Chinese people love flowers for a long time. In the Song Dynasty, flower appreciation, flower arrangement has become a pleasure in life. At that time in general restaurants, inns, tea houses and other places, you can often see with the changing seasons of the flower arrangement, to the spring, many people in metropolitan areas also compete to see the "Butterfly Club", "10,000 flowers will" and other grand flower activities. Folk so, the court is also; such as the painting of this pot of spring "basket", because of its main from the clear, bright colors, branches and leaves, the overall shape of the full and rich, is popular in the Song dynasty court "basket flowers" in the outstanding masterpieces.

Two: Humanistic Birds and Flowers

Chinese bird and flower paintings are characterized by a deep humanistic heritage. Different from the exquisite and complicated court flowers and birds. The humanistic birds and flowers have a more realistic and heavy emotional color.

The Ink and Bamboo Painting by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty

The earliest known "literati painting" originated in the Song Dynasty from Su Shi's proposal of "scholar painting". In the Song Dynasty, the literati painters were not professional painters, but amateur creations of the literati. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the literati painters formed a unique system, their paintings express their feelings and sentiments, and they do not stick to the form of the law, and they are mostly good at ink and ink writing, and they love to paint plum and bamboo to show their noble character, and they love to write orchids and chrysanthemums to show their self-importance, which makes them perfect and interesting and different from the refined courtyard style and professional painters. According to legend, ink and bamboo in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, but achieved great success and had a great impact on future generations is the Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Tong, who served in the capital as Dr. Tai Chang, Jixian school manager, and then to the four kinds of Lingshou and other places as a magistrate, and then transferred to Huzhou, did not go to the office and died. Su Shi called his poetry, calligraphy and painting the four best. He loved painting ink bamboo, bamboo in-depth observation and experience, claiming that "painting bamboo must be bamboo in the chest, pen familiar with, is to see what it wants to paint, color from the, vibration pen straight chase what it sees, such as the rabbit up migratory bird fall, less vertical is gone." Though it is to send Xing but it is brewing mature. Passed for his painting "bamboo" shaft modeling real painting style rigorous spontaneous natural. His ink bamboo created the "huzhou bamboo school". Literary scholar Su Shi is also good at ink bamboo, legend has it that he also painted Zhu Zhu and so on. Legend has it that the ink plum began in the Northern Song Dynasty with the monk Huaguang, and Yang Jianzhi was the most accomplished. Calligrapher Ouyang Xun "to his brushwork strong and sharp, so the use of the plum." His ink plum has elegant and leisurely, out of the ordinary mood, and the courtyard paintings shaped by the delicate and soft image is very different.

Ink Plum Figure Yuan Wang Coronation

Yuan dynasty famous painter Wang Coronation, he painted the plum full of life, pro new lovely, with a distinctive borrowing characteristics, his "ink Plum Figure" mention poem: my family planted trees by the pool, each HuaKai light ink marks, don't people praise good color, only to leave the air full of qiankun. Indicates that in the era of racial discrimination in the Yuan Dynasty, his kind of unwillingness to be subject to national oppression, unwilling to cooperate with the ruling class political attitude and their own ambitions.