What is Jiangnan classical garden?

Jiangnan Garden is an outstanding representative of classical gardens in China, and its characteristics clearly reflect China people's outlook on nature and life. Jiangnan gardens can be divided into Jiangnan classical gardens and Jiangnan modern gardens, and the classical gardens are more famous. Jiangnan classical garden is a type that can best represent the artistic achievements of China classical garden. It embodies the hard work and wisdom of China intellectuals and craftsmen, including religious thoughts such as philosophy, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and traditional arts such as landscape poetry and painting. It has attracted countless Chinese and foreign tourists since ancient times.

Among the gardens in Jiangnan, the "four famous gardens" in Jiangnan are represented by Nanjing Zhanyuan, Suzhou Liuyuan, Humble Administrator's Garden and Wuxi Chicken Farm Garden. In addition, Shanghai Yuyuan Garden, Yangzhou Slender West Lake and Geyuan? Heyuan, Suzhou Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Nantong Water Painting Garden, etc. They are all models of classical gardens in Jiangnan.

The classical art and traditional history and culture of Jiangnan gardens are irreplaceable by any architectural form. As a complete design system, it adopts various gardening techniques such as plane layout, spatial organization and artistic conception creation. The main features include conception and layout; Extension, infiltration and separation of space; The meaning of space; The emptiness and truth of space.

1. Concept and layout

The famous lingering garden

In classical gardens, people express their feelings and meanings through gardens. According to the specific characteristics of time and space, the real scene is transformed into a conceptual art form. At this stage, Taoist thought had a subtle influence. Qian Yong once pointed out in the Qing Dynasty: "There must be twists and turns in gardening and poetry." It is emphasized that classical gardens in China pay more attention to the pursuit of artistic beauty of poetry. In addition to adopting the method of "many scenic spots and being close to the mountain", they often use inscriptions to solve problems, which helps to stimulate people's association and enhance their appeal. For example, the moon-gazing pavilion in the tennis lion garden. Its horizontal plaque reads "The wind blows in the month", and the couplet is taken from the poem of Han Yu, a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty, "In his later years, Qiu Lai blew for a long month". Watching the moon here and tasting the plaque on the landscape can really feel a kind of poetry. In addition, Buddhists believe that people have five eyes, five ears, five noses, five tongues and five bodies. Feeling the beauty of the artistic conception of Jiangnan gardens can not be achieved by visual communication alone, but by comprehensive use of all factors that can affect people's senses.

In ancient China, the long-term imprisonment of feudal clan legal system made the whole nation gradually form a national character characterized by introversion, which penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. One of the most obvious aspects is the layout of buildings, and private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are no exception, such as semicircle, regular garden and crane garden. Its characteristic is that buildings, corridors and pavilions are arranged along the periphery of the garden, with all buildings facing inward and their backs facing outward. For the master, what needs to be emphasized here is the role of water diversion. The larger and more concentrated courtyard space is usually centered on the water surface, and its centripetal and cohesive feeling is particularly strong.

2. Spatial sequence

Spatial sequence organization is an overall problem involving the overall structure and layout of parks. Some people compare the classical garden to a long scroll of landscape painting, which means that it has the characteristics of multi-space, multi-viewpoint and constant change. For example, the Lingering Garden in Suzhou has an extremely complicated spatial structure, and it seems difficult to find a clear viewing route and corresponding spatial sequence on the whole. But we can still divide it into several related "subsequences", and the entry part is quite similar to the serial form; The central part is basically in the form of a circular sequence; The eastern part has the characteristics of series connection and central radiation. It seems that the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River actually adopt a comprehensive spatial sequence form. In order to achieve the goal of seeing the big from the small, the spatial sequence is not flat. The first thing that enters from the streets of the city is the architecture of the garden, and it often takes many twists and turns to enter the main space of the garden. This is a kind of spatial rhythm, and the architecture here is a transitional space from the urban environment to the natural environment, which lays the foundation for being suddenly enlightened.

3. The extension, infiltration and hierarchy of space

The extension of space plays an important role in getting a richer sense of hierarchy in the limited garden space. The extension of space refers to breaking through the material boundary of the site in the design of spatial sequence, effectively enriching the spatial relationship between the site and the surrounding environment, that is, "flowing space".

Jiangnan gardens mainly deal with the relationship between separation and connection of space. The interior space of classical private gardens is usually divided into areas and courtyards according to their functional relationships, including several spatial levels and main scenery. The main elements are rocks, water, plants, sounds, light and even smells. The extension and infiltration of space make the courtyard wall, shadow wall, covered bridge and other parts of the garden integrated. Usually, a large number of completely empty doors and windows are used to connect and penetrate separated spaces.

4. The meaning of space

Because of the differences in cultural traditions and aesthetic tastes. China people tend to use subtle methods to attract works of art rather than show them. The gardening art of Jiangnan gardens often hides some wonderful landscapes in deep places or between the tops of rocks and trees to avoid getting straight to the point and taking in everything in a glance.

5. Spatial contrast

Shen Fu once talked about the artistic law of garden construction. "See the big with small, see the big with small, see the virtual with real, see the real with virtual, or hidden or exposed, or shallow or deep". They are unity of opposites in philosophy and cause and effect each other, but they are in contrast in garden art. Jiangnan gardens have changed in space through a series of comparative techniques, creating infinite space with limited area.