Characteristics and exploration planning of gold minerals in China

By June of 20 1 1 year, the proven gold resources in the world were about 654.38+10,000 tons. Among them, South Africa is the largest gold resource in the world, with proven reserves of 3 1 10,000 t; The second is that Russia has about 7000 t; ; At present, the proven gold reserves in China reach 6864.79 t, ranking third in the world.

Among the identified 6,864.79t resources/reserves, Oedolgae gold mine accounts for 71.10% of the total resources/reserves; 399 placer gold deposits, accounting for 7.50% of the total resources/reserves; Associated gold deposits 199, mainly associated with non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc. The proven resources/reserves account for 2 1.40% of the total resources/reserves (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Composition of Gold Resources in China

By the end of 20 10, the identified gold resources/reserves (metal quantity) in China were 6,864.79 t; ; Basic reserves 1863.45438+0t (including 869.50 t), accounting for 27.14% of the total resources/reserves; The resources are 50 1 1.4 t, accounting for 72.97% of the total resources/reserves. The low basic reserves restrict the sustainable development of the gold industry to some extent. According to the development trend of resources, there are few gold reserves. According to the existing production scale and output, the ratio of reserves to resource consumption is 1∶ 1.7, and the service life is only 5-7 years. According to international practice, the exploration period is 10 ~ 15 years, so it is difficult to ensure the demand for mineral resources in economic construction, and the resource situation is extremely severe. Since the end of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, the intensity of gold exploration in China has declined rapidly, which is related to the continuous downturn in international gold prices, the reorganization and restructuring of domestic geological prospecting units, and the changes in the investment system of gold geological exploration.

Geographical Distribution of China 1 Gold Deposits

Gold deposits are distributed in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China (table 1), but the proven reserves are mainly concentrated in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hubei and Liaoning provinces in the east and middle of China (table 2; Figure 2).

Table 1 Statistical Results of Mineral Reserves in China Provinces

Table 2 Statistical results of mineral species and deposit size in various provinces of China

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Note: Extra large deposits include extra large deposits.

Figure 2 Regional distribution of gold reserves in China.

2 characteristics of gold resources in China

2. 1 The discovered gold deposits have many causes, small scale, low grade and wide distribution.

According to the statistical data of discovered deposits (Table 3), 3,407 deposits have been discovered in the existing gold producing areas in China, including 7 super-large gold deposits, 4 super-large 14, 97 large-sized, 349 medium-sized, 0/629 small-sized 1304 mineralization points. The scale of the deposit is mainly small and medium-sized (Figure 3), but the grade is generally low (Figure 4).

Table 3 Statistical Table of Mineral Types and Deposit Size

Fig. 3 Distribution range of rock gold reserves in China

Fig. 4 Grade distribution interval of China rock gold deposit.

2.2 Insufficient reserves and structural imbalance restrict the development of the gold industry.

See Table 4 for the reserve distribution of Oedolgae and placer gold mines. By the end of 20 10, there were 1 137 porphyry and placer gold deposits in China, with a reserve of 2988.69 t, and mines with a reserve of less than 3 t accounted for 8 1% of the total number of porphyry and placer gold deposits in China, while the reserve only accounted for 26% of the total, that is, the reserve was 865. There are many small mines, and the resources are unevenly distributed. In recent years, the prospecting is seriously lagging behind, which makes the resource problem become the fatal crux of a large number of small mines.

Table 4 Distribution of China placer gold reserves in various mining areas

According to the structure of gold reserves in China, 1 1.84t is associated gold out of the total amount of 4 150.56 t, which can only be recovered when mining other metal minerals, and cannot form independent production capacity. Among the existing rock gold deposits and placer gold deposits, there are 1 16 mining areas that are "difficult to use in the near future", "closed pit", "stopped mining" and "unsuitable to continue working in the near future", and their reserves are 132.76 tons .. According to statistics, China's actual available independent. 76.6% of China's rock gold and placer gold reserves have been occupied by production mines, 4.4% are difficult to use, and the recently available one is 19% (including some large-scale gold mines that cannot be used normally after being proved due to metallurgical technology and construction conditions, such as Lannigou Gold Mine in Guizhou and Dongbeizhai Gold Mine in Sichuan), with a reserve of 343.66 ..)

At present, the distribution of China's reserves is extremely unbalanced. Shandong, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Henan and other provinces with reserves exceeding 200 t account for 56.5% of the country's reserves. Nearly half (48.52%) of China's porphyry and placer gold reserves are in Shandong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Henan and Heilongjiang provinces, among which Shandong province is the only one, and its porphyry and placer gold reserves account for 40% of the total of the five provinces.

According to statistics, the ratio of "reserved reserves/mineral area" of gold mines in China is 2.8 1. That is to say, statistically speaking, generally speaking, every additional gold producing area will increase the retained reserves by 2.81t. Therefore, finding a number of large mines like Shandong Province is undoubtedly the most effective way to increase the reserves, but for most provinces and regions in China, finding more mines and increasing mineral sites is still an effective way to increase the gold reserves.

2.3 Low degree of exploration, low reliability of proven reserves and low proportion of high-grade reserves.

According to the reliability of existing reserves, among the 4 150.56t reserves, A+B+C reserves are 12 15.73t, accounting for 29.3%, and D reserves are 2,934.8t, accounting for 70.7%. Among the rock gold reserves, A+B+C reserves are 732.06 t, accounting for 29.6%, and D reserves account for 70.4%. Among the placer gold reserves, A+B+C reserves account for 48.8%, and D reserves account for 5 1.2%. Exploration experience and statistics show that when the D-level reserves are upgraded to C-level reserves, the original quantity is only 1/3. Due to the reasons of ideas and funds, the improvement of this part of the reserves is very slow at present, and a considerable number of mines have reached the situation of "waiting for rice to cook".

Generally speaking, the control degree of rock gold reserves in China is low. The proportion of A+B+C reserves is more than 40% only in Hunan Province, and it is between 30% and 38% in Tianjin, Qinghai, Shandong, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Liaoning, Guangxi, Yunnan, etc.1provinces and regions, and the coefficients of other 16 provinces and regions are all less than 30. Especially in the four provinces of Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi and Gansu, which ranked the top three in the national gold production in recent five years, the proportion of advance reserves is less than 30%, and Gansu Province even has only 14.62%. The low proportion of advanced reserves has become a bottleneck restricting large-scale mining in many mines, which has increased considerable difficulty in realizing the sustainable development of gold production. In fact, a large number of D-class reserves cannot be utilized, which aggravates the resource crisis of many mines. Therefore, increasing the intensity of mine geological exploration and improving the utilization of existing D-level reserves is the primary way to solve the resource crisis of a number of old and small mines.

3 National Gold Resource Potential Analysis and Zoning

Metallogenic belt is the basic object of regional metallogenic prediction of gold deposits. The so-called metallogenic belt refers to the area or zone where gold deposits are concentrated after similar geodynamic processes and gold mineralization. Regional metallogenic prediction of gold deposits can be divided into information prediction and theoretical prediction.

3. 1 regional gold mineralization in China-theoretical prediction

Theoretical prediction refers to the application of modern scientific methods such as system science and geodynamics, fully absorbing the latest achievements of basic geological disciplines and carrying out regional metallogenic prediction according to basic geological laws. Such as metallogenic series and metallogenic model, will provide new impetus for mineral exploration.

In geological exploration, geologists do not deny the guiding role of theory. In fact, almost all prospecting work follows certain theoretical ideas, but some are empirical rules (theories) and some are just "pure" theoretical concepts. Due to the artificial division between the scientific research department engaged in theoretical research and the production department engaged in actual prospecting, theory and practice are seriously out of touch, which leads to the dispute between "theoretical prospecting" and "empirical prospecting" In this way, we are faced with a problem of how to evaluate, treat and apply the theory.

First of all, we should see that the more mature and practical theory is based on solid field observation data and laboratory data, systematizing and organizing all kinds of data, and paying attention to absorbing the latest knowledge of other disciplines. The theory of volcanic mineralization was put forward in 1950s. As we all know, volcanic massive sulfide deposits occupy a very important position in all kinds of deposits. Economically, it is the main source of copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold and a series of by-products such as tin, cadmium, antimony and bismuth. Scientifically, it impacts the traditional view that hydrothermal solution is dominant, so the problems related to the characteristics and genesis of these deposits attract geologists' attention more than any other type of deposits. The basic basis for establishing this theory is the actual observation data and experimental data of many important mineral deposits in western Europe (such as Portugal-Spain pyrite belt, etc.). ), Japan (black deposits), Kazakhstan (polymetallic deposits) and other countries (regions), and further improved through a large number of actual data (more than 5000 documents directly related to this kind of deposits have been published since 1960). This theory provides a powerful tool for new prospecting work.

Under the guidance of traditional hydrothermal metallogenic theory, some old mining areas often enter the "silent" period of exploration after discovering surface minerals. Once this new theory of volcanic mineralization is introduced, a series of new breakthroughs will be achieved. The achievements made in Puxi pyrite belt and Altai mining area of the Soviet Union can fully explain the guiding role of metallogenic theory in the restoration of old mines and the search for concealed deposits.

Altai region of Kazakhstan is a polymetallic metallogenic belt of copper, lead and zinc. Before the mid-1950s, almost all the deposits and occurrences on the surface were discovered by the traditional theory of intrusive mineralization. According to this view, the formation of polymetallic deposits is related to the late Paleozoic granite complex and quartz porphyry intrusion; At the same time, according to the mineralization zoning, the shallow part is polymetallic mineralization, and the downward part should be transformed into rare metal mineralization, so the exploration depth is relatively shallow. The general survey mainly uses surface and shallow mineralization indicators, such as hydrothermal alteration, geophysical anomalies and geochemical halos, and other "direct" prospecting indicators. This method has achieved great results in the early stage, but the prospecting effect has gradually declined in the later stage. During the period of 1945 ~ 1970, no deposits with industrial value were found exposed to the surface. By the 1960s, the hypothesis of volcanic origin had been generally accepted by Soviet geologists, especially in 1967, the volcanic-sedimentary "riegel Ⅱ" deposit was discovered on the famous Lenin-Nogol Sk deposit (named "New Lenin-Nogol Sk"), and finally Altai-type mineralization was formed in Devonian volcanic-sedimentary rocks (basalt-rhyolite formation) before granite intrusion. This volcanic metallogenic theory provides a new general survey criterion: ① Mineralization is controlled by certain volcanic-sedimentary strata, and according to multi-stage volcanism, there are at least four ore-bearing strata, thus revealing the prospect of searching for deep deposits; (2) Volcanoes and volcano-tectonic structures control mineralization, so it is not the first time to find intrusive rocks, but to rebuild ancient volcanoes and find out the relationship between different types and sizes of volcanic structures and ore nodules, ore fields and deposits. According to this metallogenic theory, the deployment of new prospecting and forecasting prospective areas has made important achievements, and a number of large concealed polymetallic deposits such as "New Lenin Nogol Sk" and "October" have been discovered, which has broken the "silence" situation of prospecting work in this area for 25 years and made the concealed deposits account for 50% of the known metal reserves in this area. Therefore, A. M. Bybochkin (director of the State Reserve Committee of the Soviet Union) pointed out: "These mines were discovered by re-examining and correcting the theoretical view that they played a positive role in the development of raw material bases in the past, but have become obstacles to the development of raw material bases in recent years 10."

It should be noted that most of the existing metallogenic theories are imperfect, and many theories only conform to or are based on some actual data, but do not conform to or cannot explain other observed data of the same deposit type, so it is not surprising that there are many theoretical concepts in a type or a deposit. In this way, when we use a certain theory in the prediction of ore prospecting, we must be psychologically prepared and accept it with an open mind, and we must not abuse it or absolutize it. Even if the scientific theory is abused beyond the reasonable scope, it will lead to the wrong exploration ideas. For example, the theory of strata control is abused, and the deposits related to unconformity are regarded as layered deposits, so we should look for stratigraphic units instead of unconformity during exploration. It is also harmful to absolutize the metallogenic theory. The theory of volcanic massive sulfide deposits has completely ruled out the theory of granite mineralization. In fact, there are many deposits from various sources. Even in volcanogenic mineral deposit, "granite" has come back from the "back door" in various forms in recent years. There are tonalite-granodiorite mats at the bottom of massive sulfide deposits (Franklin deposits, etc.). ) and the buried bedrock under the Rasberg deposit in Tasmania. The Altai polymetallic deposit in the Soviet Union was transformed by granite in the later stage, forming vein mineralization. It can be seen that any scientific theory is useful, but only a few can be applied alone, and no theory is applicable to all minerals. When applying all kinds of theories, we must be open-minded, not rigidly stick to one viewpoint, be good at asking questions, and pay special attention to those incongruous phenomena (Clemex porphyry molybdenum mine in the United States established a multi-stage metallogenic theory from the perspective of "abnormal geological phenomena" and "overturned" the primary metallogenic theory), so as to effectively play the guiding role of the theory.

3.2 Regional Mineralization of Gold Deposits in China-Information Prediction

The basis of information prediction is the induction and summary of regional ore-controlling factors (such as strata, structure, magma, lithofacies, metamorphism and weathering, etc.). ), combined with geophysical, geochemical and remote sensing prospecting information to carry out regional metallogenic prediction, such as gold geochemical block, geoscience multi-source information prediction, etc.

3.2. 1 Using geochemical blocks to analyze the prospecting potential of China gold metallogenic belt.

Firstly, by using Xie's research results (1999) and comparing the geochemical mapping data of China as a whole, the concept of geochemical block is put forward. Several geochemical blocks of gold, copper (silver) and tungsten are depicted (Figure 5).

The so-called geochemical block refers to a huge abnormal geological block with high metal content in the crust. From local anomalies (< 100km2) and regional anomalies (100 ~ 1000 km2) to geochemical provinces (1000 ~ 1000 km2) and megaprovinces (/kloc-0). Even the geochemical model in geochemical domain (100 000 ~1000 000 km2) may have a certain depth in the vertical direction, and it is a large-scale three-dimensional abnormal crustal material body. Geochemical block is an anomaly formed by large and giant deposits or a series of deposits of different sizes densely distributed around it, which is of great significance to predict the possibility of forming large deposits, potential resources and regional prospecting layout.

According to the comprehensive reflection of gold geochemical block distribution in China and its pedigree map (nesting degree, abnormal strength, area, etc. ) (Tables 5 and 6), Jiaodong (eastern Shandong), Xiaoqinling-Xiongershan, western Qinling, Songpan-Motianling, Lower Yangtze, Kangdian Axis, Sanjiang, Yunkai, West Tianshan, East Tianshan, West Junggar and Gangdise.

Geochemical block distribution map of gold in China.

(Thanks, 1999)

Table 5 Gold geochemical blocks in some geochemical provinces and geochemical domains in China.

(edited by Xie et al., 1999)

Table 6 Some geochemical regional anomalies and geochemical provincial gold geochemical blocks in China

3.2.2 Using the quantitative prediction results of metallogenic belt resources, analyze the prospecting potential of gold metallogenic belt in China.

Distribution map of gold mineralization prospect in China.

(According to Chen Yuchuan et al. 1999)

Chen Yuchuan et al. (1999) defined the principles and methods of delineating the gold metallogenic prospect: First, the zoning is based on favorable metallogenic tectonic environment and the distribution area of gold-bearing formations. It mainly includes: ① Tectonic-magmatic rock zone at the junction of geotectonic units with different properties and grades, and deep and large fault active zone; (2) Distribution area of metamorphic volcanic rocks and siliceous rocks in early Precambrian (Archean-Proterozoic); ③ Proterozoic-Paleozoic intermediate-basic volcanic rocks and argillaceous clastic rocks; ④ Distribution area of meso-Cenozoic calc-alkaline volcanic rocks; ⑤ Phanerozoic carbonaceous fine clastic rock-argillaceous-carbonate rock distribution area; ⑥ The syntectic intermediate-acid intrusive rock belt along the deep fault zone and the remelted granite magmatic rock belt in the distribution area of gold-bearing formations in the old basement. Second, the known metallogenic belt or gold mineralization concentrated area has low research degree and good prospecting prospect, as well as large-scale and large-scale gold exploration abnormal areas. Thirdly, based on the zoning of geological structural units, taking into account the distribution characteristics of known mineralization types, taking the combination of favorable metallogenic geological factors as the premise to determine the prospective area, and taking the geochemical anomaly range as the boundary condition to delineate the prospective area. In areas without geochemical data, the distribution of favorable metallogenic geological factors is used as the basis for delineating the prospective areas.

According to the above principles, a 4 1 gold metallogenic prospect has been delineated nationwide (Figure 6; Table 7), and its resources are predicted (Table 8). Among them, the quantitative prediction of the resources in the key gold metallogenic prospect area is based on the relationship between the total proven gold reserves (including rock gold and placer gold) in the model area and the abnormal intensity of gold exploration shown in this area. However, due to the lack of gold geochemical anomaly data, the main indicators of resource prediction and evaluation, or the geochemical exploration and testing technology in some areas, the potential prospect area can not be used. The resource characteristics of this area are mainly based on comprehensive geological analysis data.

Table 7 List of National Gold Metallogenic Prospective Areas

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(According to Chen Yuchuan et al. 1999)

Table 8 List of quantitative prediction results of gold ore-forming scenic spots in China

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(According to Chen Yuchuan et al.,1999; Pan Huiti, 1994)

From the prediction results, it can be seen that the predicted resources of most gold mineralization prospects are quite different from the known reserves, and the resources have great potential, especially in West Tianshan, East Tianshan, Youjiang (Yunkai), Sanjiang, Kangdian Axis, West Kunlun, Songpan-Motianling, West Qinling, East Qinling, Liao Yan, Jinan-Liaodong and Yanbian-Dongning. In addition, the Gangdise-Lhasa metallogenic belt, such as Xigaze-Lhasa, the eastern end of Tanggula Mountain and Shuangjiang-Lancang in the northern section of the Three Rivers, has a low degree of work, but it also has great resource potential, which has a high strategic guiding significance for the search and research of gold deposits.

3.2.3 Using the comprehensive information prediction results of gold-intensive areas, analyze the prospecting potential of gold metallogenic belt in China.

Wang Shicheng (1999) used the comprehensive information method to predict the spatial distribution of large and super-large gold deposits in China (Figure 7). There are 104 large-scale and super-large-scale gold-intensive prospective areas in China, and the concentrated areas contained in each metallogenic belt are shown in Table 8. The gold prospecting prospects are concentrated in Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling-Xiong 'er Mountain, Yunkai (eastern Guangxi and western Guangdong), Youjiang (Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi), Lower Yangtze (middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River), southern Hunan-northern Guangxi, southeast coast, western Yunnan, Sanjiang, eastern and western Qinling, Songpan-Motianling, southern Jilin-northern Liaoning (eastern part of northern margin of North China platform)

Fig. 7 Location and prediction results of gold concentration area and gold anomaly concentration area in China.

(According to Wang Shi, etc. , 1999)

4. Suggestions on the strategic layout of gold prospecting in China.

4. 1 division of metallogenic belt

The five-point method (Chen Yuchuan et al., 1999, 2003) is adopted to divide the metallogenic areas (belts) in China. Ye Tianzhu, 2004; Zhu Yusheng et al., 2007): namely metallogenic domain (corresponding to Grade I belt), metallogenic province (corresponding to Grade II belt), metallogenic belt (corresponding to Grade III belt), metallogenic sub-belt (or sub-belt) (corresponding to Grade IV) and ore field (corresponding to Grade V). From high to low, the range from large to small, collectively known as the orderly arrangement of metallogenic belt division system.

Chen Yuchuan et al. (1999, 2003) and Zhu Yusheng et al. (2007) divided China into five metallogenic provinces, 16 metallogenic province and 8 1 metallogenic belt by using five-point method on the basis of comprehensive geological data and existing theoretical understanding of metallogenic geology. Ye Tianzhu (2004) divided China into five metallogenic domains, 16 metallogenic provinces and 79 metallogenic belts. These division schemes have been proved to be effective by geological survey and mineral exploration practice in China for more than 20 years.

As an important part of China's mineral resources, gold deposits are the product of the characteristic stages and regions of China's geological evolution. Their regional distribution is restricted by the unified metallogenic geological law of China, but gold deposits also have their own particularities. Wei Yongfu et al. (1994) divided the whole country into three gold metallogenic areas and 18 gold metallogenic belts. Chen Yuchuan and others (200 1) have delineated 4 1 gold metallogenic prospect areas in China.

Based on the division of the national metallogenic belt, combined with the national gold geological data collected by the Armed Police Institute of Gold Geology and the understanding of the existing gold geological metallogenic theory, this book divides China's gold metallogenic belt into five major metallogenic areas, 15 metallogenic province and 56 metallogenic belts.

4.1.1Ⅰ-1Tianshan-Xing 'an metallogenic domain

Ⅱ-1Jihei metallogenic area

Ⅲ-1Nadanhadaling metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-2 Jiamusi metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-3 Xiaoxing 'anling-Zhangguangcailing metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-4 Yanbian-Dongning metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-2 Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling Metallogenic Province

Ⅲ-5 Ergong metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-6 metallogenic belt in northern Daxing 'anling.

Ⅲ-7 Erlian-Dongwuqi-Zhalantun metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-8 metallogenic belt in the southern part of Daxing 'anling.

Ⅲ-9 Xilinhot-Suolunshan metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-3 Tianshan-Beishan Metallogenic Province

Ⅲ ⅲ- 10/0 Ejina Banner-Wuhou Banner metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-11Beishan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-12 eastern Tianshan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-13 western Tianshan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-14 southwest Tianshan metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-4 Altai-Junggar Metallogenic Province

Ⅲ-15 Altai metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-16 East Junggar metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-17 west Junggar metallogenic belt

4.1.2Ⅰ-2 Tarim-North China metallogenic domain

Ⅱ-5 Metallogenic Area in the Northern Margin of North China Block

Ⅲ-18 Huadian-Fushun (eastern part of northern margin of North China block) metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-19 Liao Yan (central part of northern margin of North China block) metallogenic belt.

Ⅲ-20 Wulashan-Daqingshan (western segment of northern margin of North China landmass) metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-6 Metallogenic Province of North China Block

Ⅲ-21Yingkou-Dandong metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-22 Wutai-Taihang metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-23 Jiaodong metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-24 Central South Shandong-Northern Anhui Metallogenic Belt

Ⅲ-25 Alashan-Langshan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-26 Zhongtiaoshan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-27 Xiaoqinling-Xiongershan metallogenic belt

4.1.3 Ⅰ-3 Qin-Qi-Kun metallogenic domain

Ⅱ-7 Qinling-Dabie Metallogenic Province

Ⅲ-28 Tongbai-Dabie metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-29 East Qinling metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-30 Beidaba Mountain-Wudang Metallogenic Belt

Ⅲ-31western Qinling metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-8 Qilian Metallogenic Province

Ⅲ-32 Qilian metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-33 metallogenic belt in the northern margin of Qaidam basin

Ⅱ-9 Kunlun metallogenic area

Ⅲ-34 East Kunlun Metallogenic Belt

Ⅲ-35 Altun metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-36 West Kunlun Metallogenic Belt

4.1.4 Ⅰ-4 Tethys-Himalayan metallogenic domain

Ⅱ ⅱ- 10/0 Sanjiang metallogenic area

Ⅲ-37 metallogenic belt in the northern part of Sanjiang.

Ⅲ-38 metallogenic belt in the southern section of Sanjiang.

Ⅱ-11Songpan-Ganzi metallogenic area

Ⅲ-39 Songpan-Motianling metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-40 Bayan Kara metallogenic belt

Ⅱ-12 Tibet metallogenic region

Ⅲ-41Bangonghu-Nujiang metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-42 Gangdise-Lhasa metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-43 Himalayan metallogenic belt

4.1.5 Ⅰ-5 South China Metallogenic Domain

Ⅱ-13 Lower Yangtze metallogenic region

Ⅲ-44 metallogenic belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

ⅲ-45 metallogenic belt in the eastern part of Jiangnan ancient land

Ⅱ-14 Shangyangzi metallogenic area

Ⅲ-46 Western Hunan-Western Hubei Metallogenic Area

Ⅲ-47 metallogenic belt in the western segment of Jiangnan ancient land

Ⅲ-48 Kangdian Axis Metallogenic Belt

Ⅲ-49 Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi metallogenic area

Ⅱ-15 South China Metallogenic Area

Ⅲ-50 southeast coastal metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-51Nanling metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-52 Qinhang metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-53 Yunkai metallogenic belt

Wuyishan Ⅲ-54 metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-55 Hainan metallogenic belt

Ⅲ-56 Metallogenic Belt in Taiwan Province Province

4.2 National Gold Mine Regional Exploration Planning

The 56 metallogenic belts designated in China are planned into four categories: key exploration planning belts, accelerated survey belts, strategic prospect belts and pre-exploration belts.

4.2. 1 key exploration planning area

Most of these belts are rock gold production bases in China, and they are also large-scale and super-large gold-intensive areas. Many large and medium-sized gold deposits have been discovered and explored in these areas, and rich geological data and valuable geological prospecting and exploration experience have been accumulated. In order to ensure the continuous production of gold mines, expand production and continuously develop the demand for gold resources, it is necessary to stabilize and strengthen the geological exploration work in these areas.

Geological exploration in this kind of planning area aims at submitting large and medium-sized deposits, and the work arrangement is mainly based on general survey and (preferred part) detailed investigation, supplemented by peripheral pre-investigation.

In view of these zones, the next step is to do a good job in secondary data development and the second round of gold prospecting. Under the guidance of geological research, large-scale geophysical and geochemical exploration and geological mapping of mining areas, strengthen the research on metallogenic regularity and metallogenic prediction in known mineral areas, especially in the deep and peripheral areas of proven large and medium-sized mines, find favorable metallogenic and mineralized enrichment parts, and effectively guide the layout of prospecting projects; The main mineralized bodies in the mining area are controlled by combining trench exploration, drilling and pit exploration, and large and medium-sized resources are explored.

Key exploration areas include Jiamusi, Yanbian-Dongning, Wulashan-Daqingshan, Liao Yan, Jinan-Liaodong, Xiaoqinling-Xiongershan, Jiaodong, West Qinling, East Qinling, Songpan-Motianling, Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi, South Sanjiang, North Sanjiang and the 14 metallogenic belt in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This kind of area is the area where the old national gold industrial base is located or the key planning area for the replacement of gold resources.

4.2.2 Accelerate the census area.

These planning areas have good geological conditions for gold mineralization and certain potential resource prospects. In recent years, the prospecting work in these areas has made a breakthrough, and a series of medium and large gold deposits have been discovered. This kind of zone should increase the investment in basic geological work and provide a backup base for the general survey. The work arrangement should be based on the secondary development of data or comprehensive information metallogenic prediction and target area optimization, and select key metallogenic sub-zones or metallogenic prospect areas to carry out gold metallogenic regularity and target area optimization. For the areas with important prospecting clues and obvious prospecting prospects in the known gold polymetallic metallogenic belt, the favorable prospecting areas are delineated through medium and large-scale physical, chemical and remote work, and the discovered metallogenic clues and comprehensive anomalies are evaluated mainly by pre-investigation and anomaly inspection, so as to find and evaluate a number of mineral exploration bases that are expected to make breakthroughs and find out the gold resource potential in this area as a whole.

This kind of belt is the key investment area of basic geology such as geochemical exploration scanning surface; Scientific research projects focus on two aspects: one is the secondary development of data or comprehensive information metallogenic prediction and target area optimization; The second is to select key metallogenic sub-zones or metallogenic prospect areas, and carry out gold metallogenic regularity and target area optimization.

This type of belt includes Altai, East-West Junggar, East-West Tianshan, North-South Daxing 'anling, Wutai-Taihang, Bayankala, Southeast Coast, Jiangnan Ancient Land, Qilian Mountain and Tongbai-Dabie Mountain, with 13 metallogenic belts. This kind of zone is an important planning area for the national general survey of gold mineral resources.

4.2.3 Strategic Foresight Area

From the analysis of metallogenic geological conditions and laws, this kind of area is a good prospecting area, and a series of gold deposits have been found in these areas, but the basic geological work in this kind of area is weak and the conditions are difficult. These areas should be based on long-term evaluation and provide scientific basis for long-term planning of gold production and development.

The main work of this kind of area is to select key areas to carry out small and medium-scale regional geophysical and geochemical exploration, remote sensing geology and mineral geological survey on the basis of the existing geological work degree and achievements, under the guidance of regional metallogenic theory and metallogenic series theory, and on the basis of comprehensive analysis of existing geological data, and optimize prospecting areas and prospecting targets; Adopt medium and large comprehensive methods (route survey, mine site inspection, heavy sand inspection, engineering exposure, etc.). ), physics (aeromagnetic and gravity data processing, etc. ), chemistry (water system encryption inspection and geochemical profile measurement, etc. ) and remote (high-precision remote sensing interpretation and alteration information extraction, etc. ), strengthen the inspection of all kinds of anomalies, delineate the metallogenic prospect area and prospecting target area, and combine the study of regional metallogenic conditions and laws, and use GIS technology to synthesize.

The work of this kind of zone is mainly based on pre-investigation, and the delineation of regional metallogenic conditions, metallogenic laws and metallogenic prospect areas is carried out, with the aim of focusing on delineating metallogenic prospect areas and providing basis for the next work.

This type of belt includes nine metallogenic belts: Beishan, Ergon, south-central Shandong, East Kunlun, northern margin of Qaidam, Kangdian, Gangdise-Lhasa, Yunkai and Hainan. This kind of zone has a good prospect for gold exploration and is the key area for pre-investigation and basic geological work during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period.

Among them, Ergon is a virgin forest area, and Hainan should build an ecological province. Although these two metallogenic belts have good metallogenic geological conditions and great prospecting potential, the development of mineral resources is not their first choice. The eastern Kunlun, northern Qaidam and Gangdise-Lhasa have good metallogenic geological conditions and great metallogenic potential, but the working conditions are poor and the working level is low, so it is necessary to strengthen the preliminary investigation. Beishan, south-central Shandong, Kangdian and Yunkai have good metallogenic geological conditions, but in recent years, little progress has been made in gold prospecting, so it is necessary to strengthen basic, pre-investigation and comprehensive evaluation work.

4.2.4 Pre-survey of exploration area

According to the analysis of the metallogenic regularity of gold deposits, this area has a certain prospecting prospect. In recent years, some small deposits (spots) have been discovered one after another. However, the basic geological work of gold mines is very weak and the conditions are difficult.

For these areas, it is necessary to carry out some field geological investigations and data collection, deploy a small amount of regional resources investigation and evaluation, optimize the prospecting area and prospecting target area through geochemistry, remote sensing geology, mineral geological investigation and comprehensive anomaly inspection, conduct preliminary evaluation, and submit a number of pre-survey and evaluation mine sites for further work, providing a basis for the next deployment and evaluation.

This type of belt includes Ejina Banner-Wuhou Banner, Southwest Tianshan Mountain, Dana Hadaling, Zhongtiaoshan Mountain, Zhangguangcailing, Alashan-Langshan Mountain, Beidaba Mountain-Wudang Mountain, Altun, West Kunlun Mountain, Qiangtang, Himalaya and 12 metallogenic belt in Taiwan Province Province. The prospect of gold resources in such areas is uncertain, so it is necessary to cooperate with geological mapping and geochemical exploration in the general survey of land and resources to carry out a preliminary evaluation of gold selection and resource potential.

There is a certain logical connection between the planning areas, that is, the reconnaissance and exploration area determines the farsighted area, and the backup census base is found from the farsighted area. On the basis of speeding up the general survey, large-scale projects are determined as key exploration and development targets. Generally speaking, this arrangement is embodied in a complete and rolling geological prospecting planning scheme. The long-term planning is 5 years, which is updated every year according to the newly obtained data and achievements and pushed forward in a rolling way.

(Written by Zhang and Qing Min)