What are Gothic art, Baroque art, Rococo art and their styles?

From the12nd century to the beginning of16th century, an art in Europe, which mainly focused on new architecture, included sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. This architectural style, contrary to the church style with thick dark semi-circular arches in Rome, widely uses pointed arches with light lines, small minarets with beautiful shapes, light and transparent flying buttresses, slender columns or cluster columns, and windows inlaid with stained glass, resulting in an illusion of upward sublimation and the mystery of heaven. It reflects the prevailing concept of the Christian era and the material and cultural concept of urban development in the Middle Ages. Representative works include Notre Dame de Paris, Cologne Church in Germany, Lincoln Church in England and Milan Church in Italy. The word "Gothic" originated from medieval architecture, and it is an international artistic style that originated in northern France and spread all over Europe, including all cultural phenomena such as painting, sculpture, architecture, music and literature. The basic nature of the will of Gothic art form refers to an endless driving force, and silence is the goal of this driving force. However, in the process of seeking silence and liberation, Gothic formal will can not be truly silent and satisfied. Gothic forms will melt into chaos and madness, into a strong desire for extrasensory ecstasy, and into a kind of sadness. It can be said that Gothic soul pursues a world beyond reality and senses. As the Gothic theorist Wollinger said: It is this high level of hysteria that is the most prominent symbol of Gothic phenomenon. "What people feel is psychological intoxication, and finally they gain a great sense of freedom from the sensory world. Revival of Gothic Art Interest Since modern times, there has been a constant upsurge of Gothic art in Europe. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, Britain first witnessed the revival of Gothic artistic interest, which was inspired by romantic literature, especially romantic poetry, and mixed with religious piety, mysterious and subtle view of nature, sadness and fatalism. Gothic novels, which originated in the early19th century, contain mystery, bad luck, death and family curse, which makes the word "Gothic" associated with horror, darkness and supernatural artistic conception. Gothic novels have a far-reaching influence on the development of Victorian literary style. The revived Gothic architecture was very popular in the19th century. Some aristocratic gentry in Britain were keen to rebuild the ruins of medieval Gothic churches in their own estates to satisfy their nostalgia. Since the Napoleonic Wars, the romantic color and Gothic style that have influenced literature and architecture have also extended to women's wear. In Europe and America, jewelry at parties began to penetrate into the daytime, and pins inlaid with mosaics and embossed gems and their matching jewelry gradually became popular. Gothic art became the carrier to stimulate the strong non-classical aesthetic feeling of romantic artists at that time. Baroque art refers to an art form that became popular in late Europe (16th century). Not only in painting, Baroque art represents the whole art field, including music, architecture and decorative arts. The word baroque comes from Spanish and Portuguese "-baroque". As an adjective, this word means "flashy, messy". At first, Europeans used this word to refer to "works lacking classical balance characteristics". It was originally a derogatory term for those who advocated classical art in18th century, which was different from the Renaissance style in17th century. Now the word has lost its original derogatory meaning and only refers to an artistic style popular in Europe in the17th century. Although "Baroque" refers to works of art that lack classical balance, in fact, Baroque artists, like their predecessors in the Renaissance, attach great importance to the overall unity of design and effect. Baroque style is characterized by emphasizing "movement" and "transformation", especially in physical and emotional aspects. At the same time, baroque is also a reaction to affectation. In the history of European culture, "Baroque" usually refers to the time of17th century and the first half of18th century (about 1600-1750), but the year does not represent the absolute artistic style, especially architecture and music. This period is connected with the Renaissance (1452-1600), followed by the classical period and The Romantic Period. European culture has made great changes and achievements in all aspects. With the rise of the bourgeoisie, the monarchy gradually became independent from religion (but democratic ideas sprouted). Science was initiated by Galileo, Newton and others. The trend in art is "secularization", full of energy, brave in innovation and even ambitious. Shakespeare, Cervantes and other literary and artistic masters; Rubens, Lyngbrant, etc. Have an impact on painting. It was also during this period that Europe expanded and colonized outward and gradually occupied the center of world civilization. Rococo art is a French art style in18th century, which originated in the late Louis XIV (1643 ~ 17 15) and was popular in Louis XV (1715 ~15). /kloc-the 0/8th century is regarded as an era of "rationality" or "enlightenment". Philosophers have changed their work, from assuming the existence of God to inferring everything from experiments and observations. They almost excluded theology from philosophy and chose the secular route, and their interest shifted from paying attention to aristocratic education to seeking frivolous enjoyment. Artistic style, among musicians Mozart and Haydn, writers Pope, Addison, Fourtai, painters Waldo and Consboro, runs through a kind of * * * same theme, which combines rational and beautiful tastes with relaxed, clear and orderly materials. Louis XIV often held various dances at Versailles Palace, torturing the nobles with tedious etiquette and meaningless duties, and then creating a leisurely environment with gorgeous court decorations, which was conducive to extramarital affairs, consuming the nobles' energy and making them have no time to plan rebellion. Therefore, artists are authorized to fabricate a happy ideal life with the sole purpose of creating a leisurely and actually lazy social happiness. Rococo is relative to Louis XIV's magnificent classical art. This change is related to the decline of the French aristocracy, the spirit of free exploration in the Enlightenment (almost replacing religious belief) and the growing prosperity of the middle class. Rococo was also influenced by China's art during its formation, especially in landscape design, interior design, silk products, porcelain, lacquerware and so on. (For example, China's small ceramics, German Maier, 1768). Because French art was the center of Europe at that time, the influence of Rococo art spread all over Europe. The complicated style of Rococo art is similar to that of China in Qing Dynasty, and it is the same symbol of the end of Chinese and western feudal history. Gothic style reached its peak in medieval Europe from 12 to 15, with profound changes in economy and society and unprecedented development in ideology, culture and art. The baroque artistic style in this period originally refers to the architectural style of showing off wealth and using a lot of valuable materials in the17th century, which also affected the overall changes of art at that time. The meaning of "baroque" comes from Portuguese, meaning "deformed pearl" and is also quoted as an adjective that deviates from the norm. Although Baroque inherited affectation, it also eliminated the ambiguity and loose form of affectation. Due to the influence of baroque artistic style, in the history of western clothing, the word "baroque style" was even used to represent the European clothing style of17th century. Baroque art style originally refers to the architectural style of showing off wealth and using a lot of valuable materials in the17th century, which also affected the overall changes of art at that time. Artistic style, usually called "Gothic" style. The meaning of "baroque" comes from Portuguese, meaning "deformed pearl" and is also quoted as an adjective that deviates from the norm. Although Baroque inherited affectation, it also eliminated the ambiguity and loose form of affectation. Due to the influence of baroque artistic style, in the history of western clothing, the word "baroque style" was even used to represent the European clothing style of17th century. Baroque art style originally refers to the architectural style of showing off wealth and using a lot of valuable materials in the17th century, which also affected the overall changes of art at that time. The meaning of "baroque" comes from Portuguese, meaning "deformed pearl" and is also quoted as an adjective that deviates from the norm. Although Baroque inherited affectation, it also eliminated the ambiguity and loose form of affectation. Due to the influence of baroque artistic style, in the history of western clothing, the word "baroque style" was even used to represent the European clothing style of17th century. Rococo style, like Ming furniture in China, is famous for its smooth lines and beautiful shapes. In contrast, the French classical furniture with baroque style in Louis XIV period was characterized by carving, which was related to the bravery and fighting of King Louis XIV at that time, and reflected the power in furniture through carving. Rococo style is more feminine, and the most obvious feature is the chair legs based on ballet. You can see the exquisite elegance, the rhythmic beauty that blends into the furniture. Louis XVI experienced historical changes, so it abandoned the complexity of Louis XIV and Louis XV, and turned the curve of furniture into a straight line, leaving only the design of grooves. In the neoclassical period, even the grooves were omitted, leaving only a straight line. After the changes of the times, French classical furniture has been influenced by political and economic development. However, Rococo style is still the most representative style of French classical furniture, recognized and respected by people all over the world, and it is also a symbol of human identity and taste.