Who knows Korea? I want to know about Korean culture.

Korean culture originates from Korean traditional culture. Since the confrontation between the north and the south of the Korean Peninsula in 1948, the development of modern culture in the north and the south is very different. Korean modern culture is the product of Korean modernization. With the development of Korean economy and society, the lifestyle of Koreans such as food, clothing, housing and transportation has also changed, thus building a modern Korean culture. The popularity of Korean culture in Asia and even the world is called Korean Wave.

Origin development editor

The early rise and development of Koreans are not unified, but generally speaking, they have one characteristic, that is, they are in active contact with China people and sometimes struggle. As the Korean people formed an agricultural society centered on rice cultivation, their culture gradually merged with that of China. North Korea made iron tools and iron weapons. In politics, economy, philosophy and culture, South Korea's development is also strongly influenced by China. However, just understanding cultural exchange cannot fully explain Korean culture. We must also correctly understand the characteristics of the Korean people, which must be explained in connection with the historical development of the Korean people. Think about how Buddhism and Confucianism were introduced into Korea. Although Confucianism is one step ahead of Buddhism, Buddhism, not Confucianism, was first accepted by the Korean people. The reason for this is that Buddhism is more conducive to the establishment of an aristocratic and centralized expansion country than Confucianism.

Some people think that the secular five precepts advocated by young people in Silla era (57 BC-935 AD) came from Buddhism, but others say that the round light of these five precepts is a Buddhist mage, but he is also proficient in Confucius' theory. Therefore, two interpretations of the Five Commandments are acceptable.

However, we should also consider the other side of the situation. At that time, because the society needed a set of moral norms conducive to the establishment of imperial power and patriarchal clan system, even though Buddhism and Confucianism had not been introduced to South Korea, organizing a youth team called "Hualang" to protect livestock and other property would be highly valued anyway.

The same is true of Zen. Zen was introduced to South Korea long before Silla annexed Baekje (8 BC-660 AD) and Korea (37 BC-668 AD), but it was not until the end of Silla's unification era (668 -935) that powerful local landlords rose up against the centralized rule system that Zen became popular. In other words, Zen is accepted and valued because it meets the needs of local landlords.

Neo-Confucianism began to attract people's attention at the end of the Korean era (9 18- 1392), and finally developed into a philosophical thought that ruled the Korean dynasty (1392- 19 10). It is believed that it was introduced into North Korea during the cultural exchange between the Yuan Dynasty and China. But if we look at it in connection with the rise of the middle class, we can explain more deeply why we accept Neo-Confucianism. The middle class refers to a group of small and medium-sized landlords who have the status of local gentry. They entered the officialdom not through hereditary rights but through the national imperial examination. These people are honest and critical of pro-Yuan ruling families who occupied large-scale industries by illegal means. This new middle class welcomes the moral principles of Neo-Confucianism as its spiritual pillar.

2 literary and cultural editors

Korea has its own characteristics in literature and art, and Korean art mainly includes painting, calligraphy, printmaking, technology and decoration. , not only inherited the national tradition, but also absorbed the expertise of foreign art. Among them, the mask, also known as "mask dance", is a symbol of Korean culture and occupies an extremely important position in Korean traditional drama.

Korean culture is obviously influenced by China. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Silla on the Korean Peninsula sent people to China to study China's culture and strategy of governing the country, and even brought some things back directly. China's culture had a long-term influence on Silla, which was strengthened by absorbing China's culture, thus unifying the Korean Peninsula.

Korea is a country that attaches great importance to education. There are thousands of colleges and universities in China. National Seoul National University is the number one comprehensive university in Korea. Yonsei University and Korea University are also famous. In addition, there are Sungkyunkwan University, Xijiang University, Central University, Kyung Hee University, Hanyang University, Tankook University, Jianguo University, Loyalty University, Sejong University, Ewha Women's University, Gyeongbuk University, Chungbuk University, Pohang University of Technology, Busan University, Jeonbuk University, Busan University of Foreign Studies, Renhe University, inje university and Beicai University.

3 architectural culture editor

These people later became the leaders of a new dynasty. They are not fans of the powerful China as people usually think. On the contrary, they tried to explore the historical tradition of their own nation, and traced the beginning of this tradition back to Tan Qun's time, and supported Sejong (14 18-50 reigned) to promote Korean new characters.

In the 17 and 18 centuries, the new trend of caring about Korean science and technology and economic progress was very popular among Korean scholars. During this period, transplanting rice seedlings, planting two crops a year and building reservoirs greatly promoted agricultural development. A national commercial network centered on Seoul and Kaesong has been formed. Port merchants promoted Yizhou's foreign trade. Independent handicraft industry is booming. In such a social environment, practical learning as a Confucian school was formed. The purpose of practical learning is to transform society by cultivating the understanding of national historical traditions. Practical learning benefited from western culture and methodology of historical research in China and Qing Dynasty to a great extent.

Four-nation cultural editor

national flag

North Korean flag (refer to Taoist gossip in China history)

1882, North Korean envoys Park Yong-hyo and Yu Jinyun will be sent to Japan. Before they left, they asked the Qing Dynasty in China to use the Dragon Flag of China as the national flag. The Qing government replied that the vassal state could not use the dragon flag with five claws, but only the dragon flag with four claws. At that time, because the North Korean authorities had refused to buy the declining Qing court, they did not accept the request of the Qing court. At that time, China's special envoy Ma Jianzhong (a great linguist in modern China, who went to North Korea with Ma's brother, the founder of Fudan University) suggested that the North Korean government adopt the traditional Taiji Bagua flag in China as the national flag, which was adopted by the North Korean government. Therefore, the earliest Lee's North Korean flag is an out-and-out Taiji Bagua flag with black characters on a white background. Later, a British envoy to North Korea modified this Taiji Bagua Flag from the perspective of western aesthetics, removing four hexagrams in the Bagua Map, stretching the remaining four hexagrams obliquely to the symmetrical sand surface, making the whole flag rectangular, and changing the pattern of Yin and Yang fish to red and blue, so that we can see the Taiji Flag in South Korea.

1On March 25th, 949, the provincial examination committee of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Science of Korea made a clear statement when it was determined to be the national flag of the Republic of Korea: the horizontal and vertical ratio of Taiji flag was 3:2, the white background represented the land, the middle was Taiji II instrument, and there were four black hexagrams in the four corners. Tai Chi's circle represents the people, and fish-shaped instruments bend up and down in the circle, with red on the top and blue on the bottom, representing Yang and Yin respectively, symbolizing the universe. Among the four hexagrams, the stem in the upper left corner represents the Sanyang hexagram representing heaven, spring, east and benevolence; Kun in the lower right corner indicates that the six Yin hexagrams represent earth, summer, west and righteousness; The ridge in the upper right corner has four yin and one yang representing water, autumn, south and ceremony; There are two yang and two yin in the lower left corner, representing fire, winter, north and wisdom respectively. The overall model means that everything is in an infinite range. "

national emblem

National emblem of Korea

Published on July 3rd 1970. In the center of the national emblem is a blooming hibiscus flower. The background color of hibiscus flowers is white, symbolizing peace and purity, and yellow symbolizes prosperity. The center of the flower is replaced by a picture of red, blue, yin and yang, which is not only a traditional symbol of Korean culture, but also represents the harmony between state administration and natural laws. A white ribbon surrounds the hibiscus, and the name of the Republic of Korea is sewn on the ribbon. This feature is the same as the design of the national emblem of North Korea.

national anthem

South Korea's national anthem is Patriotic Song. Independent News, the earliest folk newspaper founded in South Korea, published several versions of the lyrics of patriotic songs in 1896, but the melody of patriotic songs at that time has not yet been determined. Later, during the Korean Empire period of 1897- 19 10, the melody of patriotic songs was designated as military songs, which were called patriotic songs of the Korean Empire. The patriotic song of the Korean Empire was revised in 1902 and used for important national celebrations. Before the founding of the Republic of Korea, patriotic songs were always sung according to the melody of the Scottish folk song Auld Lang Syne (the original song of Auld Lang Syne). However, the composer An Yitai (1905- 1965) deeply felt that it was not appropriate to use other countries' melodies as his national anthem, so he re-created the national anthem at 1935, which was immediately adopted by the then interim government. However, until the founding of the Republic of Korea in 1945, the version of Auld Lang Syne was still the main national anthem.

5 Festival culture editor

Koreans attach the most importance to Mid-Autumn Festival.

65438+1 October1New Year's Day

New Year's Day-New Year's Day, 65438+ 10/and 2 are public holidays stipulated by the state. The first day of the first lunar month/Folk Day-also known as the Gregorian New Year-is celebrated with family ceremonies of ancestor worship, special food and traditional games. The whole family is reunited, and relatives and friends celebrate the New Year with each other.

March 1 independence day

Commemorate the independence movement against Japanese colonial rule on March 19 19.

April 5th Arbor Day

On this day, government officials, teachers, students and thousands of Koreans all over the country plant trees according to the government's afforestation plan.

Sakyamuni's birthday on April 8th.

Buddhists and other citizens celebrate this festival to commemorate the birth of Sakyamuni.

May 5th Children's Day

On this day, children will hold various celebrations and play with their parents.

June 6th, Clock String Day ()

June 6th every year is Korea's "Show Loyalty Day", which, as the name implies, is a day of heroic loyalty to the country. Today, June 6th has become an annual day that cannot be missed, and it is a day to pay tribute to the martyrs and heroes who gave their precious lives to protect national security in Martyrs Park.

August 15 Guangfu Festival ()

1on this day in 945, South Korea was liberated from 35 years of Japanese colonial rule and gained independence.

Mid-Autumn Festival (or Harvest Festival) in August of the lunar calendar 15.

This is one of the important national festivals in a year. On this day, there will be a banquet, families will hold a memorial ceremony in the family cemetery, and they will enjoy the moon together at night.

Lunar 65438+ 10 3 Open Day Festival ()

This day is the legendary day when Dangun established Korea in 2333 BC.

65438+ 10 9 Korea Festival.

A day set up to commemorate the promulgation and popularization of Sejong Korean and the study of Korean.

February 25th Christmas 65438+

Like the west, Christians and other citizens celebrate this festival to commemorate the birth of Jesus.

6 clothing culture editor

Korean traditional clothing

Hanbok is a traditional costume of the Korean nation from ancient times to modern times. The lines of Hanbok are both curvy and straight, especially the tops and long skirts of women's Hanbok, which are thin and thick, dignified and elegant. Nowadays, most people are used to wearing suits, but many people still like to wear traditional national costumes on festivals such as Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival or weddings. Women's hanbok is a short coat (jeogori) with a flowing long skirt (Chima); The man wears a short coat with trousers, and his wide trouser legs are tied with Nim. Tops and long skirts are colorful, and some even add bright and gorgeous brocade.

7 social etiquette editor

Koreans advocate Confucianism and respect their elders. When the elders enter the house, everyone should stand up and ask how old they are. Take off your sunglasses when talking to the old man. Get up in the morning and greet your parents after dinner; When parents come back from going out, their children should meet them. When eating, you should serve food to the elderly or elders first. Only when the old man moves chopsticks can others eat. When riding a bike, make way for the old man.

When Koreans meet, the traditional etiquette is to bow. When the younger generation and subordinates meet their elders or superiors when walking, they should bow, say hello and stand aside to show their respect. Men greet each other, bow and shake hands. When shaking hands, they either use their hands or their left hands and only nod once. Bowing etiquette is generally not used on businessmen. When dealing with Korean officials, you can usually shake hands or nod gently. Women don't usually shake hands with people.

In social groups and banquets, men and women socialize separately, even at home or in restaurants.

In Korea, if someone invites you home for dinner or dinner, bring a small gift, and it is best to choose packaged food. When toasting at dinner, you should hold the bottle in your right hand and the bottom of the bottle in your left hand, then bow and toast, and finally pour three cups. The toaster should hold its cup lower and touch the other's cup with its rim. Take a bow before you leave after drinking. When you are a guest, the host won't show you the whole house. Don't wander around alone. When you leave, the host will see you to the door, even outside, and then say goodbye.

Koreans accept gifts with both hands, but they don't open them in front of guests. It is not appropriate to send foreign cigarettes to Korean friends. Wine is the best gift for Korean men, but you can't give wine to a woman unless you make it clear that the wine is for her husband. Pay attention to giving gifts to Koreans. Korean men like brand-name textiles, ties, lighters, electric razors and so on. Women like cosmetics, bags, gloves, scarves and spices used in the kitchen. Children like food. If you send money, you should put it in an envelope.

If there is a visit, it must be agreed in advance. Koreans attach great importance to reception in communication. Banquets are usually held in restaurants or bars, and their wives rarely attend.

8 diet culture editor

When it comes to eating, no country can compare with China, so people in China feel that they have nothing to eat abroad. Although South Korea is a close neighbor, there are still differences after all. Many people even say that eating in Korea is like entering a temple. The implication is that there is little oil and water. Indeed, the diet in Korea is mainly light, but this does not mean that there is no food in Korea.

Everyone knows that kimchi in Korea is very famous. This pickle is the first food in Korea. It is nutritious, delicious and beautiful. It is a dish that Koreans can't live without. In addition to kimchi, Koreans can't live without hot sauce, which is found in kimchi, barbecue, noodles and seafood. Lettuce and cucumber dipped in hot sauce is a dish. It can be said that one of the characteristics of Korean food is spicy. This kind of spicy food is different from that in China. China's spicy food is fragrant, salty and spicy, while Korean's is sweet and dry. I don't feel it when I eat it, but it makes people gasp when I swallow it.

There is a snack in Korea, which is similar to China's Niangao. It is cylindrical, long and cut into small pieces. Put it in a frying pan and mix with red hot sauce. It is fried and eaten. Many restaurants have this snack.

Pancakes are also famous Korean food, but they are thicker than those in China. It often contains shredded squid and the like, and it is mostly the size of a palm, so it is easy to roll up. There is also a pancake made of potato flour, which needs to be dipped in seasoning and tastes good. And China's rice is similar, there are jiaozi, mostly fried dumplings, steamed dumplings, steamed buns, but they are all sweet fillings, just like thick-skinned bean buns.

Korean cold noodles must have been heard of. There is a thin noodle in the iced sweet and sour soup with two boiled eggs and two pears or radishes on it, which is very delicious. The cold noodles are mainly Pyongyang cold noodles made of buckwheat noodles and Xianxing cold noodles made of potatoes. Eating methods can also be divided into soup and Chili sauce, and the taste is very smooth. It's so cool to sit cross-legged and have a bowl of cold noodles in hot summer!

Koreans usually eat barbecue when they invite guests to dinner, that is, they marinate beef or steak with seasoning and roast it on an iron plate. Garlic, hot sauce, lettuce leaves and pickles are naturally indispensable. There are a few more seafood in the advanced class, and the meat is wrapped in lettuce leaves, which tastes very good. There is also a hot pot, similar to Japanese hot pot, which is actually a wok. Put meat slices, onions, Flammulina velutipes, etc. In the pot, add soy sauce, fry them and dip them in seasoning. It tastes a little sweet, but if you eat too much, you will be a little tired. Koreans don't like greasy food, so when the meat in the pot oozes oil, they use paper towels to suck it.

Once, a friend invited me to eat steak soup. I think it must be delicious. At first glance, there are several rows in the casserole alone, and some chopped green onion is sprinkled in the clear soup, which tastes very weak. They have skimmed the oil! I have to eat kimchi for dinner.

Bibimbap is also a representative food in Korea, that is, put white rice in a big bowl made of stone, add meat, eggs, bean sprouts and other dishes while it is hot, and add Chili sauce to mix well. The taste is not very good, but it is crisp and fragrant.

Koreans are very particular about nourishing, and they should eat ginseng chicken soup in dog days. Ginseng chicken soup is stewed with chicken and glutinous rice, ginseng and jujube. Until cooked, dip in salt and eat. It is said to be very nutritious. Speaking of soup, there is beef soup made of beef bones, which is delicious.

Although I don't like Korean food very much, I like their various tableware. It is said that Korean restaurants are influenced by the lifestyle of ancient palaces and pay more attention to form and tableware. What impressed me most were stainless steel chopsticks and small bowls with lids. Chopsticks are shorter than wooden chopsticks in China. They are heavy in your hands, engraved with exquisite patterns of various colors. It hurts when you accidentally fall down while eating. When I first arrived in Korea, I thought those small stainless steel bowls with lids were hand stoves. It took me a long time to find rice in them.

Perhaps because there are too many pickles, there are many kinds of containers for kimchi, such as square, round, multi-layer, single-layer, plastic and ceramic ... What surprises me most is that they often use scissors when eating. This pair of scissors cuts long noodles when eating cold noodles, pickles when eating pickles and barbecues when eating barbecues. In short, it plays a very important role in dining.

In Korean restaurants, people usually take off their shoes and eat cross-legged on the kang. The room is small and the table is short. If there are many people at the banquet, the walls of these small rooms can be pulled up like shutters, and the required space can be changed and adjusted at any time, which is very convenient. Guests usually sit on both sides of a square table, and the table can be spelled as long as the room is long, which reminds me of the scene where kindergarten children sit in rows and share fruit.

Korea is also a polite country. Eating is easier said than done, but drinking is different. When they propose a toast to others, they hold their glasses, hand them to each other, pour half a glass of wine, and the toasted person turns around, turns his back, looks up and drinks, and then retaliates. It's fun to give people the back of their heads when drinking. [ 1]

9 marriage custom editor

Although statistics show that the divorce rate in modern Korea has soared, divorce is still a disgraceful thing for the parties and their families. The modern wedding way in Korea is different from that in ancient times: the bride and groom wear white wedding dresses and tuxedos, and hold the ceremony in the wedding hall or church according to the western ceremony, and then move to the room called "money room", put on gorgeous traditional wedding costumes and perform the traditional wedding ceremony. Coin silk can be understood as a tradition in Korea, which refers to the custom of the bride and groom to salute the relatives of the man's parents at the wedding. It is the ceremony for the bride to formally meet the relatives of the man for the first time. )

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