About Western Literature ! I'm not sure if I'm a good writer or a good writer!

"Western Modernist Literature"

Modernist literature is a new literary trend that emerged in the West at the end of the 19th century, and it was prevalent in the Western countries in the 20th century, and its influence continues to this day.

Its main characteristic is: anti-traditional. Its content and artistic methods are very different from those of traditional Western literature. It has a modern consciousness and modern complexity.

Modernist literature consists of several genres.

Symbolism and its characteristics

1, Symbolism is the earliest and the most influential literary school in the modernist literary movement in the West, which is divided into two periods. Pre-Symbolism was popular in France in the second half of the 19th century. After the First World War, late symbolism came into being, and in the 1920s, late symbolism reached its climax.

2. Symbolism is characterized by the creation of morbid "beauty"; the expression of the "highest truth" of the heart; the use of symbolic allusion; the construction of imagery in hallucinations; and the use of musicality to increase the meditative effect. It develops the artistic characteristics of the earlier Symbolism, opposes superficial lyricism and straightforward didacticism, advocates the unity of emotion and reason, and expresses the beauty and infinity of the conceptual world through symbolic allusion, imaginative metaphors, free associations, and the musicality of language.

3, representative writers: France Valéry, Germany Rilke, the United States Pound, Ireland Yeats and Britain T S Eliot.

The main writers of Symbolism

1, British T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land (1922)

2, the French poet Valéry: The Cemetery on the Seashore (1926), contemplates the meaning of life, pays tribute to the unending movement of the universe, and expresses the joy of transcending the consciousness of death. Philosophical contemplation is blended with novelty and symbolic imagery, and the harmony of sound is beautiful and far-reaching.

3, the Irish poet and playwright W.B. Yeats: "Sailing to Byzantium", Yeats won the 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature for "expressing the spirit of a whole nation".

4, Maeterlinck: a representative writer of Symbolist drama, "The Green Bird" (1908, Tittier, Myrtle, Brilliant), the green bird is a symbol of happiness, and the theme is to celebrate people's pursuit of happiness and light.

[edit]Expressionism and its characteristics

1, Expressionism is an important modernist school popular in Europe and the United States before and after the First World War in the early 20th century to the 1930s. Originating in Germany, it began with painting and then spread to literature.

2, first appeared in the German critic Walden in the magazine "Wild Ride" published a review of painting, emphasizing the need to break through the external appearance of things, to express the inner world, with "performance" instead of "reproduction".

3, the characteristics of Expressionism: abstraction; deformation; the use of masks; the illusion of space and time; focus on sound and light effects; symbolism and absurdity. Its theoretical program is "art is expression, not reproduction", which advocates that literature should not reproduce the objective reality, but should express the subjective spirit and inner passion of human beings, and express the essence of the things grasped through the appearance, and the precise depiction of the external form of the things is meaningless. His poems are fiery and eloquent, pursuing strength, exaggerating lyricism, and often using condensed verses. Drama and novels often use abstract symbolism to express deep philosophies and themes.

The main writers of Expressionism

1, in the theater:

O'Neill of the United States: The Emperor Jones (1920), the author of Expressionism in their own creations, the formation of a unique "O'Neill School" of Expressionist plays. The Hairy Ape (1921), subtitled "Eight comedies of ancient and modern life". The main character: Yank

Strindberg, Sweden: "To Damascus", "Sonata for Ghosts"

2, in fiction:

Kafka, Austria: a representative of Expressionist fiction. The Castle (1915), The Metamorphosis (1915)

Stream-of-consciousness novels and their characteristics

1, stream-of-consciousness novels are novels that emerged in the West at the beginning of the twentieth century (the 1920s) to express the flow of people's consciousness and to show the trance world of the mind. It is believed that literature should express the flow of consciousness of the characters, especially the activities of the subconscious mind, and the flow of human consciousness follows the "psychological time" rather than the physical time.

2, it is symbolic allusion, inner monologue, free association and other stream-of-consciousness creative methods as the main characteristics, in the 20s and 30s of this century in the United Kingdom, the United States, France and other countries to form a spectacular school of modernist literature

3, stream-of-consciousness novelists to use the art of each focus, but the artistic characteristics of the **** the same: "writer"; "quit the novel"; the writer is not the same as "the writer"; the writer is not the same as the writer. The artistic characteristics are the same: "the writer quits the novel"; the plot is diluted; a lot of inner monologue and free association; alternation of space and time and psychological time; symbolic allusion and contrasting associations; innovation and mutation in the use of language.

4, the representative writers are Joyce and Woolf in Ireland, Proust in France and Faulkner in the United States.

[Edit Paragraph] Main Writers of Stream-of-Consciousness Novels

1, Ireland's Joyce: Dubliners, Portrait of a Young Artist

2, Britain's Woolf: The Spot on the Wall, Go to the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway

3, France's Proust: Memories of Years Gone By

4, America's Faulkner: A Memory of Years Past

4, France's Proust: A Memory of Years Gone By

5, America's Proust: The Memory of Years Gone By

6, America's Faulkner. Faulkner in the United States: "Hustle and Bustle" (1929), reflecting the decline of the Kempthorne family, a prominent family in the South of the United States. The novel creates a complex stream-of-consciousness method, making the use of stream-of-consciousness techniques to explore the inner life of the characters reached a new height. It focuses on Quentin's psychopathology and Benji's subconscious activities. Characters (eldest son Quentin, second son Jason, youngest son Benji, daughter Katie)

[edit]Existentialist Literature and Its Characteristics

1, Existentialism originated in France in the 1930s, and reached its peak after the Second World War. It is one of the most powerful and popular literary trends in modernist literature.

2. Existentialist literature was created on the basis of existentialist philosophy, and it publicizes existentialist philosophical ideas in the form of literature. It is characterized by the fact that there is more rationality than image, and the core of it is that "existence precedes essence", "the world is absurd", "life is painful and free choice", and the only way to find the way of survival is through free choice.

3. "Absurdity" and "pain" are the basic themes of existentialist literature. The world is absurd and life is painful. On the one hand, it depicts the absurdity of the capitalist world, and on the other hand, it expresses the misfortune and destruction of human beings, as well as the ideological emotions of loneliness, disappointment and fear.

4. Artistically, firstly, existentialist literature is philosophical in its images. Secondly, it utilizes the traditional and modern methods of expression in an unconventional way.

5. Existentialist writers include Sartre (France), Camus (France) and Beauvoir (France).

The main writers of existentialist literature

1, France Camus: The Outsider (1942), The Plague (1947, Dr. Rieux)

2, France Sartre: Nausea (a novel), The Road to Freedom (a novel), The Wall (a collection of short stories), No Place to Die (a play), The Fly (a play), Confinement (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play), The Fly (a play). Confinement" (a play which shows that "the other is hell"), "The Respectful Whore" (a play), "Being and Nothingness" (a philosophical work), "Existentialism is a Humanism" (a philosophical work)

3, Beauvoir, France: "The Female Guest," "The Second Sex"

[Edit Paragraph]Absurdist Theater and Its Characteristics

1,Absurdist Theatre is a genre that emerged in France in the 1950s, and it has been recognized as the most popular form of theater in the world.

1, absurdist theater is an anti-traditional theater genre that emerged in France in the 1950s and rapidly became popular in other countries in Europe and the United States.

2, absurdism is named after the famous British theater theorist Martin Aisling, who wrote "The Theatre of the Absurd" in 1962.

3, the characteristics of the absurdist drama: absurd, abstract theme, the world is absurd, life is meaningless; fragmented stage image; strange and bizarre props function, so that the intuitive art of the drama characteristics to play to the limit. In terms of content, it expresses the incomprehensibility of the world and the absurdity of life; in terms of artistic technique, it breaks the traditional dramatic structure, and uses illogical plot, broken characters, mechanically repetitive dramatic movements and the boring language of the preamble to highlight the fundamental theme of the absurdity of the world in a general way. It has no complete plot, no dramatic conflict, the stage image is fragmented, and the language of the characters is inverted. It shows that the world is absurd, life is painful, and human relationships are incommunicable.

4. Unescu was the founder of absurdist theater, and the staging of his one-act play The Bald Maiden marked the birth of absurdist theater.

The main writers of absurdist theater

1, Beckett, France: Waiting for Godot

2, Unescu, France: The Bald Songstress (1949, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Martin), The Chair (1959), Rhinoceros (1958)

[Edit paragraph] New School of Fiction and its characteristics

1 It is also known as anti-novelism or rejectionism.

2, they believe that the world is absurd, vain and unreal, the traditional novel is a fool and deception of the reader, the era of the novel to depict the character and emotion is over. Opposition to the tendency of traditional novels, which advocates that writers reproduce the existence of the dystopian world as it is, without giving it any meaning or emotional color. The new novel rejects plots and characters and collages scattered fragments. The new novels rejected plot and character and collaged scattered fragments. The reader's participation in the creation of the novel is advocated, and the characters and plot are reconstructed.

3, representative of Alain Robbe-Grillet, Salot, Simon, Duras.

The main writers of the New School of Fiction

Salote: the first to write a new novel

2, France Simon: "the father of the New School of Fiction", "The Wind" (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1985), "Flanders Highway"

3, France Robbe-Grillet: "The Peeping Tom", won the "Critic's Prize" of the French in 1955, "The Critic's Prize".

3, France Robbe-Grillet: "The Voyeur": the French 1955 "Critics' Prize", "Eraser" (1953, Dupont, Grinada, Vallas, writing a political murder)

[Editorial] "Black humor" novels and their characteristics

1, "black humor" is a modernist novel genre popular in the United States in the sixties. It was named after a collection of Black Humor compiled by American writer Friedman.

2, "black humor" is a comedic form to express the content of the tragedy of the literary method. Black refers to the terrible and funny objective reality, "humor" refers to the purposeful and willful personality to take a mocking attitude to this reality. Humor, with the addition of blackness, becomes a kind of humor showing despair. Western critics call it "gallows humor".

3, the artistic characteristics of black humor:

It is a kind of laughable humor, a mixture of tragic content and comedy form, showing the absurdity of the world, the alienation of the society, the confusion after the destruction of the rational principle, and the futility of the self-struggle, which is the center of its content. In the face of all this, people send out cynical laughter, with a humorous attitude to pull away from reality, in order to maintain the dignity of the devastated people, that is, the so-called "black humor".

"Anti-hero" type characters: the characters often tend to split the spiritual world, and become "anti-heroes" with tragic-comedic dual colors, through their ridiculous words and deeds to insinuate the social reality and express the author's views on social issues.

The narrative structure of the "anti-novel" is to express the confusing plot through hints, undertones, comparisons, and symbols. Breaking the rationalized chronological order, accelerating the pace of the jump, the plot lack of logical connection, often the narrative of real life and fantasy memories mixed together, the serious philosophical and gags mixed into one. The writing style is rich in irony, and the language often breaks the general rules of grammar and inherent word combinations.

It is allegorical.

4, the American Heller, considered a flag of "black humor". There are also Vonnegut, Pynchon, Bath, Balsam, and Vignon.

The main writers of "black humor" novels

1, the United States Heller: "The 22nd rule of the army"

2, Vonnegut: representative of "Slaughterhouse Five", "Cat's Cradle" (1963, Bognognon, McKibb)

3, Pynchon: "The rainbow of gravity"

[edit]Magic realism and its characteristics

[edit]Magic realism and its characteristics

[edit]Magic realism and its characteristics

[edit]Magic realism and its characteristics

[edit]Magical realism and its characteristics

1,Magic realism refers to a genre of Latin American fiction in the mid-20th century. It began in the 1930s and 1940s and became the mainstream of Latin American fiction in the 1960s. Its rise has been called the "explosion of Latin American literature". It is represented by Asturias of Guatemala, Carpentier of Cuba, Rulfo of Mexico and Marquez of Colombia.

2, magic realism is through the "magic" produced by the illusion to express the reality of a creative method. Magic is the way, the expression of the reality of life is the purpose. With the magic thing to hide the reality, show the reader is a cycle, subjective time and objective time mixed, subjective and objective things in the space lost boundaries of the world. Artistically, the novel introduces a lot of supernatural elements into the depiction of reality, miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghosts appear in the plot of the novel, the chronological relationship is often disrupted, the narration is full of jumps, sometimes the scenes are symbolic, showing a distinctive hellish and national characteristics. It is a successful example of the combination of "transplantation" and "search for roots". It is not only a deep excavation of reality, but also a serious reflection on history; it is not only a search for the origin of traditional culture of this continent, but also an extensive absorption of European and American modernism. The first person to use the term "magic realism" in Latin America was the Venezuelan writer Petri.

The main writers of magic realism

1, the real sign of maturity is the Mexican writer Rulfo's novel Pedro Páramo.

2, in the 1960s, Latin American fiction in the formation of magic realism boom, with Marquez's novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude" as a symbol.

The Beat Generation and its Characteristics

The Beat Generation is a literary genre popular in the United States after World War II, and most of the writers are young men and women, who are known for their ruggedness and boldness. The Beat Generation is known for its rugged and uninhibited character. They used homosexuality, jazz, drugs and alcohol to escape from reality and challenge the decent society and the traditional values of the United States, and put forward the conclusion that "to sink is to liberate" and the legalization of indulgence and enjoyment, and they used the strange inward self-exploration and downward sinking of the so-called "vulgarity" attitude to express the dissatisfaction of the decent society, and to carry out a morbid revolt against the society.

Major writers of the Beat Generation

Jack Kerouac: Small Towns and Big Towns

2, Ginsberg: Howl

Classicism

Classicalism refers to

an artistic and literary ideology that arose after the Renaissance in Europe. Classicalism is a literary trend that emerged after the Renaissance in Europe, and was modeled on ancient Greek and Roman literature and art in both theory and practice. Therefore, it is called "Classical

ism". Classicalism was most

prevalent in France in the 17th century, and its development was also complete.

The political foundation of French classicism was the centralized monarchy. The philosophical basis was Descartes' rationalist theory

. Classicalism emphasized the imitation of antiquity in creation and theory, and advocated the use of national norms. In accordance with the prescribed principles of creation, namely

Three-in-one creation. The pursuit of artistic perfection. As a literary

artistic trend. The Classical QuanYi in Europe almost two generations

epoch, until the early 19th century romantic QuanYi literature and art rise before the end

end. It had a great influence on the development of literature and art in modern European countries, especially theater

.

Symbolism

Symbolism is one of the earliest and

most influential poetic genres in modern European literature, which emerged

in France in the 1870s. Its name was put forward by the French poet Moliouas

in his "Symbolism

Yigi" published in September 1886 in the Paris newspaper Le Figaro. He advocated the use of the term "symbolism .

designating the avant-garde poets of the time and setting out the basic

principles of Symbolism. The forerunner of Symbolism was the French Baudelaire,

who developed the symbolic and olive elements of the Romantic poets in their compositions

. In his poems, he used external "counterparts" to suggest the inner world of symbols, i.e., he emphasized the use of material images to express his personal feelings and certain ideas by means of

suggestion, contrast, and accentuation.

Dadaism

Dadaism is a

modern literary genre that appeared during the First World War. It was championed by the French poet Tristan

Challa, who formed a literary group in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1916 with a number of poets of the

year, and in giving the group its name, Dadaism

was the first modern literary school to emerge during the First World War. They

opened a dictionary and, with a casual gesture of the hand, came up with the name

Me Da Xiang "Ting Da Da Da Han". So. Dada was originally a toddler's word meaning

"horse". There is nothing exhausting about using it as a banner for literary activity. But Dadaism is against everything that has

exhaustion. Against all traditions. Against all conventions.

It is also against the literary arts which are considered to have a meaning. It advocates the representation of the unimaginable in the form of a dream

eating the general confusion of language, grotesque and absurd images.

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a school of modern Western literature that opposes

the traditional 'stream-of-consciousness' approach to writing

. It was popular in the 1920s. After the gradual demise. "Stream of consciousness

Stream of knowledge, the name was most lost by the American psychologist William Urs

Muth in the 1800s. Following the French philosopher

Fear Gerson argued: . Reality. It exists in the "indivisible fluctuations of consciousness". The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the characters. The flow of consciousness in the inner world of a character is portrayed in

The Pointed Roof

, published in 1915 by the British writer Richardson.) It is

a typical "stream of consciousness" novel. As the character's inner state

The trajectory of the flow of knowledge is depicted exquisitely. The reader

strong reaction. At that time, the Western European novel world was searching for a breakthrough

Stream of consciousness novel school

Stream of consciousness novel school is the rise of the early 20th century. It is a modern Western literary school that argues against

the traditional 'stream-of-consciousness' approach to writing

School. It was popular in the 1920s. After the gradual demise. "Stream of consciousness

Stream of knowledge, the name was most lost by the American psychologist William Urs

Muth in the 1800s. Following the French philosopher

Fear Gerson argued: . Reality. It exists in the "indivisible fluctuations of consciousness". The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the characters. The flow of consciousness in the inner world of a character is portrayed in

The Pointed Roof

, published in 1915 by the British writer Richardson.) It is

a typical "stream of consciousness" novel. As the character's inner state

The trajectory of the flow of knowledge is depicted exquisitely. The reader

strong reaction. At that time, the Western European novel world was searching for ways to break through the

traditional novel box stick. Therefore. This novel aroused

literary world of great interest. From then on, the theory and techniques of "stream of consciousness"

were rapidly developed and widely disseminated. The first is that

people call the writers who adopt the "stream of consciousness". The authors who wrote in this style of expression were called

"stream-of-consciousness novelists".

The Bewildered Generation

The Bewildered Generation refers to a group of young writers in the 1920s in China

who had feelings of uncertainty and disappointment. Most of these young

writers had fought in the First World War. They had just come of age and had worked for the government of Guam. They were inspired by the government's slogan of saving the world's democracy to go to the battlefields of Europe, but what they were betting on

was the carnage of mankind and the anti-war sentiment of the people they were familiar with. So they

feel duped. Betrayed. Their original

values were impacted, they were disgruntled and disappointed with life, and felt

distressed and confused. Most of them were displaced to Europe: they took Paris as the center of their literary

activity, and told their traumatic experiences through their novels.

Stein, an American writer who lived in Paris, once said to Hemingway and others, "You are all a generation of confusion". Hemingway used this

phrase as an epigraph for his long and clever novel "The Sun Also Rises".

Thousands of people are the "lost generation". It became the name of these writers.

New Novel School

The New Novel School refers to a literary stream that emerged in France in the 1950s and became one of the most influential in France in the 1960s

. It was named for its opposition to the Balzac-type novels with characters, plots, and social significance, and its rejection of all novelistic traditions

. It demanded a new form of novel and was named the "New Novel School".

The school has two main tendencies: one is to Salote

as the representative of the "inner novel," prefer to write the inner monologue and the lower

conscious emotions: the other is to Rob, Grier as a substitute for the

objective novel, emphasizing the objective recording of the outside world. The objective novel emphasizes the objective recording of external language,

movement, and the removal of slaves without any interpretation.

The Beat Generation

The Beat Generation refers to a genre of literature that was popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s

. The writers of this genre were young men

and women who opposed

the existing social order and customs with an anarchic attitude of denial. They demanded to be free from all

tradition. They refused to take on any domestic and social obligations, and

requested a life of absolute freedom. They oppose the rule of the capitalists. Resist foreign aggression. They hate machine civilization. They shun

reality by taking drugs, drinking, stealing, and having no qualms about it. They are constantly

pursuing all sorts of radicalization. They are known as the Beat Generation because they advocate sexuality and Zen Buddhism, and seek mysticism by escaping

into a surreal world of fantasy. The representative writers of this genre include Kaye

Yack, Ginsberg, Barrows, and so on. They were characterized in their art by

a total rejection of high culture staring. Invented the "spontaneous

prose," "radiophilic poetry: do not seek to decorate. Rough and loose.

Black humor

Focused color ghostly is

a literary genre popular in the United States in the 1960s. in the early 1960s, some American writers in their works

combined horror, grotesque and comical, to portray life

as an absurd and horrific comedy. in 1965 . American author

and critic Friedman compiled fragments of such works into a

collection entitled Black Spectre, which gave the genre its name. Black

Colored ghosts, sayers highlight the absurdity of the world around them and the social

repression of the ego a mockingly, cynically the ugliness of the world around them, the confusion of the ego, and the environment and the white I do not

coincidence between the 2 in front of their unique Ha-ha-mirror to be enlarged, twisted

twisted to make them appear more absurd, funny. The black

colorful prison reached full capacity in the mid-to-late 1960s and had a considerable impact on the American literary

scholarship community.

Magical realism

Magical realism is a genre that emerged in Latin American

fiction writing in the 1960s.... Magic realism .

The term first came from the mosaic literary critic Frantz Law.

In 1925. He published a monograph on painting entitled

Magic Realism, the Late Epicurean School, and Some Problems of Current European

Painting

The term

Magic Realism

was first applied to Latin American literature by the Colombian writer García Márquez, who published a long excerpt

in 1967, in a book titled "The Magic Realist. It began with Colombian writer García Márquez's 1967 novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. This marvelous and moving

novel takes a look at the fictional town of Macondo and the changes that take place over the course of a hundred years in the family of the Bustillas, who live in Macondo

. It reflects the history of Columbus

Bia. The novel has many bizarre plots and

characters. With a strong mythological color and symbolism. This

unique style has aroused great interest among readers and critics.

The critics considered the book to be representative of a new

genre in contemporary Latin American studies. The term "magic realism" was borrowed from a new genre similar to this one in the art world. The main feature of this

genre is the insertion of bizarre and grotesque plots, characters and exhaustion, as well as all sorts of

supernatural realities in the narratives and depictions that reflect reality. Representative writers include Martius, Borges

and Asturias. Magical realism literature has a deep

carved realism. The bizarre and fascinating plot,

unique writing style and color and shadow. Therefore, it is very popular among readers.

Radicalization Movement

Radicalization refers to a powerful literary movement that emerged in Germany in the 1870s

. Named for the writer Klingel's

play of the same name, DD "Rampage", it is the continuation and development of the German Enlightenment movement

The main ideological tendency is to catalyze the play of human subjective

activity, realize the liberation of individuality, and to oppose all the silly and conservative dogmas and follow the tradition of lifelike God's attitude

degree of the world in the field of art to negate any inherited stereotypes, to deny any of the traditional and traditional ways of life, to deny any of the traditional and traditional ways of life. The field of art denies any inherited stereotypes; advocates folk

style, advocates from the national history of the subject matter; praise for freedom

by embracing Rousseau to return to the natural "slogan push spring" genius "

emphasizes that" genius. "Genius. The young writers who participated in the Rapture movement were rich in fervent fantasies and exuberant fears, and their works were often

filled with romantic flavor and sentimental elements. Goethe's The Trouble with Young Werther and Schiller's Conspiracy and Love are the representative works of the Surge movement.