Can Germany, Italy and Japan only have self-defense forces militarily?

But the specific situation is different.

Germany is not called the Self-Defense Forces, but the German Federal Defence Forces.

After World War II, according to the treaty, Germany was not allowed to have military power, but the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union made this treaty undergo subtle changes. First, the Soviet Union helped East Germany (former Democratic Germany) to resume its armed confrontation with the West, and then NATO began to consider the rearmament of West Germany (former Federal Germany). In 1994, the Federal Constitutional Court held that "national defense" stipulated in the Basic Law is not only to defend the German border, but also to prevent international disputes and crises. Accordingly, the German Bundestag agreed to participate in NATO's overseas activities, and the Bundestag began to be active in some international affairs. Moreover, Japan cannot send combat troops abroad;

Italy is a normal national army and is not restricted. During World War II, the Italian army did not do anything killing or against humanity. In the late World War II, it also defected. Theoretically speaking, Italy is still a victorious country. After the war, the Italian army was not restricted too much, but after all, it defected, so it did not benefit like the other five victorious countries.