What are the tillage practices favorable to soil conservation?

I. Basic Theory 1. Why Implement Protective Tillage Technology Due to the over-farming of traditional agriculture, soil erosion and ecological environment deterioration in arid areas have been aggravated, such as frequent dust storms and desertification of arable land in our region in recent years. How to effectively prevent soil erosion, increase soil water storage capacity and improve water utilization is the key to sustainable agricultural development in arid areas. As far as our region is concerned, conservation tillage technology can reduce the soil loss caused by wind erosion, can save more water in the sky, keep the moisture in the ground and improve the utilization rate of soil water, but also increase the content of soil organic matter, improve the soil structure, is the development of arid zone agriculture the most economical, most effective and most realistic approach, at the same time, can also effectively reduce the occurrence of sandstorms and dust storms, protect the ecological environment.　2, what is conservation tillage technology Conservation tillage technology is the implementation of no-tillage, less tillage of farmland, as far as possible to reduce soil tillage (as long as it can ensure that the seed germination can be), and crop straw, stubble cover the surface, with chemical drugs to control weeds and pests, thereby reducing soil wind erosion, water erosion, improve soil fertility and drought-resistant ability of an advanced agricultural farming techniques.　3, what is the main technical content of conservation tillage ① no-till or less tillage seeding and fertilizer technology; ② straw and stubble mulching technology; ③ weeds and pest control and prevention technology; ④ deep pine technology.　4, what is the difference between conservation tillage and traditional tillage traditional tillage requires the use of plowshare plowing, conservation tillage prohibit plowshare plowing; traditional tillage farmland for the recreational period of plowing over the land, the requirements of the surface of the ground clean and tidy, the formation of a "health field", is not conducive to soil and water conservation and soil water retention and preservation of moisture; conservation tillage farmland no-till or less plowing, the surface of the ground to have a Less plowing, the surface should be covered with straw, and the coverage rate of at least 30%, can effectively maintain soil and water, is conducive to soil water retention and moisture retention, fertilization of the ground.　5, what are the benefits of conservation tillage The benefits of conservation tillage can be summarized as follows: 1) reduce soil erosion, reduce sand (dust), inhibit sandstorms; 2) prevent straw burning, reduce air pollution; 3) water storage and moisture conservation, drought and water conservation, watering per acre can be less than 1-2 water; 4) cultivate fertility, soil organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, year after year to improve; 5) stable and increased production; 6) reduce operating costs, cost savings and efficiency; 7) reduce operating costs, cost savings and efficiency; 8) reduce operating costs, cost savings and efficiency; 9) reduce operating costs, cost savings and efficiency, reduce operating costs, cost savings and efficiency, reduce operating costs and efficiency; 10) reduce operating costs, reduce operating costs, save money and improve efficiency; 11) reduce operating costs, save money and improve efficiency. Reduce operation cost, save cost and increase efficiency, and increase farmers' income.　6, conservation tillage why can increase yield Conservation tillage yield increase reasons, one is the soil effective water increase; second is the soil fertility increase. For early crop agriculture, these are fundamental factors affecting yield.　(1) Increase in effective soil moisture. Soil moisture in dry-crop agriculture comes entirely from natural rainfall. When it rains, part of the rainwater has not infiltrated into the ground, it flows away from the surface, called runoff loss; part of the surface evaporation loss; the remaining part is the effective water for crop growth. To increase the effective water, can only reduce runoff, reduce evaporation. It has been determined that conservation tillage can reduce runoff by about 60%, reduce evaporation by about 10%, and increase effective water by 17%. For drought, strong evaporation of Xinjiang, but also irrigated agriculture, conservation tillage can not only reduce field water evaporation, but also water-saving irrigation, so that the water utilization rate is greatly improved.　(2) Improve soil fertility. Conservation tillage directly increases organic matter by returning straw to the field. It has been determined that the implementation of conservation tillage can improve organic matter by 0.03% to 0.06% per year, and quick-acting nitrogen and quick-acting potassium by 0.8 to 1.2%. In addition, conservation tillage simplifies operating procedures and increases crop growth time, all of which contribute to increased yields.　7, why can conservation tillage reduce operating costs with traditional tillage, need to be individually straw crushing, plowing (rotary), sowing and many other operations, and the use of conservation tillage, can be in the previous crop straw upright state, a complete crushed straw, stubble, fertilizer, planting, mulching, suppression and other processes, reducing the number of implements into the ground and the operating procedures, reducing the labor and materials such as oil consumption, compared with the traditional tillage. Consumption, compared with the traditional farming methods, reduce the investment of 20 to 40 yuan per mu of agricultural machinery.　8, conservation tillage why can reduce dust storms dry, loose and bare farmland is most prone to dust. And conservation tillage to the straw stubble on the surface, the use of stubble solid soil, straw retaining soil, can effectively reduce the dust. In addition, conservation tillage makes the land water storage capacity enhancement, the surface wet, relatively less dry, increase the soil granular structure, etc., is also an important reason to reduce the sand.　The United States and Australia have measured the effect of conservation tillage on sand control, as long as no-till and maintain 30% straw cover, the degree of field sand can be reduced by 70% to 80%. Field edge tree planting is also a measure of farmland protection, can reduce wind speed and block the near-ground sand fluctuations, leaping, planting trees in the edge of the desert more to prevent the role of soil sand. But it can not block the rising dust particles, thus reducing the role of dust storms is limited. Prevention and control of dust storms must be planting trees, planting grass, farmland conservation tillage in three parallel, one without the other.　9, the current plowshare plowing easy to form those shortcomings The nature of plowing is flood-resistant farming method. But the use of the plowshare plowing easy to form ① plowing soil moisture loss, exposed surface wind erosion, water erosion; ② the formation of the subsoil layer, affecting the soil water storage capacity and crop root growth and development; ③ soil granular structure has been damaged; ④ plowing clay upward, the surface of the decline in the content of organic matter, resulting in soil crusting; ⑤ plowing, the topsoil is fine and exposed, easy to dust, resulting in atmospheric pollution.　10, why the soil should be less plowing First of all, talk about why plowing, in our traditional point of view, has always thought that plowing can eliminate weeds, plowing can eliminate pests and diseases. Tillage can loosen the soil, increase water infiltration, thus ripening the soil.　In fact, the elimination of weeds and pest control can be achieved through the spraying of herbicides and pesticides, although plowing can loosen the soil, but does not increase water infiltration, we may note that after careful cultivation, harrowing, pressure of the arable land, a heavy rainfall, often found that there is rainwater gathered on the surface, did not penetrate into the soil, and in some places there is even runoff, the formation of a small ditch in the ground, this is due to the fact that the soil has been carefully cultivated, raking, pressing the cultivated land, a heavy rainfall, often found that there are rainwater gathered on the surface, did not penetrate into the soil inside, and some places even appear to runoff, forming a small ditch in the ground. This is due to the soil after plowing, under the action of raindrops, fine soil in the surface layer to form a layer of crust, so that water can not infiltrate and loss.　In addition, the top 10 centimeters of soil on new land is very fertile and most suitable for crop growth. After plowing, this mature soil is turned over to the deeper soil layer, and the process of plowing also destroys the soil's granular structure, which is not conducive to the germination and growth of seeds. On the contrary, conservation tillage without the use of plowshare tillage, the use of chemicals to eliminate pests and weeds, straw mulch to return to the soil surface layer will not form a crust, rainfall can be as soon as possible to infiltrate into the soil, the soil is in a relatively natural state, is conducive to cultivate the fertility of the ground. Therefore, conservation tillage does not require plowing.　11, the production process of conservation tillage is how From a general point of view, whether it is a year or a biannual area, the production process of conservation tillage is roughly as follows: after the harvest of the previous season's crops, straw covered in the surface, do not plow the soil, according to the needs of only necessary harrowing, deep pine and other low-tillage operations, the seed bed part of the use of no-tillage hard stubble sowing or rotary tillage seeding way to topsoil treatment. Prior to sowing the next season's crop, depending on the condition of the weeds on the surface, herbicide spraying may be an option for weed control. The next crop is then sown.　12, the main technical mode of conservation tillage in Xinjiang Specifically, for the biannual maturity area, after wheat harvest. Straw cover the surface or leave high stubble, using a special no-till planter in the straw covered land directly no-till sowing corn, then, spraying a herbicide; corn harvest, straw crushed to return to the field to cover the surface, using a special wheat no-till planter in the stubble covered stubble land directly sowing wheat. For the annual maturity area, after the crop harvest, straw or stubble to stay on the surface, to realize the stubble soil fixation. Straw can also be crushed and returned to the field to cover the surface. When it comes to the sowing season, direct no-till sowing and spraying herbicide weed control according to the actual situation.　13, what are the conservation tillage seeding methods ① cover no-till seeding; ② cover shallow plow seeding; ③ cover deep pine plus pre-sowing surface treatment after seeding.　14, what is no-tillage seeding no-tillage seeding is no-tillage seeding machine to complete a broken stubble furrow, fertilizer, seeding, mulching and compression operations.　15, what is deep pine deep pine is to loosen the soil, break the plow layer, do not disrupt the tillage layer, only the soil to play a role in loosening, and enhance the water infiltration rate and quantity; operation of the tillage layer of soil is not chaotic, the amount of soil movement is small, reduced due to the loss of moisture evaporation of the soil after tilling the bare. The deep pine method can be divided into local deep pine or all-round deep pine.　16, what are the benefits of deep pine ① break the formation of long-term tillage of the subsoil layer, conducive to rainwater infiltration and crop root development; ② do not disrupt the tillage layer, improve the water permeability of the soil, air permeability, improve the soil's granular structure; ③ reduce the soil weight; ④ reduce the intensity of farm machinery operations, reduce operating costs.　17、What is straw mulching After straw or stubble is crushed, the whole straw is evenly spread on the ground surface.　18, there are several ways to cover the straw ① straw crushed to cover the field, the main way to combine harvester with a crusher and straw crusher operation of two kinds of straw crushed to meet the requirements of no-tillage sowing operation requirements shall prevail; ② the whole stalks to cover the field, the whole corn stalks to cover the field is suitable for winter windy areas, the artificial harvesting of corn does not deal with the stalks, stalks in the ground upright to avoid the stalks being blown away by the wind, so that they are not in the field. Straw is blown away by the wind, when sowing the straw according to the direction of sowing machine walking knocked down, or manually stepped on; Wheat whole stalks return to the field to cover suitable for the low level of mechanization, with the cutter or manual harvesting of the region, straw transported out of the threshing, the land for deep loosening, and then covered with threshing after the whole stalks.　③ stubble mulching, in the wind erosion is serious and to prevent wind erosion is the main, and crop residues need to be comprehensive utilization of the region, the implementation of conservation tillage technology, can be used in mechanical harvesting to stay high stubble + no-tillage seeding operations, or mechanical harvesting to stay high stubble + crushing shallow rotary seeding operations in two treatment methods.　19, what is the role of straw mulching ① reduce surface runoff, increase rainwater infiltration, inhibit water evaporation; ② regulate the ground temperature, conducive to microbial reproduction and activity, and promote the transformation of soil moisture and decomposition; ③ protection of the soil surface, to prevent soil erosion, inhibit the growth of weeds; ④ straw decomposition, increase organic matter and humus, fertilizer; ⑤ to improve the physical properties of the soil, to increase the granularity of the structure, increasing porosity, reduce soil tillage. ⑤ Improve the physical properties of the soil, increase the granular structure, increase the porosity, and reduce the weight of the soil in the plow layer.