Unit 2 Lesson 4 The Formation of Ancient Chinese Vocabulary

Knowledge point 1. Monosyllabic words and word examples, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

First, the concept of monosyllabic words

Monosyllabic words refer to monosyllabic words.

For example: heaven, people, me, eating, etc.

Supplement 1: In Chinese, syllables are phonetic units composed of initials and finals, and a single vowel can also be a syllable.

Second, the relationship between monosyllabic words and Chinese characters

Text is the recording symbol of text. It records characters with glyphs and accepts sounds and meanings from the characters, thus forming a combination of form, sound and meaning.

1, generally one Chinese character records one character.

For example, four words make up a phrase, which is also four words.

2. Words are not one-to-one correspondence. Due to the differentiation and derivation of words and the breeding and borrowing of words, it is mainly divided into the phenomenon of homonym and homonym.

(1) homonym phenomenon

That is, one word records two words with completely different meanings. The main reasons are the extension of the meaning of words, and the homophonic borrowing in the process of using words.

The specific words are as follows:

(2) homonym phenomenon

In other words, a word has more than one recording symbol, and most of the symbols are variant characters, and some are differentiated words.

The specific words are as follows:

To sum up, the phenomenon of homonyms and homonyms tells us that even as monosyllabic words, although the unit is a word, the essence is not completely one-to-one correspondence. Simplifying the relationship between words will lead to the problem of looking at literature and creating meaning.

Thirdly, monosyllabic words and disyllabic words in ancient Chinese.

Knowledge point 1. Monosyllabic words and word examples, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

1. In ancient Chinese, some disyllabic units are isomorphic to disyllabic words in modern Chinese, and are easily regarded as disyllabic words, but they are actually not disyllabic words, but a combination of monosyllabic words.

The specific words are as follows:

2. There are some disyllabic structures in ancient Chinese, which are isomorphic with disyllabic conjunctions in modern Chinese and are easily misunderstood as disyllabic function words. In fact, these are just two monosyllabic words, each with its own part of speech and function.

The specific words are as follows:

Knowledge point 2. Compound words and examples, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

The disyllabic words in ancient Chinese are mainly disyllabic words, and there are few words with more than three syllables, so only disyllabic words are said. Structurally, disyllabic words can be divided into monosyllabic words and disyllabic words. Among them,

Simple words, disyllabic words composed of one morpheme;

Most compound words are composed of two morphemes according to certain word-formation methods.

First of all, simple words

Refers to a (disyllabic) word composed of one morpheme, and the whole word can only express one meaning and cannot be split.

Mainly divided into monosyllabic, disyllabic, polysyllabic and so on. In ancient Chinese, most simple words were monosyllabic words.

For example:

Monosyllabic: horse, man, bird, mountain, high, green, walking and flying.

Disyllabic: rugged, olive, butterfly, coffee, grape.

Polysyllabic: Fascism, Golf, Disco, Olympic Games.

Supplement 2: Differences between monosyllabic words and simple words

(1) Monosyllabic word: A word consisting of one syllable. (from a phonetic point of view)

For example: God, people, me, eating, pornography.

(2) Simple words: words composed of one morpheme, and the whole word can only express one meaning and cannot be disassembled. (Grammatically)

For example, rugged is a monosyllabic word, but not a monosyllabic word.

Note: Monosyllabic words in monosyllabic words are monosyllabic words.

Second, compound words

Most of them are composed of two morphemes according to certain word formation, and their meanings are no longer the simple addition of the original meanings, but have specific meanings.

1, the structure of compound words

(1) parallel structure

A compound word consisting of two morphemes with the same or similar meaning. The relationship between these two morphemes is parallel, without modification, restriction, supplement and explanation.

For example: granary, war, childbirth, guests, sacrifice, overturning, consideration, caution and harmony.

Some compound words are composed of two antonyms, such as "urgent".

(2) Local structure

A compound word with a modified and modified relationship between two morphemes.

For example: Buyi, Oriental Palace, Tian Zi, vassal, Shu Ren, brocade, fox fur and Qiangdi.

Cloth: this refers to cloth, and later refers to people who wear cloth, that is, civilians.

East Palace: This refers to the East Palace. Because the prince lived in the East Palace, he was later referred to as the prince.

(3) the dominant structure

It refers to a compound word with a dominant and dominated relationship between two morphemes, also called verb-object structure. For example:

Many job titles, such as "Scott", "Sima" and "gleaning", also evolved from verb-object phrases.

(4) Subject-predicate structure

Refers to a compound word with an explanatory and explanatory relationship between two morphemes.

For example: earthquake, solar eclipse, first frost, summer solstice and lunar eclipse.

2. The formation process and characteristics of compound words.

The formation of compound words is the result of the development of Chinese from monosyllabic to disyllabic. At first, it was a temporary combination of two monosyllabic words, which was a phrase. Later, it formed a specific meaning and became a compound word.

The specific words are as follows:

Knowledge point 3. Lian Mian words and word examples, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

First, the structural characteristics of Lian Mian's Ci

Lian Mian Ci is a special lexical phenomenon in Chinese. It can be understood from both static and source aspects.

1, static analysis of Lian Mian's Ci.

Lian Mian's Ci is a simple two-syllable word composed of one morpheme, which has no structural problems and only formal features. The two words that record couplets are just phonetic symbols, and their meaning has been lost. These two words make sense when combined.

To sum up, judging whether a word is an element of a linked word from static analysis:

(1) consists of a morpheme.

(2) It must be a disyllabic monosyllabic word.

(3) All its meanings have been lost.

(4) The combination of the two words is meaningful and cannot be separated.

The specific words are as follows:

2. From the formation process or source of Lian Mian's Ci, there are structural problems in Lian Mian's Ci.

Second, the phonetic features of Lian Mian's words.

There are many disyllabic rhymes in Lian Mian's ci.

1. Disyllabic disyllabic words refer to disyllabic disyllabic words with the same initial.

Word example: jagged, as if, haggard, hesitant, hasty, lingering, uneasy, smart.

Special word: multicolored, prostrate (in ancient times, it was a disyllabic word, but now it is not a disyllabic word. )

2. Reduplicated conjunctions: refers to conjunctions with two syllables rhyming the same.

Words: calm, brilliant, carefree, hesitant, gentle, tossing and turning, arrogant.

Examples of special words: Cang Geng, Guo Fu (rhyming words in ancient times, but they don't rhyme now. )

Third, the physical characteristics of Lian Mian's Ci

In ancient literature, the physical feature of Lian Mian's ci is that it is relatively free to write, and sometimes different words are used to record the same word, which leads to the polymorphic characteristics of the word.

Examples of words: "prostrate" is also written as "putting on military uniform", "prostrate" and "supporting clothes".

"meandering snake" is also written as meandering, meandering and meandering snake.

Hesitant also wrote "Jude and Yi" and "Especially and Yi".

"Looking at the ocean" is also written as "looking at sheep" and "looking at the sun".

Knowledge point 4. The difference between ancient and modern word meanings: multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

From the perspective of lexical history, ancient and modern should be carefully divided; However, from the perspective of the teaching system of ancient Chinese, modern Chinese is generally called Jinwen, and classical Chinese before modern Chinese is called Guwen, that is, the meaning of ancient documents is treated as a whole, and whether it is pre-Qin, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties is not subdivided.

First, the main manifestations of semantic changes

The change of word meaning is fundamentally the change of word meaning. From the perspective of practice identification, this change and difference are mainly manifested in two aspects.

Aspects:

1, the disappearance of ancient meaning

2. The difference between ancient meaning and modern meaning

(A) the disappearance of the ancient meaning

The so-called meaning disappearance refers to the disappearance of related meanings of words due to the development and change of society, the disappearance of some ancient things or the change of people's concepts.

The specific words are as follows:

(B) The ancient and modern meanings are slightly different.

It refers to a certain meaning in the same word. There are only subtle differences between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese. It mainly includes four categories: differences in breadth, differences in degree, differences in color evaluation and differences in word meaning characteristics.

The specific words are as follows:

1, the difference between width and width

That is, the concept extension represented by ancient and modern meanings is different.

Similarly: relatives (ancient Chinese refers to relatives inside and outside the family, including parents and brothers. Modern Chinese ideographic meaning narrows)

Smell (in pre-Qin times, it generally refers to general smell, but in modern Chinese, the meaning becomes narrower)

Similarly, vegetables (especially vegetables in the pre-Qin period, but no longer refer to vegetables in the Middle Ages, including fish, etc. )

River (before the Han Dynasty, the river specifically refers to the Yellow River. Later, the scope gradually expanded)

2. Difference in degree and depth

That is, ancient and modern meanings are different.

3. Differences between color praise and criticism

That is, the emotional color of the meaning has changed.

Similarly:

Defamation (ancient meaning refers to openly discussing the faults of others, a neutral word; Modern Chinese refers to malicious slander.

Party (ancient meaning refers to a group formed by self-interest, a derogatory term; Modern Chinese refers to an organization.

4. Differences in semantic features.

That is, the meaning of ancient and modern words is inconsistent.

Knowledge point 5. Multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions for the exchange of ancient and modern meanings

Selected Works (2)

First, "Ai Gong Wen She" does not require reciting.

Sorry to let society kill me. The scholar said to me: use pine, cypress in Yin dynasty and chestnut in Zhou dynasty, which makes people shudder: "If you don't say what you do, don't give advice, let bygones be bygones."

Word explanation

1 Zhou people use chestnuts: Zhou people use chestnut trees as their masters.

(2) What happened: what has become a fait accompli. Sui: Done. Suggestion: subordinates give suggestions to superiors.

Both: adverb, already. Right: A thing of the past. Strange: strange.

Second, the red part of "I am in the country" needs to be recited.

King Hui of Liang said, "I am a country, and I devote myself to it. If Hanoi is fierce, the people will move to Hedong and the millet will move to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce. People who observe the politics of neighboring countries have no intention like me. There are not many people in neighboring countries, and there are not many people in my country. Why? "

Mencius said to him, "The king is belligerent. Please use the metaphor of war. Replenish drums, weapons company, abandon armor.

Or stop after a hundred steps, or stop after fifty steps. What if the pot is too black? "No, it's not a hundred paces straight, but it's also a walk."

He said: "If Wang knows this, there is no hope that there will be more people in neighboring countries. If you don't go against the farming season, the valley can't take food. If you don't count, neither fish nor turtle can be eaten. Axe gold comes second in the mountain, but wood can't be used. Valley and fish turtles can't be eaten, and wood and wood can't be used, which makes people lose their lives and have no regrets. To preserve one's health and die without regret is the beginning of kingly way.

Keyword interpretation

(1) Don't violate the busy farming season: Don't call up people to serve in the busy farming season. Violation, violation, violation, here refers to procrastination. Can't eat: I can't finish eating. Victory, exhaustion.

② Number: dense. I: net. Count: A beautiful fishing net. Mianchi: Pond, pond.

③ Axe weight: used synonymously, axe. Time: according to a certain season. Cut down trees

4 health: feed people. Mourning: A funeral for the dead. Regret: Regret.

⑤ Wang Dao: Benevolence governs the world. Contrary to the "hegemony" of the vassal who pursued the unification of the world by force at that time.

Translation of key paragraphs

Mencius said: "If you understand this truth, don't expect your own people to be more than your neighbors. If the season of agricultural production is not delayed, the grain will be inexhaustible. If the dense nets don't enter the pond, aquatic products such as fish and turtles will be inexhaustible. Logging in the mountains according to a certain season will produce inexhaustible wood. Food and aquatic products can't be eaten up, and wood can't be used up, so that the people are not dissatisfied with living, raising and burial. People are born and die, which is the beginning of king.

"Five acres of house, the tree is mulberry, fifty people can wear clothes; Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat; A hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a family of several can be hungry; I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. Seventy people eat meat. Limin is not hungry or cold, but he is not a king. He has nothing. Dogs eat people and don't know what to do. When they are hungry, they don't know what to do. When people die, they say,' It's not me, it's old', which is different from stabbing people and saying,' It's not me, it's a soldier'. The king is innocent, and the world is very embarrassed. "

Knowledge point 1. The polysemy of words in ancient Chinese and examples of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions and translation questions.

Every meaning of a word is a meaning.

Words with multiple senses are called polysemous words, and words with only one sense are called monosyllabic words.

An important reason for polysemy is the extension of meaning.

The specific words are as follows:

Knowledge point 2. The basic way of word meaning movement-extended short answer questions

First, the meaning of the concept of extension

The extension of word meaning means that the word meaning starts from one point and extends to related aspects in different directions.

A process of generating new meaning.

Word meaning extension is the basic way of word meaning movement.

Second, the original meaning and extended meaning of words

1, the original meaning of the word, theoretically, should be the earliest meaning of the word.

In China's traditional linguistics, the meaning of a word obtained by analyzing the form of Chinese characters is called the original meaning of the word.

For example, the original meaning of "Jue" is "breaking the rope" and the original meaning of "Yin" is "opening the bow".

2. The extended meaning of a word refers to the meaning derived from the original meaning in several senses of a polysemous word.

For example, the last six items of "Jue" in the above article are all its extended meanings. The last seven items of "citation" are extended meanings.

Third, the connection between extended meaning and original meaning (important test site)

There are five common connections between the extended meaning and the original meaning of words:

Similarity, causality, dynamic and static relations, space-time relations, etiquette and customs relations.

The specific analysis is as follows:

1, similarity relation

The things referred to by extended meaning and original meaning are similar in shape, function, way and characteristics, and are extended by analogy.

All in all,

The shape of the "bucket" is similar to that of a "drinking fountain".

Checkpoints and bolts have similar functions.

"Birds fly repeatedly with their wings" is similar to "reviewing".

"Law" and "Tao" are similar in nature.

2. Causality

There is a causal relationship between the extended meaning and the original meaning, which leads to the extension of the meaning through logical deduction.

3. Dynamic-static relationship

Finger movement behavior, static finger name characters. Things themselves are closely related to their nature, state and related actions, thus forming a mutual extension. This extended form often causes the change of part of speech.

Fourth, the way of meaning extension.

The basic law of meaning extension is from special to general, from concrete to abstract. There are two main ways.

1, chain extension

It refers to the way of extending several extended meanings from the original meaning to the same direction.

For example, the extension of the meaning of "prevention"

2. Radial extension

Refers to the original meaning as the center, according to the characteristics of the original meaning, directly derived from several different directions of extended meaning.

Knowledge point 2. The basic way of word meaning movement-extended short answer questions

V. List of extended meanings

From the content, the extended meanings of words are not randomly arranged and disordered, but an orderly sequence of meanings. We call the extended meaning sequence formed according to the original meaning characteristics of words "extended meaning sequence"

For example, the word "absolute"

Its original meaning is "broken wire", and "broken wire" has two characteristics. One is to separate from the results and split in two; Second, from the technical point of view, it is horizontal, that is, when cutting, it has to cross from one place to another. According to these two characteristics, many extended meanings can be linked together:

Knowledge point 3. Definition and characteristics of synonyms, multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

Semantic relationship refers to the relationship between different words in meaning, mainly including synonymous relationship and antonym relationship.

This is called a synonym with a unified relationship, and words with antonyms are called antonyms.

I. Definition of synonyms

Synonym refers to a group of words with the same meaning but unrelated pronunciation under certain conditions, and they are synonyms.

Knowledge point 4. The difference between synonym multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

The differences of synonyms are mainly reflected in three aspects (important test sites)

1, the difference of rational meanings of words

2. Differences in combined functions

3. Differences in emotional colors

1, the difference of rational meanings of words

Mainly in the following four aspects:

Knowledge point 5. Discrimination of synonyms multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

There are three common ways to distinguish synonyms:

First, the language environment analysis method

Analyze a group of synonyms in a specific language environment and analyze them from their positions.

Determine their different meanings according to different language environments.

Specifically, there are two methods: substitution method and comparison method.

Third, explore the source analysis method.

Searching for different original meanings of synonyms can be distinguished by determining their different semantic features and directions.

For example: struggle, snatch

(1) They are synonyms when expressing the behavior of "forcible possession". In this sense, they can also be used together.

(1) preach collectors to eat, avoid hunger, for it.

(2) The original meaning of "contention" is "forced possession", and the object of "contention" does not belong to any party in advance and is ownerless, such as "competition and struggle";

Jin can't take part in the competition. Jin can't compete with it. Just can't compare with Jin (because Jin has talents)

(3) The original meaning of "take" is "lose, lose", which is extended from "lose" to "get, gain" and then to "forcibly possess". The object of "taking" belongs to the owner in advance and can be extended to "shaking" and "changing".

(1) The three armed forces can be handsome, but ordinary people can't win.

Knowledge point 6. Application of synonyms in multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions

Note: This kind of compound words has three characteristics:

(1) In word formation, the compound words formed by synonymous word formation are generally juxtaposed, that is, the two morphemes have equal status;

(2) In content, compound words and synonyms have the same meaning, and the same part of the two words is not necessarily different;

(3) The morphemes of these compound words often remain independent.

For example, when "friend" becomes a compound word, it can also be used as a single word.

First, the red part of "Although there are delicacies" needs to be recited.

Although there is delicious food, I don't know its purpose. Although there is supreme learning, I don't know its goodness. It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty.

Interpretation of key words and sentences

Objective: Delicious. To: The best.

2 sleepy: refers to confusion.

Although the food is delicious, you don't know its delicacy until you eat it; Although the truth is profound and perfect, you won't understand its benefits without studying it. Therefore, only by studying can we know our own shortcomings, and only by teaching can we feel confused.

I don't know enough before I can react. Advance despite difficulties, and then strive for self-improvement. So teaching and learning are also beneficial. "Duiming" said: "Learn half." What does this mean?

Interpretation of key words and sentences

3 reflexivity: refers to self-reflection and making demands on yourself. Self-improvement: Push yourself to study hard.

④ Teaching and learning learn from each other: teaching and learning promote each other. L: promotion.

⑤ Learning half: Teaching is learning half. It shows that teaching and learning are equally important for increasing knowledge.

Knowing your own shortcomings in learning, you can in turn be strict with yourself; If you feel confused, you can study tirelessly. Therefore, teaching and learning complement each other.

First, the red part of Yan Ying's On Peace needs to be memorized.

The five flavors of the late king (1) and the five sounds were harmonized to calm his heart and enter his administration. Sound is also like taste, with one breath, two bodies, three kinds of four things, five sounds, six rhymes, seven sounds, eight winds and nine songs complement each other. Clear and turbid, small and big, short and long, impetuous, sad and happy, rigid and soft, slow and fast, competitive, out and out, sparse, so as to help each other. A gentleman listens to it to calm his heart. Peace of mind, peace of mind

Keyword interpretation

① Economy: reconciliation; Five flavors: pungent, sour, salty, bitter and sweet. Five tones: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu.

② Qi: refers to the sound made by qi. Two-body: style and martial arts, refers to singing with body dance.

Three categories: elegance and praise. Four things: refers to private sacrifices used to make musical instruments.

Six laws: refers to the six ancient musical laws. Eight winds: refers to the winds in all directions. Jiuge: refers to songs that praise the virtues of Jiugong.

③ Voiced: Voiced and voiced. Xu Ji: Fast and slow. Zhou Shu: Dense and sparse.

Translation of key paragraphs

The former king made the five flavors harmonious and the five sounds harmonious and pleasing to the ear, which was used to calm the mind and achieve political achievements. The truth of music, like taste, is composed of one breath, two bodies, three kinds, four things, five tones, six rhythms, seven tones, eight winds and nine songs, and it is composed of turbidity, smallness, shortness, illness, sadness, music, rigidity, softness, quickness, competition, communication and sparseness. A gentleman can calm his mind after listening to such music. Inner peace leads to the harmony of virtue.

First, recite the questions.

1, although there is a supreme way, (Fu Xue, I don't know its goodness). It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty.

2, the first king (economic five flavors, and five voices), in order to calm his heart and enter his politics.

3, (a gentleman listens to it to calm his heart). Peace of mind, peace of mind

4, the sound is also like taste, (one breath, two bodies, three kinds of four things and five sounds), and the six laws, seven sounds, eight winds and nine songs complement each other.