Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional customs - What are the elements of a successful debate?

What are the elements of a successful debate?

A debate must include three elements, which are the topic, the rules of the debate, the debater, and here, we analyze these elements by comparing the debate with the speech. Speech contest is also a kind of intellectual competitive sport, from the form of the conduct of the contest, we can regard the speech as a performance-based intellectual competitive sport, while the debate is a confrontational intellectual competitive sport.

The topic of debate The topic of debate is the center of the debate, the whole debate is around the topic of debate. Whether it is a debate or a speech contest, the topic is pre-determined, usually by the organizers of the competition after the contestants to draw lots to choose, the debate will also determine the position of the parties.

The confrontational nature of the topic: the topic of the debate is different from the topic of the speech, speech topics such as "I have a dream", "for the sake of the children", "give me back the earth", "The Yangtze River: 1998" or "The Yangtze River: 2025", "I Love Luo Jia", "I am a citizen of Wuhan "I love Luo Jia", "I am a citizen of Wuhan", "Macau, Hello", etc., are directly in the form of affirmative or negative expression of a viewpoint, aspirations, ideals, the title does not need to contain a conflict. On the other hand, the topic of the debate must set up a conflict, the formation of confrontation, which is a good race can only have a finish line, while the soccer ball must have two opposing goals. Both sides of the debate must have opposing or divergent views, which is the premise of the debate. Both sides build a confrontation around this opposition or disagreement by arguing, rebutting and defending. Therefore, the topic of the debate always requires both sides to make a choice in the opposition and disagreement, the choice can be broadly divided into three types: right and wrong, such as "whether high salaries can support honesty", "whether the computer will replace books"; positive and negative, such as The question of "whether human nature is inherently good or inherently evil" and "whether beauty is an objective existence or a subjective feeling"; and this and that, such as "whether the Fool should move the mountain or move the house", "Whether the maintenance of social order depends mainly on law or on morality". This confrontational nature of the topic can also be called "debatability". A debatable topic may be the topic of the millennium, which will last for generations and never end, such as the question of whether "human nature is good" or "human nature is evil". Through debates, although it is impossible to reach a final unity, it helps to deepen people's understanding of the issue and enrich its content. More hot issues in society, in the knowledge explosion, information explosion, the pace of social change is accelerating today, this kind of problem is endless, to name a few, from the various types of debates over the years, the topic involves a very wide range of issues, such as environmental protection, euthanasia, AIDS, human cloning, the Internet, "Ms. You! e799bee5baa6e59b9ee7ad9431333262356130 first", the development of small cars, imported consumer goods, mobile population, counterfeiting, anti-corruption, education, the fever of going abroad, modernization, and so on and so forth.

The equality of the debate: only with the confrontation is not necessarily defensible, the following categories of topics can not be defended: First, there is no conclusion and need to be decided through scientific experimentation and discovery of propositions, such as "UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) is not a star guest", "Shennongjia There is no wild man", is not defensible. Secondly, issues that require quantification to reach a definite conclusion are also indefensible. Thirdly, the propositions that are common sense or have been finalized or have formed people's **** knowledge are also indefensible, such as "whether the earth revolves around the sun". These topics are indefensible because they are not equal for both sides of the debate. Any topic must be equal to both sides so that both sides can proceed on an equal footing. However, the same question, if well designed, can be made debatable if it is not debatable. For example, under the debate questions of "whether human beings should protect the environment in order to prevent floods" and "whether Wuhan University should build a world-class university", there is almost no room for the opposing side to develop their arguments. However, if these two topics are changed to "Preventing floods in the Yangtze River, is it more important to protect the upstream vegetation than to dredge the downstream river channel" or "Preventing floods: building dikes or dredging the river channel", "Building a first-class university: is undergraduate education more important than postgraduate education", "Is undergraduate education more important than postgraduate education", and "Should Wuhan University build a world-class university? building a first-class university: undergraduate education is more important than postgraduate education" or "teaching is more important than research" may be arguable. In addition, too much ideological coloring of the topic should not be used as a debate.

One of the questions often asked by debaters is whether the topic is favorable or unfavorable to our side. In any competitive sport, there are always favorable and unfavorable issues, as far as sports competitions are concerned, although the rules of the competition are equally applicable to both sides, but the weather, the venue, the spectators may bring favorable or unfavorable impact on both sides of the competition. In soccer, for example, playing away from home in front of an opposing team's crowd and frenzied fans can put you at a disadvantage. But for the opposing players, the psychological pressure may be greater because they are playing at their own doorstep. And the fans' frenzied chanting is actually a kind of disturbance to the players of both sides. Therefore, the so-called favorable and unfavorable are not absolute, but relative. The same applies to debate competitions. From the point of view of the organization of the debate, except for the rules that apply equally to both sides, the topic is "neutral", and both sides have the same chance to win. Of course, there may be some differences in the room for both sides to play with the topic of the debate, the public's recognition of the topic of the debate may be different, and the ideological resources provided by the national culture and tradition may also be more or less. However, such differences will not have a fundamental impact on the outcome of the competition. Moreover, if the debater whose position is on the unfavorable side plays normally in the debate, shows better quality, is eloquent and powerful, and explains himself, he is more likely to win the judges and the audience. This is like the diving sport, the difficulty coefficient of scoring is also large for the more difficult movements. Although the rules of debate do not specify the coefficient of difficulty, it may objectively and invisibly exist in the judges and the audience's subconscious. What's more, the judges' voting is not based on whether or not they agree with both sides' positions and opinions, but on whether or not both sides can explain themselves and their overall performance in the debate. In fact, the position of the unfavorable side of the debate team won a lot of examples, for example, in 1994, Changhong Cup National Television Debate Competition, there is such a debate question: "the tobacco industry is more beneficial than detrimental to the society", Sun Yat-sen University vs. Nankai University, it should be said that the positive side of the more unfavorable, but the team of Sun Yat-sen University to the tobacco industry is the national economy as an industry, the development of the country is fundamentally the development of the economy as the basis for the development of the country. But the team of Sun Yat-sen University took the tobacco industry as an industry of the national economy, and the development of the country is fundamentally the development of the economy as the base point of the development, the thesis is skillful, played very well, and won the game. Another example to better illustrate this problem is that in the semi-final of the First International Tertiary Debate Competition in 1993, the topic of the debate was "Is AIDS a medical problem or a social problem", and the team of Fudan University, as the opposing side, took the position that "AIDS is a social problem, not a medical problem. The team of Fudan University, as the opposing side, took the position that "AIDS is a social problem, not a medical problem. This topic belongs to the "one-sided and profound" type. The judgment that "AIDS is not a medical problem" pushes a position to the extreme, which is contrary to common sense and almost indefensible; if the title is changed to "AIDS is a social problem but more of a medical problem", it will be more difficult to defend. If the title is changed to "AIDS is a social problem, but it is more of a medical problem", it seems fairer to give both sides room to play. However, the Fudan debaters actually won, which is exactly what I mean: "The heroes' true colors are revealed when the sea flows through them.

Accuracy: The topic of the debate must be accurate, and it must be carefully worded and repeatedly scrutinized. Speech questions can be vague, metaphorical, symbolic. For example, "I have a dream", here "dream" refers to what can be freely imagined by the speaker and play. But not the topic of the debate, every word, every word must stand up to scrutiny, and there can not be any ambiguity. As far as the participants of the debate are concerned, they have to carefully analyze every word and every concept of the topic and the relationship between the concepts. For example, the final topic of the 1998 National Tertiary Debate Competition was "High Salary Can Raise the Integrity of the People" (Xi'an Jiaotong University-Shanghai International Studies University), and the concepts included in this topic were "high salary can raise integrity" (Xi'an Jiaotong University-Shanghai International Studies University), which is a very important topic for the debate. The concepts included in this topic are "salary", "high", "high salary" and "corruption-free", The concepts included in this debate are "salary", "high", "high salary", "honesty", "support", "supporting honesty" and "being able to", none of which can be ignored or omitted. Through the analysis of the debate, the debate team from the coach to each debater should be unified understanding of the following issues to maintain a high degree of consistency: one is the basic thesis, the second is the bottom line, the third is the basic line of battle, the fourth is the state of mind. These points, in the field of any debaters have no right to change, must closely cooperate with each other, echo each other, especially the bottom line, once determined, it is necessary to strictly guard. The so-called basic front, is to determine a few battlefield and which is the main battlefield, which is the auxiliary battlefield, a debate often exists a few focal points, interlinked, echoing each other, the debate is to seize the key points, to avoid their own weaknesses, to give full play to their strengths, according to the situation on the field in time to shift the battlefield. About the state of mind, often easy to be ignored, therefore, a common problem in the debate is entangled in the minutiae. For example, the relationship between men and women often becomes the content of the debate topic, such as the debate topic of the 95 International College Debate Competition: "Women need more care than men" (University of Bonn - Fu Jen Catholic University), and the debate topic of the 98 National College Debate Competition: "The future society: women are more pressurized than men" (Electronic Science and Technology University). (University of Electronic Science and Technology-Tongji University). This kind of debate topic is not only rich in the sense of the times, but also should have a very broad vision. However, the side holding the positive side, i.e., the side defending the position of women's rights, always raises the issue of women giving birth to children, and even more unfortunate is the fact that the opposing side in this case is prone to follow the positive side, and both sides seem to show great interest in giving birth to children, as a result of which the two sides go round and round and become entangled in front of the door to the maternity ward. Another example is the debate topic of the Sixth Red Maple Cup Final in 1997, "Competition is more important than cooperation in modern society". Both sides of the debate seem to have neglected to develop the concept of "modern society", and only talked about competition and cooperation, failing to make a clear distinction between "modern society" and "modern society". Both sides of the debate seem to have neglected the concept of "modern society" and only talked about competition and cooperation, failing to develop their arguments in the height of the era of "modern society". The positive side gives the impression that the competition they are talking about is no different from the social Darwinism of the 19th century, where the weak are the strongest. The opposing side, on the other hand, repeatedly seized on the environment as a ****same problem faced by mankind, and seemed to emphasize that cooperation is because mankind needs to protect the environment, and sometimes described cooperation as cooperation within the collective participating in the competition, which deviated from the topic of the debate and lacked a sense of the times, thus lowering the ideological level of the debate.

The wording of the topic must be precise and rigorous, but it is not the same as saying that there is no room for the debate participants to take the initiative to define. A good definition can create a favorable debate base for your side, such as the above mentioned definition of the tobacco industry as an industry of the national economy is a very intelligent example. However, can not be arbitrarily defined for the sake of debate, mentioned earlier to "college students part-time benefits outweigh the disadvantages" or "disadvantages outweigh the advantages" as the title of the debate, the positive side of the student cadres as part-time content, it is contrary to the existing agreement, the loss of a favorable position. Lost the original favorable position. Another common problem in the debate, is entangled in a definition of the topic, for example, "mobile population on urban development benefits outweigh the disadvantages or disadvantages outweigh the advantages" of this debate, the positive side in order to show that the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, that the mobile population should include the flow of inward and outward, and one side defined the definition of the other side also come up to follow the run, in the definition of the question of whether to adopt this The audience was left with a sense of pointlessness.

Rules of Debate Speech contests are completed independently by the participants, and then judged by the judges, the rules of speech contests are relatively simple, mainly on the time limit of the speech. The rules of the debate is obviously more complex than the speech, because it is more of a game, the game of the game process is ever-changing, it is necessary to set up some agreements in advance, to develop a more complex rules. The rules of the debate can be divided into three aspects:

One, the organization of the rules of the competition, mainly related to the qualifications of the team, the registration process and the tournament system, the tournament system, including the pair of chart patterns and draw methods, etc., by the organizing committee of the debate is responsible for the implementation of the tournament. The tournament system currently used mostly elimination system, after the preliminary rounds, semi-finals, finals, from the eight teams to produce a champion. 1994 Changhong Cup National Television Debate Competition, on the other hand, the use of group round-robin tournament, semi-finals, finals, from the six teams to produce a champion.

II. The rules of the tournament, which concern the format of the debate, mainly include the number of people on both sides of the court, the order and number of speeches to be made, and the duration of each stage. From the beginning of the Asian tertiary debate tournament, the Singapore model is more popular, for the four-to-four formation, the debate process includes statements, cross-examination, free debate, closing arguments. Later, the Peking University model was modified on this basis by adding cross-examination, with the intention of strengthening the confrontational nature of the debate. 1996's Second Chinese Famous Universities Debate Invitational Tournament attempted a new model, namely, the three-on-three formation, which, in addition to retaining the abovementioned debating process, added the introduction of the debating programs by the coaches of the two sides before the tournament. The rules of the tournament were supervised and implemented by the moderator. The moderator, unlike the referee, whose duties are mainly procedural and have no real power to rule on victory or defeat, is mainly responsible for explaining the rules of the tournament and the precautions to be taken before the start of the debate, and presiding over the whole process of the tournament. The basic requirements for the moderator are impartiality and neutrality. In order to enliven the atmosphere of the competition, he/she can appropriately encourage the performance of the debaters in the most concise language, but he/she cannot use critical language, nor can he/she praise or depreciate the debaters' speeches, and he/she can never show favoritism to a certain side of the debate or make things difficult for it. in the final round of the Red Maple Cup of 1996, one of the debaters failed to finish the speech he had prepared beforehand when the time was running out, and the moderator said something like "I don't know what to say" after terminating his speech. After terminating his speech, the moderator said something like this: "This debater was so well-prepared that he ran out of time". Subjectively, she wanted to be witty and enliven the atmosphere, but inadvertently she ridiculed and mocked the debater, which was not appropriate. In the debate competitions held in our school, there were also quite a number of moderators who seemed unable to control the order in the arena, especially when the debater had used up his allotted time, some moderators often failed to terminate his speech decisively and simply. What you should remember as a moderator is that law enforcement is like a mountain.

Third, the norms and judgments about the language and behavior of the participants and selectors, including two parts of the content, one is the language used for the Mandarin (Chinese tertiary debates are called the ****same language of modern Chinese, which is the Mandarin of Chinese, that is, the Mandarin of the Beijing voice as the standard tone, the northern dialect as the basic dialect, and the exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms), can not read out the pre-prepared (i.e., the standardized Beijing dialect, the basic dialect of Northern Chinese, and the grammatical norms of exemplary modern vernacular writings), no reading of prepared debate scripts, no personal attacks on the opponent, etc. These elements usually form part of the rules of the tournament, but are implemented in the judging and are the basis for scoring. The second is the judging rules, including the creation and composition of the judging panel, scoring criteria and scoring procedures. Speech and debate need to be judged, judging is different from the referee, the referee in sports has many hard indicators, can be based on these indicators to make judgments and rulings. But the speech and debate judging based on most of the standards are soft, in large part, rely on the subjective judgment of the members of the judging panel. This kind of judgment is also different from the marking of test papers, there is no time for comparison and deliberation, but in contrast, the two sides of the debate against each other, there are more changes, and the debate of the speed of speech is faster than the speech, the audience and judges are more difficult to synchronize with the debate contestants to think, and therefore it is not possible to judge the careful deliberation and scrutiny, the judging of the subjectivity of more, based on the impression and feeling, rather than the precise measurements and calculations. It is more subjective, based more on impressions and feelings than on precise measurements and calculations. Recognizing this is important in developing strategies and tactics for debate.

Debater The debater is the main body of the debate, including both sides of the debate, can be divided into two kinds of individual and group, specifically one-on-one, two-on-two, group on group, as if the ball in the singles, doubles, and group matches, but table tennis in the group is to singles and doubles points to determine the winners and losers, the debate in the group matches are on the battlefield together. As a debate between the two sides should be from the same level, in the cultural, theoretical and moral cultivation and temperament, culture should be comparable, otherwise the debate can not be formed and climax of the debate, it is impossible to really unfold, and there is no more ornamental value. The success of the debate depends on the quality of the debaters, the debate is a comprehensive quality of the competition. This quality can be divided into three aspects:. ① knowledge quality, cultural accumulation, knowledge structure and knowledge, etc.; ② skill quality, logical thinking, language art, sense of humor, etc.; ③ personality quality, moral character, psychological mindset, spirit of cooperation, manners and temperament, instrumentation and so on.

Here, especially need to emphasize the debaters personality qualities. Debate and speech is an important difference between the existence of a rival, not only with each other, the sword, a duel, but also with each other as equals, friendly, on the other's person, personality, knowledge level, cultural standards and performance on the field should be given full and sincere respect. Any personal attacks, degrading or sarcastic language, phrases, gestures and actions should be absolutely avoided. You can use posture to help you speak, but less than a speech, not to mention exaggerated posture, making strange faces, tapping the table, teeth and claws are undignified. 1995 the first Chinese famous school debate invitational tournament, one of the school's debaters in the speech, up the first sentence is "the other side today, but the opening of a thousand words, away from the topic of the ten thousand miles," what does this mean? What does this mean? What does it mean? If this is really the case, does it mean that the other side is not qualified to debate with you at all and is not your opponent at all? Therefore, this means that the other party is not at all in the eye, and is therefore not suitable. 1997, when the Debate and Speech Association of our school was established, a debate of the star team was held, and in general the debate was still good, but in the free debate both sides came to the question of the law, when one of the opposing side's debaters stood up and said, "I'm a student of the law. ......", also appeared to be using his power to suppress others. Mr. Yu Wujin said in his "Ten Relationships in Debate" that the Fudan University team paid great attention to correcting the improper language of the team members during the training, and did not allow the team members to accuse the other side of "tampering with the topic of the debate", but instead required the use of such neutral words as "change", and did not allow the team members to use the words "prejudice is more important than ignorance", and did not allow the team members to use the words "bias is better than ignorance". They are not allowed to criticize each other with words like "prejudice is farther away from the truth than ignorance". To be a debater, we must first learn to behave, to reflect the temperament and culture of higher education, accept the baptism and cultivation of modern civilization, with modern manners, politeness and tolerance, on and off the field are courteous, not overbearing, aggressive.

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bai Qingya?

2010-05-12

The elements of a debate include the thesis (Topic), the arguer (Arguer) and the refuter (Refuter), and none of them is necessary. Thesis may be pre-agreed, may also be improvised source; can be their own initiative to determine, can also be specified by others. The thesis should be consistent throughout the debate process, to maintain not a hundred changes. The theorist is the person who takes the initiative to put forward the argument or defense of the position; refutation of the theorist is the theorist's point of view, the position of the person to refute.

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