What are the architectural features of Nanjing architecture?

Abstract: Nanjing is located in the north and south, with convenient transportation and cultural tolerance. Its architectural style is dignified and vigorous in the north and dexterous and delicate in the south. Compared with the westernization of Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other cities, Nanjing's architecture in the Republic of China can be described as a microcosm of Chinese and foreign architectural art during the period when the west wind spread to the east. So what are the styles of Nanjing traditional architecture and Nanjing modern architecture? The following article introduces the styles of Nanjing traditional architecture, Republic of China architecture and modern architectural landmarks. Let's have a look!

1. Nanjing traditional architecture with its own characteristics

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many craftsmen from Anhui in Nanjing. For example, Zhu Yuanzhang lived in the south of the old city when he founded Nanjing, and they also brought the essence of Huizhou architecture to Nanjing. White wall and tile-headed wall are typical architectural styles in Huizhou. However, it is not appropriate to describe Nanjing folk houses.

Nanjing people are tolerant, introverted and low-key, which makes Huizhou architecture have Nanjing characteristics: for example, the roof is mostly small blue tiles, with black, white and gray as the main color, the interior is mostly paved with blue bricks, and the courtyard is mostly masonry structure, with few particularly complicated stone carvings and wood carvings. Therefore, it is more accurate to summarize the characteristics of Nanjing folk houses with the small tile horse-headed wall with blue bricks.

Judging from the scale of housing, Nanjing residential buildings are one size smaller than Huizhou buildings. Most of the old buildings in Nanjing are three-way courtyards, with no cloisters and wings, and only a few are double-sided wings, which are relatively compact and practical. The low-key house door can shelter from the rain, which is more concise than Huizhou architecture.

Although the old buildings in Nanjing are also Shikumen, most Shikumen walls will retreat inward by the width of an eave. Unlike Huizhou architecture, Shikumen walls are on the same plane as the walls on both sides. "This shows the low-key and wisdom of Nanjing people. The doors are hidden under the eaves, so they are not so conspicuous. When it rains, the doors can also shelter from the rain. "

The biggest feature of traditional houses in Nanjing is simplicity, exquisiteness, calmness, elegance and simplicity. For example, the door head decoration of the house door-door cover, the door cover (or gatehouse) column structure of traditional houses in southern Anhui and Jiangsu and Zhejiang are more complicated, and there are many protruding parts with tiles; Nanjing generally has no gatehouse, only gatehouse. The protruding part of the outer eaves of the gatehouse is shorter than that of Huizhou architecture. Generally, only water mill bricks have no tiles, and their wings are slightly tilted.

Generally, traditional houses in Nanjing have no gatehouse, but only a door cover, and the protruding part of the door cover is shorter than that of Huizhou architecture. Generally, the door cover only has water mill bricks, no tiles, and its wings are slightly inclined.

The second "uniqueness" is the external wall. Huizhou folk houses and Jiangsu and Zhejiang folk houses are all white walls, tiles, lattice windows and horse-headed walls. In history, a considerable part of Nanjing's residential buildings are blue brick bucket walls and clear water walls, with very fine workmanship. Bricks and tiles are polished with water, and the joints are silky smooth, which makes them elegant and quiet. In addition, there are almost no windows on the external walls of Nanjing residential buildings, and there is at most a two-story "cat's bow and waist" external window.

The third "uniqueness" is that most traditional houses in Nanjing have walls. Compared with Huizhou folk houses, the cornices of Nanjing folk houses are not upturned, including the tail of the roof.

The fourth unique feature is that the quadrangles in the north are relatively narrow and long, while the quadrangles in the south are relatively flat and wide, while the quadrangles in Nanjing are generally in the form of multi-hall quadrangles, which are square and deep.

2. Nanjing architecture in the Republic of China

The Republic of China architecture in Nanjing is an important part of modern architecture in China (1840- 1949). Its development process has experienced five periods: germination, transformation, prosperity, stagnation and recovery. The main architectural styles are eclecticism, classicism, modern China court style, new national form, modernism and China traditional national form, from which we can see that the architecture of the Republic of China has gone through six periods. Nanjing Republic of China architecture, including the Great Hall of the People and Nanjing University. It is no exaggeration to say that it is a museum of modern architectural art. The design, structure and style of Nanjing Republic of China architecture not only reflect the influence of western architectural style on China since modern times, but also maintain the architectural characteristics of China national tradition. The integration of Chinese and western architectural techniques and styles is most obvious in Nanjing Republic of China architecture. It fully demonstrates the evolution from traditional architecture to modern architecture in China, and has important typical significance in the history of architectural development. Today, most of the buildings of the Republic of China in Nanjing are well preserved, which constitutes a unique style that distinguishes Nanjing from other cities. Therefore, Nanjing is also vividly called "the base camp of architecture in the Republic of China".

Some architects commented: "Nanjing is located in the north and south, with convenient transportation and cultural tolerance. Its architectural style is both dignified and vigorous in the north and dexterous and delicate in the south. Compared with the westernization of Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other cities, the architecture of the Republic of China in Nanjing can be described as a microcosm of Chinese and foreign architectural art in the specific historical period when the west wind spread eastward. "

The architectural features of Nanjing in the Republic of China are unique. The architecture of the Republic of China in Nanjing is the wisdom crystallization of the planning and construction of China's capital in the first half of the 20th century, which constitutes the material elements and city symbol of Nanjing metropolis. The high specifications and complete types are unmatched by concession buildings in some cities in China. Among them, the "five hospitals and eight departments" of the Republic of China government, as well as the Academia Sinica, the Central Stadium, the Central Hospital and the Central Museum, were among the best in the country and even in East Asia at that time.

The architectural style of Nanjing in the Republic of China;

The architecture of the Republic of China in Nanjing does not contain any elements imposed by political culture, but actively absorbs them. The rugged architecture in the north of China, the dexterity and exquisiteness of the southern architecture, the elegance and nobility of the western classical architecture and the simplicity and lightness of the modern architecture not only coexist, but also blend with each other, forming a beautiful urban complex. Until today, the architecture of the Republic of China is still a major landscape in Nanjing urban architecture, which makes people stop and linger.

The existing situation of Nanjing Republic of China architecture is unique in the whole country, both in existing area and quantity. These architectural schools are colorful, unique in shape and different in style. In a word, there are six main styles of architecture of the Republic of China in Nanjing.

First, the traditional national architecture in China. Most of them are wood structures or brick-wood structures, most of which are single-layer and a few are double-layer. Most of the palaces and temples rest on the top of the mountain with double eaves, and most of the houses are crowded. During the Republic of China, this architectural form basically followed the old functional layout, technical system and style, and maintained the traditional character and local characteristics of adapting to local conditions and using sophisticated materials. In the traditional national architecture in Nanjing, apart from a large number of residential buildings, ancient temples are generally composed of multiple buildings, which are connected in series through axes to form a complex. Usually the plane is symmetrical, and the main buildings of the temple are distributed on the central axis.

The second is the western eclectic architecture. Eclectic architecture is a popular architectural style in some European and American countries from 65438 to 1920s. This architectural style imitates all kinds of architectural styles in history at will, or combines all kinds of architectural forms for personal use, without paying attention to the fixed French style, only paying attention to the symmetry of proportion and the beauty of pure form. This kind of building was very popular after Nanjing opened its port in the late Qing Dynasty. After the founding of the Republic of China, such buildings gradually faded out.

The third is western classical architecture (also known as western classical architecture). Mainly refers to/kloc-the classical architecture that rose in France in the late 0/7th century. Its characteristics are based on the composition of classical columns, highlighting the axis, paying attention to proportion, emphasizing symmetry and paying attention to the master-slave relationship. This style of architecture is mostly used in palace buildings, memorial buildings and large public buildings. Classical architecture, centered on France, first spread to other European countries and later influenced other parts of the world. Around the beginning of the 20th century, this style of architecture appeared in the campus of Nanjing.

Fourthly, the traditional palace-style modern architecture in China. This architectural style is an attempt by Chinese and Western architects to combine China traditional architectural modeling with western modern architectural technology, which began to appear in Nanjing in the late19th century. After the National Government made Nanjing its capital, in the capital plan made in 1929, it was clearly emphasized that the buildings in Nanjing, the capital, should be "China's inherent form, and civil offices and public buildings should be adopted as far as possible". Because this "new function and old form" architecture not only meets the functional requirements of modern architecture, but also shows the features of traditional architecture in China and meets the requirements of the times, this architectural style became a fashion in Nanjing in the 1920s and 1930s. This architectural style appeared in missionary schools earlier. The reason why missionary schools adopt this architectural style is to express the attitude of the church to respect China culture with the inherent architectural form of China, so that students in China can unconsciously accept the influence of western culture in the atmosphere of traditional architecture. Since then, this architectural style has been extended to large-scale memorial buildings, administrative buildings and public buildings.

Fifth, the new national architecture (also known as modern national architecture). In 1930s, some people of insight in China saw the contradiction between China's traditional architectural form and the combination of western modern architectural technology and modern architectural function. Considering the high cost, time-consuming and laborious construction pattern of palace-style buildings, they put forward innovative ideas, opposed the cumbersome retro style and big roof, explored the organic integration of Chinese and western architecture, and created a new national form with both the flavor of the times and traditional characteristics.

This kind of building generally adopts the plane combination of modern buildings, mostly adopts the flat roof of reinforced concrete, or adopts the double-slope roof of modern roof truss, with simple and symmetrical shape. The cornices, walls, doors and windows, entrance parts and interiors are decorated with China traditional architecture, supplemented by appropriate traditional architectural patterns. This kind of building takes into account the needs of modern western architectural technology and modern architectural functions, and at the same time has the national style of China, and pursues the harmony and unity of new functions, new technologies, new shapes and national styles. In 1930s, Nanjing took the lead in the exploration of this kind of buildings in China.

Sixth, western modernist architecture (also known as western modernist architecture). After the First World War, due to the changes in the political, economic and social ideological situation in Europe, western modernist architecture came into being. This architectural style emphasizes that the architectural style keeps pace with the times, and advocates getting rid of the shackles of outdated architectural styles in history, actively adopting new materials and new structures, and creating new architectural styles that reflect the characteristics of the times. Because this architectural style is practical, economical and beautiful, and it is convenient for the application of new materials and new structures, once it was produced, it quickly spread all over the world.

This trend of thought influenced China architects in 1930s. They followed the pulse of the times and designed and built this style of architecture in Nanjing and other places. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, this style has become the most commonly used architectural style in emerging buildings.

Three. Modern landmark buildings in Nanjing

1. Zifeng Building

Zifeng Building is also called Zifeng Building in Greenland Square. Zifenglou is east to Central Road and west to Beijing West Road, surrounded by historical sites such as Xuanwu Lake, Arctic Pavilion, Drum Tower and Ming City Wall. This area is the center of Nanjing's main urban area and the commanding height of the city, and its surrounding prospects are panoramic: Zijinshan in the east, Yangtze River in the west, Yuhuatai in the south and Shogun Mountain in the north.

2. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum

The front of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum faces Pingchuan, followed by Qingzhang, Linggu Temple in the east and Ming Mausoleum in the west. The whole building complex is built according to the mountain trend and gradually rises from south to north along the central axis. The main buildings are Aibo Square, Mausoleum, Mausoleum Gate, Stone Steps, Monument Pavilion, Sacrificial Hall and Mausoleum, which are arranged on a central axis, reflecting the traditional architectural style of China. Seen from the air, it looks like a leaning green building. It combines the essence of ancient China and western architecture, solemn and simple, and not innovative. The architecture of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum has achieved excellent results in the combination of shapes, the use of colors, the presentation of materials and the handling of details. Buildings such as the Music Station, Guanghua Pavilion, Liuhui Pavilion, Yangzhi Pavilion, Scripture Collection Building, Xingjian Pavilion, Yongfeng Society, Yongmu Road and Zhongshan Academy surround the mausoleum like stars holding the moon, which constitutes the main landscape of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Scenic Area. Harmonious and unified colors enhance the solemn atmosphere, which is both profound and magnificent.

3. Jinling Hotel

Jinling Hotel is located in the northwest of Xinjiekou, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. It was once the tallest building in China, a landmark building in Nanjing, the first luxury five-star hotel in Jiangsu Province, and ranked as "China Tourism Landmark Hotel". It has successively won the titles of "Best Five-Star Hotel in China", "Top 50 Global Hotel Groups", "Top 3 China Tourism Group 10", "National Advanced Enterprise in Quality Management", "Pioneer of National Brand in China Hotel Industry", "Best Business Hotel in China" and "Top 0 Most Popular Hotel in China 10".

4. Nanjing New Century Plaza

Nanjing New Century Plaza, developed by Singapore Pan Asia Group, was once rated as "the tallest building in Jiangsu". The actual height of the building is 232.2 meters and the height of the main mast is 255.2 meters. The building has attracted extensive attention from all walks of life. Experts believe that New Century Plaza is absolutely forward-looking in many aspects, such as planning and design, architectural image, space efficiency, intelligent configuration, energy utilization, economic operation and so on, which embodies the international character of office buildings in the economic era of CBD headquarters.

5. Nanjing Changfa Center

Nanjing Changfa Center (CFC) is located in the central axis area of Zhongshan East Road, the "Chang 'an Street" in Nanjing, bordering Zhongshan East Road and Nanjing Cultural Square in the north, and on the Nanjing cultural axis such as Xuanwu Lake, Presidential Palace, Nanjing Cultural Square and Confucius Temple. Changfa Center is a commercial complex project jointly developed by Nanjing Changfa Real Estate Development Company and German WSP design unit. It consists of two twin-tower commercial office buildings with a height of 150M, two high-rise residential buildings with a height of 135M and a total construction area of about. Located in the central axis area of Zhongshan East Road, it is adjacent to Nanjing's historic Taiping South Road Commercial Street, and also adjacent to Xinjiekou Business Circle, the "China's first business circle".

6. Nanjing Confucius Temple

Nanjing Confucius Temple is located in Gong Yuan Street, north bank of Qinhuai River, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, west of Jiangnan Gongyuan, namely Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Confucian Temple and Wenxuan King Temple. It is the first national institution of higher learning in China and the four major Confucian temples in China. It is the hub of China's ancient culture and the place where Jinling's history and humanities gather together. It is not only the cultural and educational center of Nanjing in Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also the cultural and educational complex that ranks first among the southeast provinces. Now it is the Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple is a group of large-scale ancient buildings, mainly composed of Confucius Temple, Gong Xue and Gong Yuan, covering a huge area. There are buildings such as Zhaobi, Chi Pan, Paifang, Juxing Court, Kuixingge, Lingxingmen, Dacheng Hall, Mingdetang and Zunjingge. Confucius Temple, known as the scenic spot of Qinhuai, has become a characteristic scenic spot in the ancient capital Nanjing. It is the largest traditional ancient market in China, and ranks as the four major downtown areas in China along with Shanghai Chenghuang Temple, Suzhou Xuanmiao Temple and Beijing Tianqiao.

7. Nanjing 19 12

Nanjing 19 12 is located in Xuanwu District, Nanjing. Nanjing Presidential Palace in the east, Taiping North Road in the west, Changjiang Road in the south and Changjiang Backstreet in the north. Also known as Nanjing 19 12 plot. It is a commercial building complex with the architectural characteristics of the Republic of China in Nanjing, and it is also a successful case of the protection and development of buildings of the Republic of China in Nanjing and old urban buildings. It is composed of 65438+. Nanjing 19 12 officially opened on February 24th, 2004, with a total area of over 40,000 square meters. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who was named after 1 912 65438+10/,was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing, which coincided with the end of China's Millennium monarchy, the collapse of the Manchu Dynasty and the national peril. At that time, Nanjing was the intersection of Chinese and Western cultures and the political and cultural center of China. Such historical experience and nostalgic feelings have become the best background for the buildings of the Republic of China adjacent to the presidential palace to carry fashion consumption.

8. Drum Tower

Located in the center of Nanjing, the Drum Tower was built in the 15th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. This is a place where drums are used to tell the time. It is sometimes used as the anniversary of greeting the king and receiving letters. It is a symbol of the capital of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the Drum Tower was left with Xiacheng Que. It was not until Emperor Kangxi visited the south that local officials built a monument on the base of the Drum Tower and renamed it "Monument Building", so the Drum Tower was called "Ming Drum and Qing Monument". Xi' an Drum Tower is built on a square base, with brick and wood structure and double eaves at the top, with a total height of 36 meters and an area of 1 377 square meters, with stairs circling up. The roof is covered with dark green glazed tiles, the building is decorated with gold Qi Diao beams, and the top is covered with gold-plated treasure dome, which is the landmark building of Xi 'an.

9. Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and Television Tower

Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and TV Tower is located atNo. 1 18, Shitou Town, Gulou District, Nanjing. Gulin Park in the east, Liang Qing in the south, Dinghuaimen in the west and Lion Mountain in the north. Also known as "Zijin Tower", the tower is 3 18.5 meters high, with a floor of * * * and an area of 40,000 square meters. For people, it is high-altitude sightseeing, shopping, Lion Mountain. The legs of the TV tower are upright with three legs, and the hollow shape in the middle reveals its beauty in majesty; The large and small towers living in the air are shaped like flying saucers, and the tower climbing hall, science palace, buildings, squares, lawns and green belts at the bottom of the tower form a harmonious building complex. Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and Television Tower 1989 was completed in March, and wireless transmission began in 19931October. The famous calligrapher Wu Zhongqi wrote the inscription "The First Tower in Jiangsu".

10. Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge

Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is located between Xiaguan in Gulou District and Qiaobei in Pukou District. It is the first double-deck railway and highway bridge on the Yangtze River designed and built by China himself. It is of great significance in the bridge history of China and even the world. It is an important achievement of China's economic construction in 1960s and an important milestone of China's bridge construction. It is of great economic, political and strategic significance and is known as the "competition bridge". The Yangtze River Bridge is a landmark building in Nanjing, a cultural symbol of Jiangsu and the glory of China. It is also a famous scenic spot in China, which is listed as the 48 scenic spots of New Jinling.

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