Y briefly describe the artistic characteristics and cultural connotation of Tang Sancai?

The first color of the tri-colored Tang Dynasty-white.

This is a simple color to the extreme, so I thought of the words "white as black" as soon as I started writing.

It is not common to say "white is black". But painters are familiar with these four words, because painters never regard white as "nothing", but as one of the most expressive colors. The painter left many blanks in the painting. Although these blanks are not inked, they are part of the whole picture. The blank place and the colored place set each other off and become interesting, and the image is more vivid. Blank space is to set off, "use simplicity" is to "control complexity", and the subtlety of "counting white as black" is here.

The three colors in Tang Dynasty are very rich in connotation. From the origin to the evolution, it can be written into a big book, but a hundred flowers bloom, and we only show one. Let's learn about the history of the three colors in the Tang Dynasty in simple white light and shadow.

one

Tri-colored Tang Dynasty was born in the reign of Tang Gaozong more than 1300 years ago. Some people say that the three colors of the Tang Dynasty sprouted as early as the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In fact, the study of the origin of a thing can be traced back very far in time, but sometimes these studies are really cumbersome and far-fetched, confusing the time when the three colors of Tang Dynasty really took shape. Therefore, since it is a "three colors of the Tang Dynasty", it was produced in the Tang Dynasty. Just remember this.

-The white color in the Tang Tri-color doesn't seem impressive, but people remember green and yellow. Luoyang people only need to walk to the bridge head of Zhongzhou Bridge in Qilihe River and walk a few steps to Jiandong Road, where they can see a row of shops and a tricolor horse. The colors of tricolor horses, green and yellow account for a large proportion, and white is less. It seems that you can only see a little on the horse's mouth and mane, or on the back of the horse's base.

White is the most special of all colors. For human eyes, white is an undefended free space, and human imagination can be fully developed in white, so white is the platform of imagination. It seems nothing, but there is. There is dialectics in white.

According to the usual saying, Tang Sancai is made of white clay, but when I went to Tang Sancai's workshop, all the clay used was gray. The workers in the workshop said that this kind of soil is called kaolin, which is only available in Gongyi, Jiyuan and Yiyang in Henan. Gongyi Tang Sancai Kiln is located in Huangye Village, Zhanjie Town, not far from Nanyaowan Village, the hometown of poet Du Fu. It belongs to hilly and shallow mountainous areas, and there is a thick layer of loess on the surface. The dry Huangye River winds northward into the kaolin-rich Yellow River.

It is soil, but almost like a stone. It feels hard, but this kind of soil has strong plasticity, good water absorption and strong bonding. It will not crack after drying, and the green tire will be stronger after firing. It is this kind of soil that has been endowed with toughness and spirituality, and it has been made into the tri-color Tang Dynasty, which has written the whole history of the tri-color Tang Dynasty from scratch.

two

The appellation of tri-color in Tang Dynasty is not found in the literature of Tang Dynasty. Even Tang Sancai's "I" was buried underground for 1000 years, and it was not discovered until modern times.

The discovery of Tang Sancai was purely accidental. Thirty-one years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty? AD 1905？ In order to improve the east-west traffic conditions, the Qing government began to build the Longhai Railway, passing through Luoyang and Mangshan.

Mangshan is located in the south of the Yellow River and north of Luoyang. It is a famous burial area since Han and Tang Dynasties. There has long been a folk saying that "born in Suzhou and Hangzhou and buried in Beimang". Ancient tombs overlap, and there is "little room for lying cows". When building a railway, a large number of ancient tombs will inevitably be excavated. In the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, people found a considerable number of various funerary objects, among which Tang Sancai was also found.

At that time, migrant workers saw these tri-colored pottery unearthed in the ancient tomb and thought it was just a funerary object. If it is unlucky, they will smash it and throw it on the construction site. But antique dealers knew it was a treasure, so they shipped these unearthed three-color pottery to Beijing.

As soon as these things arrived in Beijing, they immediately attracted the attention of Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu, experts in epigraphy. At that time, Luoyang Tang Sancai was famous overseas, and foreign businessmen poured in and bought it on a large scale. Therefore, the three colors of Tang Dynasty became the symbol of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and ranked among the artistic treasures of China. ..

Through the research of experts and scholars, it is found that the three colors in the Tang Dynasty are closely related to Tang Wenhua. First of all, its appearance is related to thick burial. The Tang Dynasty was the most glorious era in China's history, with strong national strength and developed economy. The ruling class was extremely luxurious before its death, which also influenced the funeral customs at that time.

The ancients believed that the soul was immortal, and paying attention to etiquette and filial piety contributed to the wind of reburial. Thick burial has become the main means for the living to mourn. In the Tang Dynasty, the central government set up a "province under the door", under which the "Zhenguan Department" was responsible for the funerary wares needed by the tombs of the royalty and the country. The funerary wares are funerary wares, which are for people to "enjoy" after death. Because people at that time believed in the immortality of the soul, everyone "died like a living thing" and let the deceased continue to "enjoy" the wealth they had before their death. These funerary objects, from horses and vehicles to pots and pans, were taken to the graves. In order to show the specifications and tastes of tombs, people bought funerary wares one after another, competing with each other and showing off each other, which greatly stimulated the production of three-color Tang Dynasty.

The royal family also encourages heavy burial. In the Tang dynasty, it was expressly stipulated that officials of different levels could receive different sizes of tricolor pottery to be buried with them after their death. This gave the green light to the production of Tang Sancai, and the Sancai workshop became the "enterprise" with priority development. The "growth" and expansion of Tang Sancai were expected.

three

Tri-colored objects in the Tang Dynasty are all-encompassing, which can be roughly divided into objects, figurines and animals.

There are many kinds of utensils, such as water containers, wine containers, tableware, stationery, building models, etc., with novel styles and rich colors. The figures are mainly women, civil servants, warriors, geisha figurines, lama figurines, Hu figurines, heavenly kings and so on. Generally, different personalities and characteristics are portrayed according to the social status of the deceased before his death. A lady often has a plump face and full muscles, and wears all kinds of steamed stuffed buns and colorful clothes. Civil servants are polite, warriors are brave and handsome, Hu figurines have high noses and deep eyes, and the king is fierce. Animals include birds, lions, camels, horses, cows and so on. Among them, the shaping technology of horses is the best. Some of them galloped, some stood left and right, some screamed, some bowed their heads and licked their feet, and their shapes were vivid and lifelike.

According to the existing archaeological data, the kiln sites of Sancai in Tang Dynasty were mostly distributed in northern China, mainly in Gongyi, Henan, Tongchuan, Shaanxi and Lincheng, Hebei. In addition, Qionglai, Sichuan also saw something. There are many kinds of tri-colored pottery in the Tang Dynasty, including still life vessels, three-dimensional statues, funerary wares, utensils, etc., which reflect all levels of social life in the Tang Dynasty and can be called the closest handicraft to life. In the Tang dynasty, almost no handicraft can surpass the Tang tricolor in variety.

Tang Sancai's production technology is superb. It takes kaolin as raw material, and after refining, it selects materials with fine particles and less impurities. Tang Sancai unearthed in Luoyang and Gongyi has white and hard tire soil, and some products have traces of Zhi Ding at the bottom; Tang Sancai unearthed in Xi 'an, the tire soil is white and red, and the tire quality is soft, and some can show traces with a nail stroke; Three-color pottery unearthed in Yangzhou has several colors: white, red and yellow. The firing temperature of tri-colored pottery in Tang Dynasty is slightly lower than that of porcelain, ranging from 800°C to1000 C, in which the firing temperature of tri-colored figurines is about 900°C and that of tri-colored vessels is about1000 C. ..

In the early Tang Dynasty, the production process of tri-colored Tang was relatively simple and there were few varieties. Most of them are painted after hanging glaze. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the production of tri-color in the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, with rich varieties, exquisite production and huge output. After Tang Tianbao, the output of Tang Sancai gradually decreased. After the "An Shi Rebellion", the output of Tang Sancai gradually declined. In the early years of the Song Dynasty, tri-colored glazed pottery was rarely produced in the Tang Dynasty, and the Huangye kiln in Gongxian (now Gongyi) suddenly stopped burning, but there were still small workshops on both sides of the Huangye River that continued to burn porcelain. Later, archaeologists cleared eight Tang Dynasty kiln sites in the northeast of the second burning area of the Tang Dynasty kiln site in Huangye, Gongyi, and five of them were quite well preserved. Gong county is not far from Luoyang, and it has been placed under the jurisdiction of Luoyang for many times in history, actually belonging to Luoyang area. After the reform and opening up, Tang Sancai first resumed production in Mengjin County. On the basis of traditional craft, folk artists in Jin Meng have improved raw material formula, raised firing temperature and improved product quality, which have sold well at home and abroad.

"Tang" is a worldwide symbol. Tang Sancai is loved by people all over the world for its simple shape and bright colors. By the Tang Dynasty, Tang Sancai had gone abroad and was closely connected with the world. Colorful camels have two peaks and one peak; Hu figurines pulling camels, with high noses and deep eyes, come from the western regions and further foreign countries. These camels and Hu figurines convey important information about commercial transactions on the Silk Road.

Buddhist art also has a great influence on the three colors of Tang Dynasty. The statue of the Tri-colored Heavenly King Lux in the Tang Dynasty is very similar to similar statues in Longmen Grottoes. All the figurines of King Lux are tall and glaring, either waving fists or stepping on a devil. The ancients created such a terrible image and put it in the tomb, which was originally used to drive away evil spirits in the tomb. Clinker inadvertently reflects the influence of Buddhist art on the three colors of Tang Dynasty.

Tang Sancai is a witness to the integration of the Tang Dynasty and the world. It absorbs foreign cultures extensively, and at the same time, it affects the world culture with a radiant attitude. All kinds of skills, exotic things and precious patterns introduced into the Tang Dynasty along the Silk Road once again became the objects of the three colors of the Tang Dynasty.

-Du Fu, a great poet at that time, once wrote poems such as "Qiang women are intellectual fit, Hull makes camels" and "camels from the east fill the old capital", which shows how lively the scene of merchants in the western regions was at that time. Tang Sancai, a work of art originated from life, most directly reflected the scene at that time. Of course, Du Fu, who has read countless people, must have enjoyed a lot of Tang Tri-colors. Facing these rainbow-like works of art, he must be happy and excited.

However, the three colors of the Tang Dynasty also declined, and the turning point was the "Anshi Rebellion". "An Shi Rebellion" was a nightmare in the Tang Dynasty. So many people have died in the whole country, but they can no longer be buried with a heavy burial. As a colorful dream, this glazed pottery was gradually diluted into a glass of residual wine.

Today, most of the three-color soups seen by Luoyang people are imitations, mostly colored horses and camels. But as long as you walk into Luoyang Museum, you will see the real tri-colored Tang Dynasty, where there are many such cultural relics. If it is a tricolor horse, it must be a horse with a slightly drooping head and a serene expression. At first glance, it seems completely relaxed, but after careful observation, you will find that the horse's hooves have begun to stir, and its fat body contains majestic power; Although the horse's eyes look at the ground, it is obvious that the field of vision is wide. Does it see a battlefield or a long journey? It leaves room for imagination. Tricolor camels are much bigger than horses, but not as colorful as horses. It seems that there is still dust on the Silk Road. On the hump, there is a flat platform carrying heavy goods and singers and musicians. It seems that with this "moving song and dance troupe", the long trade trip is not lonely. Tang Sancai has been throwing colorful colors all the way, until now. ...