Southern Song Dynasty landscape painting **** with the characteristics of what, what representative painters and masterpieces

Southern Song Dynasty landscape painters, part of the people are still in the performance of the majestic and magnificent natural landscape: panoramic composition, delicate chapping, zigzagging and changeable mountains are from the previous era of masters of the creation. The scroll Autumn Colors of the River and Mountains (in the Palace Museum) by Zhao Boju, who was passed down as a clan painter, is in fact the work of a master of the Southern Song Academy, and represents the inheritance of the landscape painting method of the previous generation. His brother, Zhao Bojui, has a painting called "Ten Thousand Pines and Golden Que" (in the Palace Museum), which was written about the scenery of the Phoenix Mountains in Lin'an, with a combination of dabbing and outlining, and a simple and clumsy brushwork, which is a new style based on the traditional blue and green, and the absorption of ink and watercolor techniques from Dong Yuan and Mi Fu.

But what really represents the creation of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty is the so-called "partial angle landscape" which emphasizes on the creation of mood and expresses emotion as the main purpose. Painters to highlight a local method to strengthen the depiction of the strength of the brush is more spicy, ink flavor to play more fully. Li Tang is recognized as the master of the generation who pioneered this new style, and his "Ten Thousand Gullies and Pine Breeze" scroll gives a strong impression. Liu Songnian, who inherited his technique, made an outstanding contribution to the depiction of the scenery of Jiangnan. Ma Yuan and Xia Gui were also known as "Ma Yijiao" and "Xia Hanbian" because of their compositions, in which a corner or a slice of an incomplete scene is intercepted, leaving a large blank space in the picture. This kind of simple composition, the main body of the landscape painting has a new realm. It is this kind of innovation caused many comments, and some comments even from a political point of view that their landscapes are on the south of Jiangnan Southern Song Dynasty's "residual mountains and water" reflection, has been attached to say. Mi Youren's cloud mountain ink play method is circulated in the literati and scholarly painters, the achievement is also considerable.

Li Tang, the word Hei Gu, Heyang (present-day Meng County, Henan Province). He was a painter at the Academy of Painting during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, and was known as one of the "Four Greats of the Southern Song Dynasty" along with Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, and Xia Gui. He specialized in painting landscapes and stories of people. His landscapes are based on Jing Hao, Guan Tong and Fan Kuan with some variations. The layout is mostly close-up, highlighting the main peaks or cliffs; the rocks are made of big axe-chopped, deep ink, opening up a new style of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty. Ten thousand ravines and pine winds" axis (hidden in the National Palace Museum in Taipei) is Li Tang's handwriting at the age of 70 or so, reflecting the landscape paintings of Li Tang in the Northern Song Dynasty. Hidden in the same place, the scroll of "Small Scenery of the River and Mountain" is close to the tone of the previous one. The Palace Museum collection of "long summer river temple map" for the silk heavy green color, although the green landscape, still with ink brush chapping based on the outlines, outlines quite healthy and more broken, chapping pen horizontal and vertical chopping, indulgent and free to "big axe chopping chapping" and green color combination, at that time is a bold creation. Li Tang is also good at character story painting, the Palace Museum of its painted "Cai Wei map" volume and hidden in the United States Metropolitan Museum of Art "Jin Wengong restoration of the country" volume are borrowed from the past to the present works.

Liu Songnian, a native of Qiantang (Hangzhou), known as "Dark Door Liu" because of his residence at the Qingbo Gate, was a court painter during the Xiaozong, Guangzong, and Ningzong dynasties of the Song Dynasty, and his teacher, Zhang Dunli, was a pupil of Li Tang, with whom he had a long lineage of painting styles. His landscapes and figures were highly influential. The Four Scenes of Landscape scroll in the National Palace Museum is a masterpiece of his landscape paintings, depicting spring, summer, autumn, and winter scenes in four segments, interspersed with the activities of the figures. Unlike Li Tang's material, Liu Songnian depicted the scenery around the West Lake, so his style of painting appears to be a bit more delicate and graceful, contrasting with Li Tang's imposing and majestic style.

Ma Yuan (马远), courtesy name Yaofu (遥父), was a native of Yongji (永济) in Shanxi province, and was an official of the Academy of Painting at the time of Emperor Guangzong (光宗) and Emperor Ningzong (宁宗) of the Song Dynasty. His great-grandfather, grandfather, father, uncle, brother, and son were all Painting Academy painters. He inherited his family's teachings from near and learned from Li Tang from afar, and formed his own style, which had a great influence on the courtyard paintings in the late Southern Song Dynasty. In his landscape paintings, he was good at generalizing the whole landscape and making a big picture out of a small one, which was called "Ma Yijiao" by the people at that time. In the brush, he expanded the axe chapping method, painting rocks and mountains with a straight sweep of the brush, ink and water, angular. The collection of the Palace Museum, "Treading Song" can be said to be his representative works of this style. In the painting, under the boulders of the distant peaks, the bamboo is green and the willows are sparse, and a few farmers, young and old, are singing and dancing on the ridge, which figuratively expresses the poetic meaning of "people are happy in the year of abundance, and they walk on the ridge with songs". The same collection in the National Palace Museum, "water picture" is also his masterpiece, originally for the album, now framed into a hand scroll, to outline the main, respectively, depicting twelve kinds of water state, showing the author's skill. Its figures, birds and flowers painting also has "Chinese lanterns and banquets" (two books, one in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, one in the Chongqing Municipal Museum), "Plum Stone Stream Teal Figure" (hidden in the National Palace Museum), such as a small masterpieces. The United States Kansas Nelson Museum also has its "West garden elegant gathering" volume, the Shanghai Museum of its "happy plum map" axis, also for the treasures. His son Ma Lin, inherited the family school, worker object, landscape, birds and flowers, once for the Academy of painting, representative works of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the landscape painting "listening to the pine breeze" axis, the National Palace Museum collection of birds and flowers "layers of ice image" axis, painting style is more dense and delicate than his father.

Xia Gui, a native of Qiantang (Hangzhou), was an official of the Academy of Painting during the reign of Emperor Ningzong of the Song Dynasty. His style of painting was very similar to Ma Yuan's, and his compositions were often blank, so he was known as "Ma Hanbian", and was often referred to as "Ma and Xia" in the history of painting. The National Palace Museum in Taipei, the collection of his "mountains and streams, clear and distant map" volume, the picture on the boulders and distant mountains, jungle trees, buildings and villages are arranged sparsely, the brushwork is firm and craggy, will be misty Jiangnan scenery, depicting the extremely quiet and beautiful. Another representative work of his "Twelve Views of Landscape" volume now exists only four views, hidden in the United States Nelson Museum, each independent chapter, but in the layout is linked together, depicting the river and the sky at dusk. Xia Gui's small works, most of the simple brushwork, ink pale, poetic, the National Palace Museum collection of the remote Cen smoke amicable picture as its representative. Another hidden in the United States, the Freer Museum of the "Cave Garden Autumn Moon" axis, is also a masterpiece of Xia Gui.