What are the artistic features of ancient grottoes in China? If you know, help me answer it ~ hurry ~ ~!

The carving art of cave temples is generally referred to as grotto art. The grottoes mentioned here refer to Buddhist temples dug on cliffs along the river. The Buddhist grotto statues in China became popular with the widespread spread of Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, and increased day by day in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which lasted until13rd century. This period is the golden age of China sculpture art. Grotto art includes stone carving, clay sculpture and murals. Judging from the surviving grottoes today, its style can be divided into three periods: the early Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the middle Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. The development of grotto art in China is along the route from west to east, starting from Xinjiang in the west, passing through Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan, and then from Sichuan to Yunnan and Guangxi, which can be described as all over China.

As far as we know, the grottoes in China are distributed in the vast area from Kunlun in the west to the East China Sea, wuyue in the south and Youyan in the north. According to the differences of cave shapes and main statues, the grottoes in China can be divided into three regions: Xinjiang, the north and south of the Central Plains.

Xinjiang area. It is mainly distributed in the area from the northern line of Tarim Basin to the east of Kashgar, and its concentrated position can be summarized as three communities: Guqiu Sub-region 1, in the area of Kuqa and Baicheng today. The main grottoes are Qizil Grottoes in Baicheng, Doha Grottoes in Qizil in Kuqa, Kumutura Grottoes and Senmusem Grottoes. 2. Ancient Yanqi District, in the Qixing area of Yanqi Hui Autonomous County today; 3. Gugaochang District. In Turpan today, the main grottoes are Tuyugou and Baizixi Grottoes.

The northern part of the Central Plains is the eastern part of Xinjiang, the northern part of the Yellow River Basin, and the vast areas inside and outside the Great Wall. There are a large number of grottoes in this area with diverse contents, which are the main components of China grottoes. The following can be divided into four communities: 1, Hexi District refers to the grottoes in the counties west of the Yellow River in Gansu, such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Anxi Yulin Grottoes, Yumen Changma Grottoes, Jiuquan Wenshushan Grottoes and Wuwei Tiantishan Grottoes; 2. To the east of the Yellow River in Gansu, there are mainly Yongjing Bingling Temple Grottoes, Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, Guyuan Xumishan Grottoes, Qingyang Pingdingchuan Grottoes and Qingyang North and South Grottoes; 3. Shaanxi area mainly includes Binxian Giant Buddha Grottoes, Yaoxian Yaowangdong Grottoes, Fuxian Hong Shi Temple Grottoes, Huangling Wanfo Grottoes, Yan 'an Wanfo Grottoes and Zhidan Chengtai Grottoes. Shaanxi is the place where the late grottoes in the northern part of the Central Plains are concentrated. 4. Shanxi, Henan and its eastern regions mainly include Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Gongxian Grottoes, Xiangtangshan Grottoes in Handan, Tianlongshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, Wanfo Hall Grottoes in Yixian, Hong Qing Temple Grottoes in Mianchi, Huanghuayan Grottoes in Jinan, Baoshan Grottoes in Anyang, Yunmen Mountain in Yidu, Tuoshan Grottoes, Dongshan Grottoes in Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia, Zhaomiao Grottoes before and after, Bayan Grottoes in Etuoke, Pingshun.

The southern region, that is, the Yangtze River basin and its southern region. The number of grottoes in this area is small and scattered. Except for a few places, there are more statues in cliff niches than in caves. There are mainly the Thousand Buddha Rock Grottoes in Qixia Mountain in Nanjing, the Grottoes near West Lake in Hangzhou, the Colossus of Baoxiang Temple in Xinchang, Huangze Temple Grottoes in Guangyuan and Thousand Buddha Cliffs, as well as the Longgang Mountain Grottoes in Dazu, Fowan Grottoes in Jianchuan, Dali and Shi Zhongshan Grottoes.

Among these grottoes, the most famous ones are Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and Dazu Stone Carvings in Sichuan.

Yungang Grottoes in Datong City are located on the cliff on the north bank of Wuzhouchuan Canyon at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in the west of Datong City 16 km. It was dug along the mountain, stretching for about one kilometer from east to west. The existing main caves are divided into east, middle and west areas ***45. In addition, there are many small caves with more than 1 100 and more than 5 1000 statues. The main statue is the statue of King Yao Tan, which is a representative work in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. This statue has become a symbol of Yungang Grottoes with its majestic body and profound spirit. The style of the statue of King Yao Tan still has the breath of Gandhara style, China Indian style and Western Region style. Yungang Grottoes excavated earlier in northern China, mainly in the Northern Wei Dynasty, are the early representatives of China Grottoes. So it has a great influence on the surrounding grottoes. Together with Longmen Grottoes and Dunhuang Grottoes, it is called the "Three Grottoes" in China.

Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang is located on the Yishui River, which is 0/3 km south of Luoyang, and is about 1 km long from north to south. There are more than 2 100 grottoes, including 29 large grottoes, more than 65,438+million statues, more than 3,600 inscriptions and more than 50 pagodas. Longmen Grottoes began to be excavated around the time when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang (AD 494), and continued to be excavated in the Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties. The opening statues of Longmen Grottoes can be divided into two periods: the Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. The period with the longest duration, the largest scale and the richest theme content is the Tang Dynasty. At this time, the Buddha statue is dignified, graceful and serene, and the bodhisattva is chic and elegant, and its style is close to the aesthetic form of the southern Han nationality. Longmen Grottoes, featuring numerous caves, statues and inscriptions, is a treasure of Heluo and a must in the Central Plains.

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Anxi Yulin Grottoes. , mainly Mogao Grottoes. Mogao Grottoes is located in Mingsha Mountain, about 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang County. According to historical records, it was built in the second year of Fujian Jianyuan before Qin Dynasty (AD 366). After more than 600 years of continuous excavation in Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Xixia, Yuan, etc. 1600 years, a huge grotto has been built. Among the hundreds of grottoes in Mogao Grottoes, there are 2400 statues. The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of the Mogao Grottoes. Now there are more than 300 grottoes in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, accounting for more than 60% of the total number of grottoes. Among them, there were 70 or 80 caves in the Sui Dynasty, twice the total number of caves opened in the previous 200 years, which shows the prosperity of Buddhism in the Sui Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, the murals in Mogao Grottoes had epoch-making changes in content and form. At this time, the murals have rich themes, magnificent scenes and gorgeous colors. Various character modeling, coloring and shading, line drawing skills, etc. , has reached an unprecedented level. Dunhuang colored sculptures in Sui and Tang Dynasties represent the highest achievement of China colored sculptures. Since the Sui Dynasty, the modeling techniques of Buddha statues have developed in the direction of realism, and the elegance has faded. The painted bodhisattva in the Tang Dynasty is a beautiful and moving image of a woman with rich and elegant modeling, which embodies the spirit of the times in the Tang Dynasty.

During the nearly 300 years between Xixia and Yuan Dynasty, although the Mogao Grottoes were in decline and few new caves were excavated, the construction and reconstruction activities never stopped. During this period, more than 80 caves were built in Mogao Grottoes, of which more than 70 were old caves, and their murals (in part or in whole) were redrawn in Xixia, so the number of Xixia murals left behind was very considerable. In addition to grottoes, statues and murals, the remains of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes also have an important part, namely the Tibetan Sutra Cave and its documents. This Tibetan sutra cave was discovered by Taoist Wang in the 26th year of Guangxu reign (A.D. 1900). The number of this cave is 17. There are a large number of scriptures, documents and cultural relics in the cave, totaling about 50 thousand pieces.

After the Dazu Stone Carving in Sichuan and the "Anshi Rebellion" of Leshan Giant Buddha, the Buddhist art center gradually moved south from Luoyang and Chang 'an, and Sichuan became the most active area for Buddhist sculpture activities. Among them, Dazu Beishan stone carving technology is flexible and changeable, which indicates that China sculpture technology has reached a new level. Dazu stone carvings have obvious changes in subject matter, and there are many statues of bodhisattvas. Their style contains more secular elements and is full of rich flavor of life. In China, besides grottoes, there are also outstanding achievements in single stone carving, and Leshan Giant Buddha is the most carved Buddha statue. Leshan Giant Buddha is carved on the west wall of Lingyun Mountain on the east bank of Minnan, Leshan, Sichuan, where the Minjiang River, Qingyi River and Dadu River meet. The giant Buddha is a Maitreya Buddha carved on the cliff of Qilianshan Mountain, so it is also called Lingyun Giant Buddha. The giant Buddha was carved in the first year of Kaiyuan of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (7 13) and completed in the 19th year of Zhenyuan of Tang Dezong (803), which lasted nearly 90 years. The top of the Buddha statue is covered with a 13-story heavy building. It was named "Daxiangge" and later renamed "Tianning Pavilion", which was destroyed in the late Ming Dynasty. The head of the giant Buddha is flush with the top of the mountain, and the height from the top of the head to the foot of the mountain is 58.85 meters. The bun on the head alone is more than 1200. Leshan Giant Buddha is the largest and tallest stone Buddha in the world. "The mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain", which is magnificent.