Related information about Qin Shi Huang's faults outweigh his merits

Because of the hundred schools of thought in the society at that time, it seriously hindered Qin Shi Huang's unification of the thoughts of the people of the original six conquered countries and threatened the unification of the Qin Dynasty by burning books and burying scholars. So, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Emperor Qin Shi Huang began to destroy all history books except the Qin Chronicle in 213 B.C., and the people were only allowed to leave behind books on medicine, divination and cultivation. The destruction lasted until the fall of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, and is known as the "Book Burning". He did, however, order some of the forbidden books to be kept in the royal library at Xianyang.

In 212 B.C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang killed more than four hundred and sixty Confucian scholars in Xianyang, the capital of Qin, because two of the scholars had escaped and slandered the emperor, in what is known as the "Pit of the Confucian Scholars" in the historical records. The term "pit of Confucianism" is a loose term used by later generations, and the formal term should be "pit of magicians".

Luxurious life

Soon after Qin Shi Huang came to the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang. After the unification of the six kingdoms, he immediately built the luxurious Afang Palace, which at its peak employed 720,000 workers (an imaginary number, indicating a large number of people).

Qin Shi Huang has not yet united the six countries before, there have been a lot of palaces, and in the unification of the six countries during the period, it is a big construction, every country, will be the country's palace buildings in the vicinity of Xianyang imitation again, the total area reached an alarming degree, the entire Guanzhong region, since the Wei River to the north, east of the Yongmen until the Jinghe River area are all the palace group.

After the reunification, the construction of the Afang Palace (also known as the Chao Palace, with Afang as the name of its front hall) began on the south bank of the Wei River, employing more than 700,000 civilian laborers each year. Although some people argue that these were all sinful people, 700,000 was a staggering proportion compared to the country's total population of 20 million at the time. Dynasty Palace can accommodate 100,000 people, in which the transportation of food and wine to use cars and horses, only a front hall of the area reached 693 meters long east-west, north-south width of 116 meters, the pedestal is as high as 11.65 meters, on which can sit tens of thousands of people. But by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Archaeology and the Xi'an City Cultural Relics Protection Archaeological Institute of the joint composition of the Afang Palace archaeological team, the archaeological work carried out on the site of the Afang Palace, found that the Afang Palace was not built, the Qin Dynasty this palace is only to complete the foundation only.

In addition, there are Xingle Palace, Liangshan Palace and so on.

According to the "three old things" records: Qin has "table in and out of the temple view hundred and forty-five". According to the Records of the Grand Historian - Qin Shi Huang's Chronicle: Qin has "Guanzhong counted Palace 300, Guanwai more than 400", in addition, "200 miles next to Xianyang", there are "Palace Guan two hundred and seventy".

The palace must have beautiful women, in the destruction of the six countries, all the countries of the beautiful women are captured and put in the construction of the palace. The total number of palace maidens, according to the old records of the three auxiliaries: the harem of more than 10,000 women, the gas up in the sky. And, after the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the vast majority of these courtesans were forced to be martyred.

Li Shan tomb from the King of Qin ascended to the throne that began to build, before and after more than 30 years, each year with 700,000 workers to build. The existing tomb is 2,000 meters long and 55 meters high from the outside. The interior of the tomb is extremely luxurious, with a roof made of copper, rivers and lakes made of mercury, and full of mechanisms. Just by looking at the terracotta warriors and horses in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, one can see how heavy the burden was on the people who built the tomb. And, the craftsmen who built the tomb were all buried alive after the tomb was created.

In order to seek the medicine of immortality, Xu Shi (or Xu Fu), a prescription doctor, was sent to the East China Sea with thousands of boys and girls to seek immortality, etc., which cost huge financial and human resources and deepened the people's sufferings.

Therefore, the people, who had been drained of their sweat and blood at that time, cursed the tyrant Qin Shihuang:

"Qin Shihuang, who took away my grain, opened my house, took my bed, drank my wine, drank my syrup, ate my food, thought of my grain, opened my bow, and shot at the east wall, and when I came to the sand dunes I was extinguished." (Taiping Yuban, Volume 86)

Historical Evaluation

He was the first emperor of China and the founder of the emperor's honorific title, as well as the founder of the emperor system in China, which enabled China to enter the era of the multi-ethnic centralized imperial system. He was also the first to complete the political unification of China, forming the situation of "the same track, the same book," which laid the foundation for the unification of the subsequent dynasties. But Qin Shi Huang has been a controversial figure since ancient times.

Positive Evaluation

When Qin Shi Huang was on the throne, he annexed the six countries and sent troops to conquer the north and the south, which was recorded in the history as "the land of the Hundred-Yue, all of them bowed down", "expanding thousands of miles in the north", "the King of Qin swept the six". The king of Qin swept away the six kingdoms." According to the map of the Warring States period, the territory almost doubled the control area of the Seven Warring States Periods. Moreover, Emperor Qin Shi Huang "set up counties" and emphasized on the rule and system construction of the conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Julius Caesar of Rome, who only emphasized on conquest but not on system construction; thus, he made the rule of the united land firm, which laid the foundation of China's current map. According to the later generation, "the greatest achievements are those of the Qin Emperor and the Han Emperor". This means that Emperor Qin Shi Huang ranked ahead of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in terms of achievements, and was unrivaled in history.

The state of Qin has emphasized the rule of law since Shang Yang's change of law, and Qin Shi Huang inherited this tradition and highly respected the legal figure Han Fei, who once sighed to himself, "If I were to travel with him, I would have no regrets. The generals were rewarded and punished according to the law. Although Qin Shi Huang was autocratic and believed that "I am the world", but there is a generation of Qin, still according to the rule of law. Chen Sheng, Wu Guang uprising, the reason is also "Qin law is harsh", the crime of death, had to rebel, is the law forced the people to rebel. It was not because of serious corruption that the officials forced the people to revolt, as in the case of "the stench of wine and meat at the vermilion gate and the frozen bones on the road" in the later times. Later Confucianism advocates the rule of man, the rule of law is not according to the law, by the monarch to decide, and today the wind of the rule of man, the wind of the horse's ass is still there.

Qin Shi Huang created the first stagecoach system and repaired the stagecoach road. This laid the technological foundation for the accessibility of governmental orders in the vast empire and the resulting county system of the imperial state. "Building stagecoaches and setting up counties" was a necessary condition for China to be able to adopt the county system, an advanced system, rather than a feudal system similar to that of the West. At the same time, Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas, and could only set up governors with great power (the governors had the military and political power of a place, they were all aristocrats, and the grassroots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the feudal system, and this was one of the most important reasons for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system was a civilian system in which the military and political leaders were appointed by the emperor, and could be moved up or down according to their political and military achievements, which led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. This led to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers could come from the common people, and the county bureaucracy effectively guaranteed the right of the common people to participate in politics (such as Li Si, Meng Arty, etc. were all common people, and they were appointed as prime ministers according to their military achievements), which was undoubtedly a great historical progress compared with the aristocratic politics of the feudal system. This is where the civil and military systems of modern states originated.

The Qin Empire, founded by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, laid the foundation for China to be more advanced than the West in terms of its political system, and thus more developed than the West, for nearly 1,700 years afterward. As the saying goes, "The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system", "Since the Qin Dynasty, the system has remained unchanged", and "the Qin system has been practiced for a hundred generations". In the two thousand years of imperial China, the political system basically followed that of the Qin dynasty.

Li Bai's poem "Ancient Winds": "The King of Qin sweeps away the Six Harmonies, and the tiger's gaze is not heroic!"

Sang Hongyang's treatise affirms the achievements of Qin Shi Huang in unifying China.

Modern Zhang Taiyan, writing in 1913, also praised Qin Shi Huang.

Negative Evaluation

Because Emperor Qin Shi Huang practiced the legalistic doctrine of "rule by law", whereas subsequent Chinese rulers practiced Confucianism, which is centered on the principles of benevolence, love, and mediocrity. As a result, Qin Shi Huang is often portrayed as a negative character in various prose and historical texts. For example, Jia Yi's The Discourse on Exceeding Qin.

The Records of the Grand Historian: The First Emperor of Qin, cited in Jia Yi's "Treatise on the Over-Qin":

1 ⒈ The Qin King, with his greedy and despicable heart, practiced self-exciting wisdom, did not believe in the meritocracy, and was not close to the people and the people, abrogated the king's way, set up the right to private ownership, banned the instrument and the torture of the law, the first fraudulent power and then the benevolence and righteousness of the world to start with the tyrannical.

Peake a husband for the difficult and seven temples fall, body dead manpower, for the world to laugh at, why? The first thing I want to do is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing and how you are doing it.

Qin Shi Huang was seen by many historians as a tyrant who could do anything for power.

The Great Wall, the Qin Chidao, the Lingqu, the Afang Palace, and the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang were all extremely large in scale, and they were built with the labor of the entire country's population, which was blamed by many writers for causing a lot of deaths and injuries in the course of the construction, but on the other hand, they enabled the further development of transportation in different parts of the world, which was helpful for the future transportation, economic and trade, as well as for the integration of various ethnic groups. This has been a point of contention among historians as to whether Qin Shi Huang did too much or too little.

Mao Zedong's comments on Qin Shi Huang

(1) Qin Shi Huang was an expert on the past and the present

(2) Once, he told Zhang Shizhao, "It is not true that you say that the ****-producing party is the same as the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang, but it is more than a hundred times more than that.

(3) Confucius and Mencius were idealistic and Xunzi was materialistic, the leftists of Confucianism. Confucius represents the slave owners and aristocrats. Xunzi represents the landlord class. Also: in Chinese history, the one who really did something was Qin Shi Huang, and Confucius only spoke empty words. For thousands of years, it was Confucius in form, but in reality he did things according to Qin Shi Huang. Qin Shi Huang used Li Si, who was a legalist and a student of Xunzi.

(4) There are some good things about Confucius, but they are not very good. We should speak a fair word. Qin Shi Huang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius was speaking empty words. Qin Shi Huang was the first figure to unify China. Not only did he unify China politically, but he also unified China's writing system and its various systems, such as weights and measures, some of which have been used ever since. There has not been a second feudal monarch in China who surpassed him, but he has been cursed for thousands of years.

(5) I advise you to scold Qin Shi Huang less, and to discuss the cause of burning pits. The soul of Zulong died in the Qin Dynasty, and the name of Confucianism was high and chaffed. The Qin government and law have been practiced for hundreds of generations, and the Ten Criticisms is not a good article. Read the Tang Dynasty's Feudalism well, and don't return to King Wen from Zi Hou. [3] successive generations of politicians have achieved, in the pre-feudal society, are legalists. These people advocate the rule of law, kill the head if you break the law, and advocate thick and thin. Confucianism is full of benevolence, righteousness and morality, a bellyful of male thieves and female prostitutes, all of them advocate thick and thin.

(6) Qin Shi Huang is the first famous emperor of feudal China, I am also the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang, Lin Biao scolded me as the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang, China has always been divided into two factions, one faction said that the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang is good, and the other faction said that the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang is bad. I am in favor of Qin Shi Huang and not in favor of Confucius. Because Qin Shi Huang was the first one to unify China, unify writing, build wide roads, not to have a state within a state, but to use a centralized system, where the central government sends people to each place, once every few years, and not to use a hereditary system.

(7) Qin Huang and Han Wu, slightly lacking in literary talent - Mao Zedong also believed that Qin Shi Huang lacked literary talent.