Cultural accumulation (Hakka) 200

Hakka, or Hakkas, is a branch of the Han nationality, with obvious characteristics, and is also one of the most influential nationalities in the world. At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the Han residents of the Central Plains once again moved to the south on a large scale, reaching the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, mixing with the local aborigines and marrying each other. After thousands of years of evolution, they finally formed a relatively stable Hakka. Since then, a large number of foreign countries have moved to various provinces in South China and even around the world. The four Hakka States are Meizhou, Ganzhou, Tingzhou and Huizhou. The stone wall in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and the "stone wall" is called "Hakka ancestral land". Meizhou, Guangdong Province, is known as the "Hakka Capital of the World" because it is the most important residential area for Hakkas.

Hakka is a ethnic group or "sub-ethnic group" of Han nationality. Generally speaking, the Hakka clan is the Han nationality who moved southward in the border area between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi at the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, and it has merged some ethnic groups such as She, Yao, Baiyue and Nanyue (Guangdong is also connected with Yue, and the ancient words "Yue" and "Yue" are interchangeable words, referring to Baiyue area in the south. ) and other aborigines in Southeast Asia. The main cultural characteristics of Hakka culture inherited the Han culture in the Middle Ages and also merged the culture of Nanyue nationality, thus forming a special Hakka culture. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is a Han appellation, not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.

In Hakka dialect, the "guest" in Putonghua is called "human guest", and the "guest" in Hakka dialect is not a simple guest. [3]

The name "Hakka" originated from a large-scale struggle between ethnic groups and local people in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, it was given to Hakka by the "Guangfu family" of Jiangmen area in western Guangdong (called Siyi), which was relatively the "landlord". That's a nickname. The word "Hakka" was later widely known because of Luo Xianglin's Hakka theory and gradually became the name of the ethnic group. Many people began to accept it and called themselves Hakkas. [Source Request]. But some people don't like this term. In Taiwan Province Province, the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese occupation period distinguished the ancestors of Guangdong and Fujian, and listed the Hakka people in Fujian as "Fujian citizens".

[Editor] The Six Central Plains Migration Theories integrate the genealogy statistics of Han nationality (including Hakkas) at home and abroad (including Malaysia and the United States) [1], and there are six migration periods: (See Note 2 for other statements)

The first time was when Qin Shihuang unified the whole country: in order to consolidate the newly acquired southern territory (Nanyue country), Qin Shihuang sent a large number of soldiers and civilians to northern Guangdong (northern Nanyue country). Later generations called Beijiang Hakka.

The second time in Yongjia period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: Han people from Shanxi, Hebei and Henan successively crossed the Yellow River, crossed the Yangtze River from Anhui and passed through the northwest of Jiangxi;

For the third time, in the Tang Dynasty, Nuozonggan was in office for two years: because of the Huang Chao Rebellion, the residents of northern Jiangxi moved to western Jiangxi, western Fujian (western Fujian) and southern Fujian (southern Fujian), eastern Guangdong (eastern Guangdong) and northern Guangdong (northern Guangdong);

The fourth time was at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty: this was a crucial period for Hakkas to move south to Guangdong. As the Mongolian army went south, the Hakka ancestors in Jiangxi and Fujian entered eastern Guangdong (east) and northern Guangdong (north) with the defeated Song royal family.

The fifth time was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties: due to the policy of filling Sichuan with Huguang, some Hakkas in Guangdong and Fujian moved to Sichuan and Chongqing; Especially Chongqing in the east of Sichuan.

The sixth time was in the middle of Qing Dynasty: the shortage of land in Guangdong Hakka area became more and more serious, and a large number of Hakkas immigrated to Nanyang and Taiwan Province Province.

Hakka culture refers to the culture created by Hakka people in Asia, including Hakka dialects, opera music, dance, crafts, folk customs, architecture, humanities, food and so on. Hakka culture originated from Heluo culture in the Tang and Song Dynasties and the Central Plains culture preserved when the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved south, and absorbed Miao, Yao and She cultures, and merged with Nanyue culture originated in Guangdong. The Hakka people in southern Jiangxi merged Wu culture and Chu culture, and combined with the environmental influence of living in hilly areas for a long time, formed a unique Hakka culture. Hakka people of different branches have different cultural characteristics. Hakkas are also called "people on the mountain". Its cultural characteristics are: conservative, steady and thrifty.

The traditional costume of Hakka is "wearing a long row of buttons on the top and trousers on the bottom", which not only retains the characteristics of wide and right clothes in the Central Plains, but also incorporates the characteristics of short and narrow clothes of many local ethnic minorities. In order to adapt to working in hilly and mountainous areas for a long time, tops and trousers are made loose and fat. Hakka trousers are characterized by deep crotch and wide trousers, and the waist must be folded several times before they can be fastened. Dajing, a common dye plant from hilly areas, gives people an elegant and serious overall impression, just like its calm and secluded nationality, forming a Hakka costume different from traditional Hanfu, which can be recognized at a glance. Usually Hakka clothes, the top is a "big chest shirt", and the right side is inclined down. Men's clothes generally have cloth buttons and pay attention to copper buttons; The neckline and side feet of women's wear are decorated with rolling ornaments, and the cuffs and trousers are decorated with lace, which is deeply influenced by southern ethnic groups. According to reports, Yao people "still have patterns embroidered on the edge of their collars". In addition, Hakka women wear silver bun and head handkerchief, which are from the customs of Guyue and She nationality respectively.