Analyzing the Relationship between Traditional Houses and Geographic Environment in Huining‖ by Ma Zelong

Abstract Abstract: Folk residence architecture is an important material carrier of vernacular culture, which is created by the working people and craftsmen in the process of constantly transforming building materials and accumulating technical experience, as the constructive form of people's residence, it is affected and constrained by the natural and humanistic environment of a certain region, and it can also most intuitively reflect the local natural resources, environmental conditions, and the level of development of the economy and life as well as the architectural craft technology. The article tries to analyze its relationship with the geographic environment from the typical form of soil fortress and Zhuangxue compound in the traditional residential architecture of Huining, as well as the material selection and architectural form of soil kiln and "Yipo Shui" style house.

Keywords: Huining folk houses, vernacular culture ? Geographical ? Geographic environment

Huining is located in the Longzhong Loess Plateau hilly gully area, the territory of the rolling round hills, gullies and ravines, the climate is dry and rainy, but the summer precipitation is concentrated, the vegetation is sparse, the forest is scarce, and the history of the world is known as "bitter A world" and famous. Such a harsh natural environment, profoundly affects and restricts the site selection, material selection, spatial layout and construction technology of the traditional houses in Huining, coupled with the inconvenience of transportation, the external material is difficult to transport, people can only tend to avoid harm by choosing a variety of favorable topography, climate, water and other natural environmental factors and the availability of loess resources, the limited forest materials, etc. and the corresponding local construction technology combined with the way, creating a suitable for people to survive. Created a suitable for people to survive in the form of earth fortress, Zhuangkuo compound and constructed a suitable for living in the earth kiln, "a slope of water" type of housing construction form, formed with a rich vernacular Huining and local style of traditional residential architecture.

I, earth fort

The late Qing Dynasty Republican period, the Huining conflagration for years, banditry, the local rich gentry for self-protection, called the villagers in the dangerous place to build a collective military defense function, living facilities relatively complete fortress closed estate, which is the social history of the earth fortress and the regional cultural background. Fort with the collective defense function of the townspeople called "official fort", around the excavation of the fortress trench, built by the family, divided into several yards, a household a yard; only the rich squires living in their own manor nature of the fort is called the "family fort", within the set of several yards, through the halls and corridors, interconnecting The Fort, there are also a single house. Huining mountains and rivers are dotted with earth fort, tall and majestic, thick walls, more than building on top of the mountain or high passes in a dangerous place, most of its architectural form is square, there are also built according to the local conditions of the round, crescent-shaped and irregularly shaped. The earth fort construction using wear rope pull wooden rafters or wooden boards to catch the soil, stone mortar and pestle tamping "version of the building method" to build walls, high walls built a little wall, the four corners of the construction of the corner of the building (or fort pier) of the platform, which has the observation and observation, defense and shooting functions. In the Cold War era, the earth fort indeed played a protection of the people, the defense of banditry barrier protection function, however, the arrival of the firearms era, the earth fort completely slackened its defensive function, full of wind and rain erosion, has been a broken wall, and now can only be reduced to the symbols of historical and cultural relics, or can develop its nostalgic cultural landscape of tourism value.

Two, Zhuang arena

Huining Zhuang arena compound form belongs to the closed courtyard manor, commonly known as "Zhuang", with anti-bandit and anti-theft, to protect the family's life and property, is the evolution of the evolution of the form of earth fortress miniaturization, a household, a courtyard, a distinctive feeling of the countryside. Zhuang are mostly chosen in the terrain more flat, near the water, sunny place. When choosing the base, first ask Mr. Feng Shui to investigate, by compass positioning is called "under the needle", according to the master's birthdate and mountain veins to determine the residential orientation and seat to, and then choose an auspicious day to break the ground to play the Zhuang building. Zhuang arena courtyard wall by the rope pull rafter mold built viscous loess, with a mortar and pestle tamping, and then unload the lowest rafter mold, move to the top to re-fix, and so on and so forth using the "version of the building technology" tamping courtyard wall to the required height, and then in the courtyard wall patted into a round cap soil, and finally chose the right time and auspicious location, the completion of the wall of the Zhuang ceremony that is "Hop Long Hau".

Zhuang into, according to the feng shui Mr. selected the direction of the ceremony to open the courtyard door, through the water eye. Zhuang are mostly square or rectangular, but also due to the terrain is not bound by the specifications. The layout of the house has a courtyard, triple courtyard and three forms of two-sided houses, reflecting the Huining people's traditional long Zun orderly, upright and generous ideas and the principles of yin and yang and five elements doctrine. Due to the limitations of the economic level, the Huining people live in a majority of triad houses, three sides of the house, a wall, the plane was "concave" shape, for the non-standardized quadrangle. The side of the back of the mountain facing the water for the main building - the upper room, for the elders to live in, and do ancestor worship, hospitality, rituals, higher than other houses, the steps are also high, more for the three steps; on the opposite side of the upper room to build more gardens or construction of the lower room, sunny side of the building for the compartment and the grain silo, the side of the slope of the building for more kitchens and mills, courtyard in the middle for the Courtyard, some corners of the manor house also built ear room (corner room), used to store agricultural sundries, etc.; some ear room (grass-roots level is mostly whether the soil hoop kiln, the top cushion is flat) on the high platform to build a high room with the function of observation, observation, early warning; manor house and the gate between the gate, and some also built the "crescent moon gate" and "over the hall", outside the gate is called "the gate", and the gate is called "the gate". ", outside the gate is called "two yards", there are animal pens, latrines and vegetable gardens, orchards, wheat farms, etc. connected by a low wall, called the "outer yard wall" or "Luoluan "

Three of them are the same.

Three, earth kiln (cliff kiln and hoop kiln)

Before liberation, the people of huining general poverty, the long period of residential construction is mainly earth kiln, earth kiln cliff (ái) kiln and hoop kiln two architectural formations, has the advantage of easy work, cheap, warm in winter and cool in summer, but the interior is relatively dark, poor seismic performance. Earth kiln is Huining mountainous areas of inconvenient transportation, timber scarcity, the pioneers on the ground creative use of loess resources of the building methods, the formation of the ancient Huining, pale loess cultural landscape.

Cliff kiln belongs to the continuation and evolution of the primitive ancestors "cave type" residence, the use of loess vertical uprightness and strong pressure, the poor more in the soil layer of deep cliffs or high ridges dug under the kiln, and then and the fine mud (powdered grass mud) wrapped light cave wall, standing door pan kang, etc. for a simple construction, as a shelter from the wind and rain, preventing the group of pests. It was used as a shelter from the wind and rain, and as a protection against pests. Nowadays, they have been abandoned and are mostly used for storing agricultural tools, adding kang materials, and raising livestock.

? Hoop kiln is a further development of the kiln shelter, in a good kiln foundation (loess rammed half of the thick earth wall) above, please kiln makers with whether and acid mud (coarse grass mud) wall hoops kiln, install the door and windows (mostly simple single door and single window), pan kang open a little eye, kiln wall and sweet mud (pure soil mud) wipe light, kiln roof mat grass on the mud, in order to facilitate the dredging of rainwater, hoop kiln has a warm in winter and cool in summer, ventilation and air permeability characteristics. There are usually several hoop kilns in the Zhuangwon. The upper kiln, where the elders live and entertain guests, is taller than the other kilns and has a wider kang; the lower kiln, where the elders live or store grain, is usually used; and there are also the mill kiln, the kitchen kiln, and the high room kiln. With the development and changes of the times, the architectural form of the kilns that lasted for thousands of years has completely collapsed or even become extinct, receding into the memory of history, which is no longer common.

Four, "a slope of water" type house (adobe houses and brick structures of brick and wood structure)

Due to economic and transportation constraints, the lack of building materials and the traditional psychological factors of construction, the traditional houses of Huining are all "a slope of water" type house, that is, a single slope of the roof, commonly known as the "one slope of water" type house. The traditional houses in Huining are all of the "Yishui" type, i.e. single-slope roofs, commonly known as "Yishui", with earth walls, adobe, masonry, wooden rafters, wooden purlins, green tiles, etc. as the basic materials, which form the adobe houses of the adobe structure or the brick houses of the brick and wooden structure, with the features of strong hydraulic properties, good lighting and warmth preservation, air ventilation, and spaciousness and brightness. In order to build a house, an auspicious day must be chosen for groundbreaking, wood erection, beams, doors, and stoves. The walls of an adobe house are made of whether or not to build with acid mud, while the walls of a brick house are partially or completely made of bricks and cement. Roof structures include the "flat beam and full rafter" - "one beam, two rafters and one gable" style and the "slanting beam and rolling rafter" style. --Four purlins or six purlins with four or three hanging rafters and one eaves and water" type, and the beams on the standing timber must be "Liang Ji" - "A certain year of A.D.". -"A.D. a certain year year c Shen lunar calendar a certain day at an auspicious time on the pillar on the beam great luck", beam coupling "the left blue dragon hold fixed jade columns, the right white tiger hold up the gold beams", the crossword "lucky star high light! ".

The rich families have high walls and deep courtyards, double doors, brick gate towers, ridge overhanging the corner, door plaque inscribed with the words "cultivation and reading first"; the house is longitudinal, mostly pine rafters and pine purlins, brick and wood structure, four doors and eight windows of the "deep eaves room", with two pillars under the eaves (pillars), spacious eaves gallery; brick carvings, and the "Jade Pillar". Eaves and corridors are spacious; brick carvings and wood carvings are more delicate, more "Fortune, Luck, Longevity and Happiness", "Zither, Chess, Painting and Calligraphy" and "Flowers, Plants, Birds and Animals" and other decorations. Ordinary people are simple premises, the gate is mostly a single door, simple structure, whether or not or brick; houses are mostly Yang rafters and purlins, soil and wood structure, double doors and four windows of the "eaves room", there are also poor people neither "hold in the mouth" and neither "fly head". There are also some poor families who have neither "holding mouth" nor "flying head", single-door, single-window simple houses with mixed wood rafters and purlins. Roofs are all seat ridge tiles, the upper room of the family can be up the ridge tiles beast. Traditionally, the rafter room "generation line" is greater than the rolling rafter room, so if the compartment with hanging rafters can only be used in the upper room with hanging rafters, otherwise there is a violation of the "small pressure on the big" suspected; rolling rafters on the opposite side of the room can not be used in the lower room with hanging rafters, or else there is a violation of the "random arrows Shooting Lord" taboo. This architectural form is the Huining people generations of long-term adaptation to the regional environment accumulated psychological experience, cohesion of the Huining traditional way of life and behavioral norms.

? It can be seen, subject to natural resources, environmental constraints and socio-economic conditions of the constraints, Huining residential cultural landscape of the regional characteristics of significant, loess cultural connotation is profound. Huining people make use of the local rich loess resources and human resources, take the traditional artificial tamping raw soil "plate building method", built up the high wall of the courtyard of the earth fort and Zhuangxue; take the traditional artificial tamping "whether" way to build the hoop kiln and the "Yipo Shui". The main wall of the "Yipo Shui" style houses is built by traditional manual ramming method, and the limited local elm, poplar and willow trees are used for rafters and purlins of the houses, as well as for making doors and windows. Therefore, the loose and airy, strong viscous loess and limited forests are the natural geographic conditions and material basis for the formation of Huining residential compound forms and architectural forms.

In recent years, with the development of rural economic and living standards in the countryside of Huining and the improvement of transportation conditions, gradually breaking the geographical restrictions and social conditions of the constraints of the construction of important wood, brick and tile and other sources of materials and transportation is no longer a problem, so the emergence of the "two slopes of water," the type of brick and wood structure of the house building forms As a result, the "two slopes of water" type of brick and wood structure and the brick-concrete structure of various types of housing construction have appeared, which pay more attention to the practicality and comfort of the houses. The traditional brick carving and wood carving elements, architectural forms and their craftsmanship have gradually receded or even died out, and the new architectural forms and styles have also changed greatly.