Human Geography of India

India's economy is dominated by traditional farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, modern industry, and its supporting industries. A quarter of the country's population remains unsatisfied. India has relatively abundant foreign currency reserves and the Indian currency exchange rate is stable. India's software industry ranks among the top in the world. It has formed an industrial system of considerable scale, with both light and heavy industries being more developed. Nuclear energy and aerospace are taking shape, and the information industry is booming. The main industries are chemical, metallurgy, power, petrochemical, textile, food and so on.

In recent years, India's textile, food, precision instruments, automobiles, software manufacturing, aviation and space and other emerging industries are developing rapidly.

Industry is highly concentrated in a few large coastal cities. Mumbai, Calcutta and Ahmedabad are the only three states that account for more than 70% of the country's industrial output. The over-concentration of industry has improved in recent years. At present, India can be divided into five more important industrial regions.

(1) Calcutta as the center of the industrial zone. This is the country's earliest formation of industrial areas, in recent decades there has been a slight decline. It now accounts for only 1/10th of the country's industrial output. jute spinning and machinery are the two major industrial sectors in this zone.

(2) Mumbai - Pune as the center of the industrial zone. Industrial output accounted for 1/6 of the country, has been significantly ahead of other industrial zones. Cotton spinning industry has long been dominant, accounting for 30% of the country. In addition, machinery, chemicals, oil refining and other sectors have a prominent position in the country, has become a multi-sectoral integrated industrial base.

(3) The industrial area centered on Ahmedabad. Surrounded by India's major cotton and oilseed producing areas. It is dominated by traditional industries, with the cotton textile and oilseed industries leading the country, and the cement and chemical sectors prominent.

(4) The industrial area centered on Madras-Bangalore. This is the fastest growing industrial zone and is close in size to the Kolkata district. The district has a concentration of industrial sectors such as power, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, oil refining and a range of new industrial sectors such as aeronautics, electronics and electrical machinery.

Bangalore is an emerging scientific city, high-tech and information industry is developing rapidly, "technology capital", "Silicon Valley of South Asia" and "India's information technology industry, Mecca It is also known as the "Mecca of India's information technology industry" and the "Silicon Valley of South Asia".

(5) Nagpur as the center of the industrial zone. This is the 1950s development of heavy industry, India's "Ruhr Area". It is close to the main coal-producing areas, coal and iron and steel production accounted for 3/4 of the country, electricity, heavy machinery, chemicals, non-metallic products and other prominent position, is an important heavy industrial base in the interior.

Agriculture as India's most basic economic sector, the agricultural population still accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total population, agricultural output value accounted for more than two-thirds of the total value of industrial and agricultural output, accounting for more than one-third of the country's total export value. Rural population quality is not high, agricultural production technology (including agricultural cultivation technology and agricultural mechanization technology) is relatively backward. Agricultural by-product processing technology is relatively backward.

The arable land area is wide, the terrain is flat, the soil is fertile, the climate is warm, and it is the largest arable land area in Asia. The climate is diverse and there are differences in the terrain, which is conducive to the cultivation of a wide range of crops.

If compared with other developing countries, especially considering the favorable natural conditions that India has, the pace of agricultural development is still slow and the level of agricultural production is low.

(1) Backward production technology. At present, India's agricultural production is still basically manual labor, pulling oxen is the main power.

(2) irrational land use, high colonization index and low replanting index. India's settlement index is as high as 56.7%, more than most countries in the world, but because of irrational use, resulting in the exhaustion of land, a large number of arable land abandoned for leisure. India's abundant water and heat resources, crops can basically grow all year round, but so far most of the arable land is only spring and fall planting two kinds of low proportion of summer planting, the overall replanting index is low.

(3) Low yield level. Except for tea, all other major crops are below the world's average yield level, of which cotton is only two-fifths of the world's average yield, less than one-third of the maize, and the milk production of cattle is only one-fourth of the world's average.

India has many types of crops, including peanuts, cotton, sugarcane, sesame, sorghum, jute, red hemp, etc., the area under cultivation of the world's first, tea, rice, oilseed rape, etc., second, but most of the yields are not high, so its total output in the world is far less prominent than the area under cultivation.

Rice: distributed in the northeast and coastal areas of the peninsula with more precipitation (requiring more water).

Wheat, sugarcane: Gangetic plains, northwest India (drought tolerant, with access to irrigation water).

Cotton: NW Deccan Plateau (gentle undulations, less precipitation).

Jute: Ganges Delta, world's first (low relief).

Tea: slopes on both sides of the Brahmaputra (with well-drained low slopes).

Population next to China, 1,027 million (March 1, 2001 census), may surpass China by mid-century. India's rapidly growing population is sure to be an obstacle to its economic development in the future, with the second largest population in the world. India is a country of many ethnic groups, religions and cultures, and is the world's "best preserved" museum of ethnicity, religion and language. There are 10 major ethnic groups and many minor ethnic groups, of which 46.3% are Hindustani. Hindi and English are the official languages of the country. 83% of the inhabitants follow Hinduism, followed by Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.

Transportation: Railway is the largest state sector, but also the main means of transportation, the total length of Asia's first, the world's fourth. In recent years, road transportation has developed rapidly, has undertaken 60% of the country's freight traffic, one of the world's largest highway network.

Maritime transportation capacity ranks 18th in the world. Mumbai is the largest port in the country, 1/5 of the maritime transportation and 1/2 of the container transportation passes through here; other important seaports are Calcutta, Madras, Cochin, Goa and so on.

Air transportation is routed to major cities on all continents. There are five international airports in the country - Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras and Trivandrum.

New Delhi is the capital city of India, with a population of about 15 million, located in the north of India, east of the Yamuna River, northeast of the old city of Delhi (Shahjahanabad), is the political, economic and cultural center of the country. It is the political, economic and cultural center of the country. It is also the center of India's railroad and air traffic. It is also the center of tourism in the country, with many places of interest, among which the famous ones are: Mahatma Gandhi's Tomb, India Gate, Red Fort, Qutub Ghats and so on.

Mumbai bordering the Arabian Sea, is a natural harbor, is India's first major city, the country's industrial and commercial, financial center, the western railroad and air hub, an area of 603 square kilometers, a population of 17 million. Located in the western part of India, bordering the gateway known as the western part of India, is also an important base of the Indian Navy, in India's political, economic, financial, military, cultural aspects have an important position. It is also one of the centers of the Indian film production industry, known as the "film city" location base is quite famous.

Kolkata, with a population of 10.86 million, is located on the banks of the Hooghly River, a tributary of the lower Ganges, 138.4 kilometers from the Bay of Bengal. India's second largest city, is the largest port and railroad in eastern India, aviation hub, in India's industry and commerce, finance, culture and other aspects of an important position. Known as the world's largest jute processing center.

Chennai (formerly known as Madras) has a population of about 5.36 million. It east frequency of the Bay of Bengal, is India's largest artificial port, sea, air, railroads and highways are very convenient, was made the gateway to southern India. It is also the tourist center of South India.

Hyderabad - covers an area of 298.5 square kilometers and has a population of about 4.27 million. The city actually consists of two cities Hyderabad and Secunderabad. It is located on the Deccan Plateau and is a major north-south transportation route in India and an advanced flight training base for the Indian Air Force.

Bangalore Located in southern India, Bangalore is the sixth largest city in India with a population of 5.2 million. The city has a neat urban planning, many parks in the city, elegant scenery, known as the "Garden City". It is an emerging scientific city, the rapid development of high-tech and information technology industry, "Science and Technology Capital", "Silicon Valley of South Asia" and "Mecca of India's information technology industry" and so on.