What are the typical North American housing styles?

North America is vast and sparsely populated. In the early days, it was mostly virgin forest, and only indigenous people cultivated and hunted here. Later, with the opening of new air routes, European immigrants arrived in North America to develop forests and build wooden houses. Most of them are mainly forestry, mining and fisheries. Because North America is rich in wood and land, most houses are made of wood structure and wood maintenance materials, mainly single-storey, 3/2-storey and 2-storey, and there are large green spaces around the houses.

In modern times, with the increase of population, the land becomes more and more compact. In urban areas or suburbs, group-style residential groups have been developed, some apartments have been built, and at the same time, they have begun to develop into space.

The winter climate in North America is cold, but due to the influence of the sea on three sides and the ocean monsoon, the winter temperature in some coastal areas is generally higher than zero. Because it is not hot in summer, the residential design mainly considers the thermal insulation measures in winter. The main room faces the sun, reducing the window area facing north, and adopting double glass.

North America has beautiful natural scenery and rich products. People love nature and pay attention to ecological balance. Planting all kinds of flowers and trees around the house, the environment is fresh, people are used to changing shoes in the house, and there is a shoe changing place and wardrobe at the door of the house. North Americans love activities, and Otawa's family go out together on weekends.

North Americans are very practical, so they pay attention to convenience and energy saving in residential design. When choosing a site, choose places with better natural environment and human environment.

A house usually has a garage and two parking spaces, which are used as storage rooms and workshops. Some garages are semi-open.

The owner's clothes are used to hanging, so there are many wardrobes in the room, even in the lobby and bathroom. Kitchen and bathroom baths are highly commercialized, and houses are generally perfect when they are built and sold.

Many houses in North America follow the old-fashioned fireplace form. Because the fireplace can create a warm atmosphere, there are still many houses decorated with it, and more gas or electric heating equipment is used to imitate the burning form of charcoal in the furnace.

The tradition of North American architecture is to use local materials, mostly using wood structure, wood decoration and concrete foundation. There are three kinds of roofing waterproof materials: linoleum tile, wood tile and pottery tile. The linoleum tile is rich in color and light in weight, which can reduce the structural load, so it is widely used, generally 10- 15 years. There are four kinds of exterior wall decoration materials: brick, stone, gypsum and wood board, of which stone is the most expensive. Because the local environment is clean, the exterior decoration can keep bright colors for a long time.

The interior wall of the house is plasterboard, and the surface is painted or pasted with wallpaper. In order to obtain good sound insulation effect, sound insulation materials are added to the floor and partition wall. Carpets are laid on indoor floors, and parquet floors are also used. Toilets and kitchens are paved with plastic tiles or tiles.

Residential energy uses electricity and gas, with electricity as the main energy source. Cooking stoves, washing, heating, washing and drying all use electric heating. There is a small boiler room at home, which is connected with Otawa laundry room. In order to save electricity for heating in winter, the windows in the bedroom and the north house are small in area, and the doors and windows are mostly double-glazed with sealing strips embedded around them. Structural cracks in walls, ceilings and floors are also blocked to prevent indoor hot air from entering the structure and forming condensed water, which also saves energy.

Most modern houses also use ventilation or air conditioning systems to update indoor air and control room temperature. Some houses have installed electric heating systems on the floor to create a comfortable winter environment.

Located in the beautiful environment where flowers are in full bloom, the shape of North American houses is very exquisite. Due to the historical tradition of European adherents, it has brought rich and colorful architectural forms to North America. Generally speaking, it can be divided into seven forms: Cape Cod, Tudor, Georgian, Spanish, early colonial, French and modern.

Cape Cod Style Cape Cod is a hooked peninsula in Barnstable County, southern Massachusetts, USA. This is a sandy peninsula formed by glaciers. It stretches into the Atlantic Ocean 105km, with a width of 1.6 ~ 32km, bounded by Cape Cod Bay in the north and west, Bazaar Bay in the west, and Wynyard and South Tackett Strait in the south. The 28km-long Cape Cod Canal runs through the bottom of the peninsula, separating the peninsula from the mainland, shortening the shipping distance between new york and Boston by over120km, and forming a part of the Atlantic coastal waterway.

The house is compact and easy to build, maintain and transform. In the first half of the 20th century, it was the most common residential form in the United States. Now, a one-and-a-half-story residence is still a common form for retirees and ordinary villas. The traditional bedroom was located on the first floor, and later the bedroom and bathroom were added upstairs. The exterior decoration is white wooden walls and wooden shutters, the eaves are not decorated, and the chimneys are often highlighted with red bricks (now diversified).

Tudor style evolved from English houses in15-16th century. It was originally built for wealthy families, and later it was widely adopted. It is characterized by prominent cross-skeleton gables, two or three large brick and stone chimneys, and decorative modeling. The wall is made of masonry, plastering and other materials. I like to use bay windows, which are made up of long and narrow window sashes. Double suspended windows or prismatic windows are also common. The entrance is arched with stones. The semi-wooden wall shape that used to be consistent with the structural skeleton has now become a pure decoration.

This style was named after its popularity during the Tudor Dynasty in England. During this period, large-scale religious building activities stopped, and new noble began to build comfortable mansions. In this case, Tudor style, which mixed traditional Gothic and Renaissance styles, came into being. Tudor-style mansion is a complex building with crenels and towers, which belongs to Gothic style. But its composition is prominent in the middle and symmetrical on both sides, which is already a Renaissance style. During this period, there were also many semi-wood (or exposed wood) houses for well-off families to live in. The interior and exterior walls of this house are all wooden frames, and bricks or gypsum are filled between the frames. The wood painted dark contrasts sharply with the light-colored walls, and the roof has steep double-sided slopes. This kind of house has distinctive national characteristics and is often concerned by tourists. In the history of British art, people like to name modern art styles after dynasties or kings. In addition to the Tudor style mentioned above, there are James style, Georgian style and Victorian style.

This George-style form was introduced to the United States during the George Dynasty in England 300 years ago and became a symbol of the glory of the emerging middle class. This is a regular and symmetrical facade treatment with a simple appearance. Doors and windows are arranged according to the bay, and generally five bays are used. Thick chimneys are essential for immigrants to keep warm, and at least they can provide a big fireplace.

The early Georgian buildings in New England mostly used beam-column structure and were decorated with large slabs. Later, brick walls with waist ornaments were used between the first and second floors. At the top of the outer wall, teeth are often connected to the eaves. Tiger window with gable headdress on the top of the slope, the window is multi-grid double window, there were white window sashes in colonial period, but it is not necessarily set now. The entrance is reinforced with pilasters and hills, and the lighting windows are embedded on both sides or upper part of the door.

Spanish style this is a layout that fully considers the sun. Its style is unpretentious, with a gently sloping roof, a symmetrical facade, white (or pale yellow, rose) stucco arches and arcades. The red tile roof is an important symbol of Spanish style. Nowadays, traditional heavy tiles are replaced by lightweight composite materials, including semi-cylindrical and S-shaped tiles.

Spanish architecture pays attention to the combination of indoor and outdoor, with abundant outdoor venues, such as courtyards, balconies, platforms (outdoor dining places) and fountains. Spanish style also likes to use cast iron railings and panes, or cast iron arcades. The entrance is a wooden door decorated with stones or bricks. Decorative chimney tops and sometimes tile roofs are used to enhance their effect.

Early colonial style Life in the early colonial period was hard, and snow and cold were the main problems in building houses. American immigrants did not live in primitive cabins in Massachusetts and Virginia, but adapted to the new environment with their familiar British architectural techniques, adopting beam-column structures and square box houses, only one of which was deepened (later expanded); Steep slopes and gables, shingles, with a huge chimney in the middle; Pick the upper floor, which is a tradition from Britain, often on the street side to cover the lower streets; The wooden door has been carefully designed and processed, and the diamond lattice window has a small opening in the early stage, and then gradually expanded. The early external walls were all vertical wooden boards, which were quickly changed to horizontal ones, and brick walls were more common in the south.

During the colonial period, heating and cooking around the stove were the only ways. In the17th century, the kitchen has completely become the center of the family. A constant-burning stove and a cooking stove make the kitchen a variety of functional areas of rural families-warm and comfortable restaurants, studios and meeting places. Now Sutter bocks also arranges the kitchen in the middle and back, surrounded by big rooms or spaces.

French-style French-style houses have a long and glorious history in the United States. From the immigration period of18th century to the popularity of19th century in the 1920s and 1930s, it stagnated for a period of time, and prospered again in the 1970s, and it still maintains vigorous vitality until now. Of course, due to the development of the times, there are more and more styles, but some characteristics of French houses are still preserved: sloping roofs, brick walls, arched doors and windows and tiger windows. The wings are directly connected with the main house, and some details of the George era are still preserved. The double-fold roof was created by French architect Empoli in the17th century, and this tradition remained until the 20th century. This kind of house has strong three-dimensional sense, symmetrical structure, large indoor space and more spacious. With the passage of time, although the development of French style in the United States has been delayed for a while, it has spread rapidly and become a more acceptable residential style for North Americans.

Modern Style In the 1950s, architects began to seek an architectural style that deviated from the traditional American style. They changed the elaborate architectural details in the past and adopted smooth lines. Most of them are single-storey houses, but there are also houses with one and a half floors, two floors and multiple floors. There are both sloping roofs and flat roofs. The combination of architectural design and environmental planning makes the outdoor and indoor penetrate each other.

Modernist architecture is characterized by simplicity and avoidance of traditional decoration. The form of large overhangs was initiated by architects such as Wright in the 1920s and became one of the favorite forms adopted by modernists. In some houses, beams have both structural and decorative functions, sometimes purely decorative.

Modernists often use one or more gables to hang or cross the roof of the main gables, or misplace gables, coupled with the change of long and short slopes, which makes the architectural modeling combination varied in simplicity.

Modernists themselves use materials more flexibly, pay more attention to the combination of houses and surrounding landscapes, and strive to reduce indoor and outdoor differences. I like to use large glass windows, skylights, indoor and outdoor floors, outdoor rest, dining and so on. Modernist architects have successfully created various forms of architecture, and also changed and enriched American life.

Unique robot architecture When you see this topic, you must never think that this is a house built with robots, and don't expect this house to have the same functions as robots. As for the origin of the name, it is because the building looks like a clumsy robot. Its sponsor is the famous Thai Architects' Competition.

Zumsayi graduated from Cambridge University and returned to Thailand to start writing. During this period, he tried to reflect modernity in his works. Since the late 1970s, he has entered a new creative stage. In his own words, he is engaged in personal creation in a group of architectural jungles with no characteristics and no context. So his robot architecture came out.

So far, there are two representative works of robot architecture. One is the robot building in the new business district of Bangkok, which is a 20-story bank building with a construction area of 23,000 square meters. The design started at 1983 and was completed at 1986. Its architectural image can be known only by looking at the photos. The shape of the building gradually shrinks inward on the 4th, 8th, 12, 16 and 18 floors, forming the head, shoulders, waist and legs of the robot. There are solid walls on the east and west sides, but several large bolts are used as windows (with an outer diameter of 3.8 meters and an inner diameter of 2 meters made of glass fiber reinforced plastic), which not only shows the characteristics of the machine, but also plays an energy-saving role. There are two big eyeballs with a diameter of 6 meters on the top floor, which can be controlled by computer at night. It seems to be playing a robot symphony and winking at you kindly. It can also play the role of navigation for aircraft flying at night. Two 16.8m antennas are erected overhead, namely communication antenna and lightning rod.

If the British HSBC has built a 52-story building designed by Hi-Tech N Foster in Hong Kong with hundreds of millions of dollars, which shows its economic strength in a high-rise stone forest in Hong Kong and becomes an outstanding city image, then Zumsaye has designed a building with an investment of 1 1,000 yuan (including interior decoration and greening) for a group of emerging young bankers in Thailand in his post-Hi-Tech way. Zumsaye's second robot building, built on the outskirts of Bangkok, is called the National Building. 1 1 storey height, 7 square meters. It has not yet been completed, and the estimated investment is 3.5 million US dollars. Different from the No.1 robot, it has a white wall on its side, and the windows on it are quite like chips and circuits in a computer, indicating that the robot is similar, although it is a brother.

If you think that only buildings look like robots, you are wrong. Internal is no exception. The interior design of the building, including the works designed by Thai sculptors and the interior decoration created by six interior designers, especially the top trunking like computer interior, is a veritable robot in general!