Chinese Fisheries

China's fishery industry has entered a sustained, stable and healthy stage after a period of rapid development since the reform and opening up and the adjustments and rectifications in recent years, with the following main features:

Industrial quality has been significantly improved

Industrial structure has been further optimized, and the quality of the industry has been significantly improved. Since the reform and opening up, due to China's economic system of fisheries and price system reform, greatly mobilized the fishermen and farmers to develop the enthusiasm of production, so that China's fishery industry has embarked on a rapid development stage, aquatic product production has increased significantly since 1990 for more than a decade ranked first in the world, the development of fisheries not only to meet the demand for aquatic products, expanding exports of aquatic products, but also to adjust and optimize the structure of the agricultural industry, increasing the number of fishery products, the development of fishery industry, and the development of fishery industry. The development of fishery not only meets the demand of people for fishery products and expands the export of fishery products, but also makes an important contribution to the adjustment and optimization of the structure of agricultural industry and the increase of the income of fishermen. In recent years, with the continuous development of the industry, China's fishery economy has begun to undergo a significant change in the way of growth, from the past pure pursuit of production growth, to pay more attention to the quality and efficiency of the improvement; focus on the sustainable development of resources. In order to slow down the pressure on resources caused by the high rate of growth in marine capture production and to strategically adjust the structure of marine fisheries, the goal of "zero growth" in marine capture production has been proposed for the first time since 1999, and the goal of "negative growth" has been further proposed to strictly control the intensity of marine capture production. Since 1999, a "zero-growth" target for marine fishing production has been proposed for the first time, followed by a "negative-growth" target and a strict control system for marine fishing intensity. Since 2002, in order to mitigate the impact of the implementation of the new marine system on China's marine fisheries, the State has implemented a project for the transfer of marine fishing fishermen to other industries, and for three consecutive years, the central government has funded subsidies for fishermen to scrap their boats, guiding fishermen to reduce the number of their boats and withdraw from the marine fishing industry. In recent years, China's aquatic products production growth rate remained at about 3-4%, showing a stable development trend; of which the aquaculture production growth rate is larger. And fishing production has begun to appear a downward trend. 2002 total fish production reached 45.65 million tons, an increase of 4% over the previous year, of which 14.33 million tons of marine capture production, a decline of 22% over the previous year.

Because the country increased investment in fishing ports and fishery infrastructure construction, and in industrial policy to support, the overall quality of China's fisheries and modernization level has improved; at the same time, because of the adherence to the market-oriented, timely adjustment of the product structure and mode of production, pay close attention to the quality of the product, so that the fishery efficiency significantly improve the fishery output and fishermen's income has increased substantially.

Aquaculture quality and efficiency improved significantly

Aquaculture continues to maintain the rapid development of the situation, and the development of quality and efficiency improved significantly. At present, China's aquaculture industry has expanded from the past pursuit of aquaculture area and aquaculture production increased, shifted to pay more attention to species structure adjustment and product quality improvement. New aquaculture technology and new aquaculture varieties continue to be introduced, the field of aquaculture to further expand the scale of aquaculture of famous and special aquatic products continues to expand, factory farming, ecological and healthy aquaculture mode of rapid development, the development of deep-water net-panel aquaculture momentum, aquaculture scale, and gradually increase the degree of intensification. 2002 aquaculture area of 6,815,000 hectares, aquaculture production of 29,070,000 tons, respectively, compared to the previous year In 2002, the aquaculture area amounted to 6,815 thousand hectares, and the production amounted to 29.07 million tons, respectively 2% higher than that of the previous year.

Development quality of pelagic fishery further improved

Fishery products trade continued to grow, and the development quality of pelagic fishery further improved. In recent years, with China's accession to the WTO, China's fishery industry has integrated into the world's fishery development pattern with a more open stance. With the implementation of the national plan to reduce the ship to production and the development of preferential policies for pelagic fisheries, pelagic fisheries, especially oceanic high seas fishery has been the rapid development of the number of fishing vessels and enterprise efficiency continues to improve, more standardized management, at present, China *** more than 1,800 pelagic fishing vessels operating in the world's three oceans and the jurisdiction of more than 40 countries and regions in the sea, and at the same time, China's international trade in aquatic products in recent years has also been a rapid development, the export of advantageous aquatic products, and the development of the international trade in aquatic products. The development of international trade in aquatic products in recent years has also been rapid, advantageous export market for aquatic products has been basically formed, in addition to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and other traditional export markets, the United States, the European Union and other countries and regions of the export has also had a greater growth; the formation of the developed countries and regions are mainly in the pattern of the international market in 2002, China's foreign trade in aquatic products totaled 45.76 million tons. Trade volume of 600 million U.S. dollars of which 2.085 million tons of exports, exports of 4.69 billion U.S. dollars, aquatic products have become the fist product around the export of agricultural products, especially in the breeding of aquatic products exports; eel, prawns, shellfish, tilapia, yellow croaker, river crabs six categories of high-quality aquatic products in the international market has a higher visibility and competitiveness.

Fishery resources and ecological environmental protection efforts continue to increase

Fishery resources and ecological environmental protection efforts continue to increase. While the industry is developing, the Chinese government pays more attention to the protection of fishery resources and ecological environment, and implements a strict system of closed seasons and fishing bans, strict control of fishing intensity, and large-scale reduction of fishing vessels, which has had a positive impact on resources and ecological environment protection. Since 1995, the Chinese government has fully implemented the seasonal fishing moratorium system in the East Yellow Sea, and since 1999 has extended the moratorium to the South China Sea. At present, the seasonal fishing moratorium system has been fully implemented along the coasts of China for a period of two to three months; more than 110,000 fishing vessels and more than 1 million fishermen are involved in the moratorium; the moratorium has been in effect for nine years, and it has achieved good ecological, economic and social benefits; the breeding of fishery resources has also had a positive impact on the protection of ecological resources and the environment. The system has been in effect for nine years and has achieved good ecological, economic and social benefits; it has played an important role in the cultivation and conservation of fishery resources. Since 2002, China's Yangtze River Basin for the first time to implement a fishing ban system; in 2003, the scope of the fishing ban will be further expanded; at present, the scope of the fishing ban includes the main stream of the Yangtze River below the Jinsha River section and the main lakes connected to the river, which involves more than 50,000 fishermen, and at present, China's major lakes have also generally implemented the fishing ban system, and the duration of the fishing ban has been up to half a year, and the Qinghai Lake has implemented the ten-year lake closure since 2001, and the fishing ban system has been implemented. Qinghai Lake has been closed for ten years since 2001. Everywhere also increase the electricity, bombing, fish and other illegal ways of operation of the investigation and handling efforts to increase the protection and management of aquatic wildlife, on this basis, everywhere also actively carry out the fishery resources to increase the flow of fish and the construction of artificial reefs; on the conservation of fishery resources. Improvement of the ecological environment of fishery waters has had a positive effect.

Analysis of fishery production

Pelagic fishery production: by the pelagic fishery enterprises and production units in accordance with China's pelagic fishery project management approach to the organization of the pelagic fishing vessels (fleet) in the non-Chinese jurisdictional waters (the waters of the exclusive economic zone of a foreign country or the high seas) to capture the production of aquatic products. The fishery products caught by Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative fishing vessels are only counted as the portion that should be owned by the Chinese side according to the agreement.

In 2011, China's total output of aquatic products amounted to 56.032 million tons, an increase of 4.28% over the previous year. Among them, aquaculture production was 40,232,600 tons, up 5.08% year-on-year, while fishing production was 15,799,500 tons, up 2.32% year-on-year. The proportion of aquaculture products and fishing products was 72:28. The per capita consumption of aquatic products in China was 41.59 kilograms, an increase of 1.52 kilograms, or 3.79%, compared with the previous year.

Of the total output, 29.0805 million tons of marine products were produced, accounting for 51.90% of the total output, up 3.95% year-on-year. Among them, marine fishing production was 12,419,400 tons, an increase of 3.19% year-on-year; pelagic fishery production was 114,7, an increase of 2.81% year-on-year; and freshwater products production was 26,951,600 tons, accounting for 48.10% of the total production, an increase of 4.65% year-on-year.

Subregionally, China's current aquatic products production of more than 1 million tons of provinces and cities, including Shandong, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hubei, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui, Hainan, Hebei, Sichuan and other provinces and cities.

Shanxi Fisheries

Shanxi Province is located inland, neither vast ocean waters, nor large fishing grounds and fishing gear, the province's fisheries production is backward compared to the coastal provinces.

In 1949, the province's water conservancy construction development, Guanzhong Plain has built a lot of fish farms (state-run, private), but also the use of ponds, reservoirs, paddy fields fish farming, but the scale is not large, the output can only make the masses of the four seasons of fresh fish to eat just.

River, river, lake, pond fishery production, the most representative area in Shaanxi is the southern Shaanxi, especially Hanzhong, Ankang two areas along the Han River, the people have a long history of fish farming, fishing and rich experience.

South Shaanxi, the climate is humid and warm, rivers and lakes, is an excellent area for fish habitat. Such as the people along the Han River, every family has fishing gear, everyone will fish, fishing, catching fish. People to swimming, fishing for fun, to now catch fresh fish for guests as the most sincere.

Fishing tools: can be summarized as boats, nets, rights, hooks four categories. Boats are divided into "Lianjia boat", "fishing boat" (also known as "shuttle boat"), "old crow boat" and so on. Nets are divided into "end nets", "horn nets", "pull nets", "sticky nets" and so on. Hooks are divided into "single hook", "eagle and melon hook", "chain hook" and so on. The right is divided into "single right", "double right", "hook with the right" and so on.

Fishing methods, there are "fight, fishing, end, right, touch, fishing" and so on.

"Lianjia boat", generally one zhang eight feet (6 meters) long, six feet (2 meters) wide, "draught" a foot or so of the boat. The left and right strings are called "gangs", the bow is square (flat) shaped, the stern is "swallow-tail" shaped, with both horns pointing upward, and an oar (commonly known as "hawser") is placed on the tail to adjust the direction. In addition to the bottom of the boat, the upper deck is covered with wooden boards, and the bottom of the boards is called the "cabin". On top of the board, there is a "polygonum leaf hut" or a wooden house (about 1/2 of the total area of the boat) as a lodging place, and a stove is placed at the rear of the boat for the purpose of cooking. The whole family ate, lived, and produced on the boat, so it was called "Lianjia Boat". There were many such boats before 1949, and some of them were used by generations of ancestors to make a living by fishing. After the founding of the country, the government built housing for the fishermen, some of them divided the land into "agriculture and fisheries" and the family.

"Fishing boat", smaller than the "Lianjia boat", a boat has eight or nine feet long, more than three feet wide, on the shed, light and flexible. Generally one or two people work, that is, one person standing on the bow of the portable "horn net" or the right to observe or cast nets, pitchforks fishing; a person in the stern of the boat to support the boat with a pole. This kind of "fishing boat", mostly for young people driving; there are husband and wife two frame, there are brother and sister two driving, there are also young people a person driving the boat and casting nets. This kind of "fishing boat" is mostly for agriculture and fishery, mainly for agriculture. Farming time, husband and wife (or a person) handheld pitchfork shoulder net, laughing and joking, unloading the boat down the river; a while the boat swinging in the center of the river, a while cruising along the shore, or casting nets, or throwing pitchforks. Some people, found in front of the boat splash or waves, you can estimate how big the fish, a pitchfork fly, you can pull up fish. This "flying pitchfork hand", in the Han River a lot.

"Old Crow Boat" to two about four feet long, about a foot wide, about a foot deep rectangular "wooden bucket", and then two about four feet long wooden bars across the connection, double "bucket" about a foot apart. "more than a foot apart, forming a four-square "boat", known as the "old crow boat". This kind of boat can only be driven by one person. Fishers, legs apart, feet standing on the inner edge of the double bucket, both hands holding a Penny, can be left and right to switch the direction of the boat, can also be used as a water to catch the old crows (i.e., fish eagles) into the water. On the outer edge of the boat, standing a few (generally four to five) fish eagle. This specialized domesticated fish eagles, beak with hooks, sharp eyes, swimming fast, good at diving to catch fish. As long as there are fish found, the old crows immediately dive into the water. Not long, or a crow holding a small fish on the boat, or three or two crows lifting (gripping) a larger fish out of the water, the fish will be thrown in the boat, very interesting. When fishing, the boat drivers also keep yelling "giggle gong gong" to drive the crows into the water. In the evening when the boat or daytime rush, the boat driver shoulder bar "old crow boat" (like a burden, shoulder double bucket in the middle of the horizontal wooden bar), the old crows are standing high on the bucket, quite interesting.

"Horn net", also known as "spreading the net", woven with twine, mesh size varies, the net's coverage area also varies (now has been changed to nylon filament weaving), spread like a horn, so it is called "Horn Net So it is called "trumpet net". The most common net, the caliber of about seven feet, hanging on the side of the "iron pendant", the more on the smaller, the top with a rope for the spreading of the net in the hands. This kind of net, mostly for "fishing boats" and "beach runners" use.

"Running beach", that is, there is no fixed location of the fishermen. Southern Shaanxi people love to catch fish and shrimp, many people like to wear a straw hat on weekdays, hanging a bamboo basket, hand-held "horn net", all over the ditch, ponds, riverbanks, spreading nets to catch fish, known as "running beach".

"End net", shaped like a basket. With the old thorn rattan coiled and bent as a net gang, called "end handle", also known as "net mouth". With the twine woven mesh hanging full net gang, mesh lower end of the collection tie together called "net bottom". Grabbed the net gang end up, such as end a large bucket. This net, mostly used in ponds, ditches, back to the beach in the end of the fish, but also a shallow water fishing is the easiest tool.

"Pulling the net", also known as "stopping the river net", the mesh on the float (commonly known as "drift"), under the "pendant ", the net with a hemp rope (now the net and rope are changed to nylon thread synthesis) series. Fishing, the first end of the net rope tied to the bank of the tree or stake, stone stakes, the other end of the boat dragged to the other side of the shore, while traveling the boat and throw the mesh, so that the net to form a wall or to form an encirclement, will be the fish in the net, and then gradually narrow the encirclement, the net fish. This kind of net is mostly used in rivers and large reservoirs. When closing the net, the bystanders will take the initiative to help and pull the net together. The "pulling horn" often rises and falls as the net is pulled, and is extremely powerful and beautiful to listen to.

The "dustpan net" is a special net used by mountain farmers to catch fish in small rivers and streams. This net, mostly woven with bamboo gabions (also woven with twine), shaped like a dustpan, fishing is simple. As long as the terrain, in the mouth of the rapids (terrain for the upper high and lower low), planted a few stakes, with bamboo poles will be set up nets, dustbin mouth upward, downstream fish as long as the mouth into the dustbin, there is no possibility of return, only in the dustbin bottom circle. People often set up the net in the afternoon, the next morning to fish.

Summer and fall, the river fish like the night against the current, into the ditch, Han, streams to "swing seed" (that is, spawning). People set up nets in the second half of the night, one person guarding the net, reinforcing the net, in case the fish run away, the person called "fish judge". A person holding a "papaya hammer" (more than three feet long stick for the handle, the head of the stick mounted across a section of round wood that is the hammer), from upstream to downstream to catch the fish (i.e., with a "papaya hammer" in the water to smash), known as the "fish kid

The fish are called "fish kiddies".

"Fishing" is a common hobby of people along the Han River. Farming time, people are accustomed to or as a sideline, or for recreation; hanging fish baskets, hand-held fishing rod, wearing a straw hat or pulling a few willow (with green leaves) woven into a wicker hat to wear on the head, to go to the river, ditch, ponds, reservoirs, fishing. Even in the busy season, some people in order to improve their lives or home to guests, will also be busy, take the time to pull a few rods. Anglers, there is no lack of connoisseurs, masters, "fish scholar". Some people are "not ready net, not ready right, a fishing rod 'break into the world'". This kind of people, all mastered a set of fishing skills, as long as the fishing, there will be a harvest. Therefore, it is called "God fishing".

These "god fishing", all kinds of fish water, grass habits, appetite hobby, and when to deep fishing, when you need to shallow fishing and other research. For example, they summarize the habits of the fish as: "white wave turn (flowing water), carp lying deep beach (deep water), silver carp drilling sand, carp grass through (where there is grass)" and so on. Fish food for: "group of fish love to eat blood (such as earthworms, etc.), eels love to swallow the oil (oil bait), river carp like pasta, grass carp see food to swallow" and so on.

"Touch the fish", also known as "catching fish", is another method of fishing in southern Shaanxi people and customs. "Touching the fish", that is, without any fishing tools, bare hands underwater to catch fish. Fish toucher, mostly for entertainment, recreational purposes; caught, can enjoy the blessings of the mouth, catching does not matter. Many people are in the rest after work, go to the river, creeks, ditches, wandering, observation, specializing in stone cracks, grass to touch the fish. There are many people who have been fond of touching fish since they were young and old, and have mastered a set of methods of touching fish. Whenever summer and autumn, you in southern Shaanxi, some riverside, you will see some bare-assed children, a moment into the water, a moment to float in the water, holding up the fish touched, and the companions of the playful scene. They will touch the fish, with a thin willow string up in the grass, to play when the fun is over or when the day is late, only to carry the fish string home.

The "Han River Fishing Song" is also called "Han River Love Song". Whether it's a young man or a young woman driving a fish eagle boat, or an old man fishing, they all like to sing it. The words are catchy, funny and witty. There are songs about happy life, praising the mountains and rivers, and urging people to make progress; there are also songs expressing friendship and love. The form of the song is lively and the rhymes are fluent, just like the water of the Han River, which is clear, clear, quiet, meandering and unrestrained. It is also praised as being like a girl of the Han River basin, which is so bright and generous, beautiful and touching.

The red sunrise is colorful, the gold and silver flowers bloom all over the river, and early in the morning you can go down to the river and cast a few nets, rice, noodles, oil and salt, and the fishermen are more than happy to be there. I am so happy and happy that I fish down the river every day; when I catch fresh fish and sip wine, I sleep until five o'clock in the morning, where can I find such a life? Both sides of the mountains smile at each other, I drive a small boat with a Penny; washing sister if you want to match a, both down the river to fish, a hundred years of eternal harmony. Mountain to mountain, water to water, rootless flowers and trees will wither; do not say that I say language is not good to listen to, how can the chick and phoenix fly, do not dry quarrel! Mountain to mountain, cliff to cliff! Driving up the boat in the clouds, a pole pierced the water sky, silver flowers on the river surface open Luo. The Han River goes east to the sea, and the ducks are next to each other, although the fisherman is not talented, he is willing to be a companion for the fisherman!