Mode of Goods Transportation in International Trade

Mode of Goods Transportation in International Trade

In the transportation of goods in international trade, there are many modes of transportation involved, including sea transportation, railway transportation, air transportation, river transportation, postal transportation, road transportation, pipeline transportation, continental bridge transportation and international multimodal transportation combined with various modes. The following is the mode of international trade goods transportation that I have arranged for you. Welcome to read and browse.

I. Mode of transportation

In the transportation of goods in international trade, there are many modes of transportation involved, including sea transportation, railway transportation, air transportation, river transportation, postal transportation, road transportation, pipeline transportation, continental bridge transportation and international multimodal transportation combined with various modes. The following are some common modes of transportation in practice:

Ocean transportation (ocean transportation)

In international cargo transportation, the most widely used is sea transportation.

At present, maritime transport accounts for more than 80% of the total international cargo transport, which is widely used because of its following obvious advantages:

A. high throughput. Shipping can make use of natural waterways extending in all directions, unlike trains and cars, which are limited by tracks and highways, so the capacity is large.

B. the traffic is heavy. The transport capacity of marine vessels is much greater than that of railway transport vehicles. For example, the load capacity of a 10,000-ton ship is generally equivalent to the load capacity of 250~300 wagons.

C. low freight. From the perspective of economies of scale, due to the large volume of transportation, the voyage is RMB, and the freight is relatively low, the transportation cost allocated to each freight ton is less.

Although shipping has the above advantages, it also has some disadvantages. For example, sea transportation is greatly influenced by climate and natural conditions, and the shipping schedule is not easy to be accurate, with great risks and relatively low transportation speed.

Railway transportation (railway transportation)

Railway transportation is the main mode of transportation after sea transportation, and the import and export goods of sea transportation are mostly concentrated and dispersed by railway transportation.

Railway transportation has many advantages, generally unaffected by climatic conditions, and can ensure normal transportation throughout the year. Moreover, it is large in size, high in continuity, and may have less risk in the process of transshipment. Handling railway freight is simpler than shipping, and the consignor and consignee can handle the consignment and delivery procedures at the nearest departure station (transfer station) and destination station.

Air transport (air transport)

Air transportation is a modern mode of transportation. Compared with sea transportation and railway transportation, it has the advantages of fast transportation speed, high freight quality and no limitation of ground conditions. So it is most suitable for transporting urgently needed materials, fresh goods, precision instruments and valuables.

Road transport (road transport)

Highway transportation is a modern mode of transportation, which can not only directly import and export foreign trade goods, but also be an important means for stations, ports and airports to collect and distribute imported and exported goods.

Inland water transport

Inland river transportation is an important part of water transportation, a link between inland hinterland and coastal areas, and plays an important role in transporting and distributing import and export goods.

parcelposttransport

Parcel post transportation is a relatively simple mode of transportation. There are agreements and contracts between postal departments of various countries. Through these agreements and contracts, postal parcels of various countries can be transmitted to each other, thus forming an international postal parcel transportation network. Because international parcel transportation has international multimodal transport and? Go door to door? The nature of transportation, coupled with simple procedures and low cost, has become one of the widely used modes of transportation in international trade.

Container transport (container transport)

Container transportation is a modern and advanced transportation mode, which takes containers as transportation units and realizes the automation of cargo transportation. It can be applied to ocean transportation, railway transportation and international multimodal transport.

International multimodal transport

International multimodal transport is a comprehensive and coherent mode of transport based on container transport. Generally speaking, it combines the traditional single modes of sea, land and air with the container as the medium to form international combined transport.

Two. Shipping clauses in import and export contracts

When negotiating a transaction, the buyer and the seller must negotiate on the delivery time, place of shipment, destination, whether to ship in batches, transshipment, transshipment and other issues and conclude them in the contract. The terms of shipment are closely related to the nature of the contract and the mode of transportation.

Clearly and reasonably stipulating the terms of shipment is an important condition to ensure the smooth performance of import and export contracts.

China's import and export contracts are mostly FOB, CIF and CFR contracts (trade terms), and the goods are mostly shipped by sea, which is interpreted according to international trade practices. Under the above conditions, as long as the seller carries the goods stipulated in the contract, performs the delivery procedures at the port of shipment, obtains clean shipping documents and delivers them to all buyers or agents, the delivery obligation is completed. Therefore, the shipping terms of the above contract should include: shipping time, port of shipment, destination, whether partial shipment and transshipment are allowed, shipping notice, demurrage, dispatch terms, etc.

time of delivery

Time of shipment, also called time of shipment, is the main condition of the sales contract. If this condition is violated, the buyer has the right to cancel the contract and ask the seller to compensate for its losses.

Port of shipment and port of destination (port of shipment &; Port of destination)

The port of shipment refers to the port where the goods are shipped. The port of destination refers to the final port of discharge.

Partial shipment and transshipment

Partial shipment refers to the shipment of goods in several batches. According to the uniform customs of documentary credit, goods are shipped in multiple times on the same ship and voyage, even if different loading dates and/or different loading ports are indicated on the bill of lading, they will not be regarded as partial shipments. In bulk cargo transactions, buyers and sellers can agree on the terms of partial shipment in the contract according to factors such as delivery quantity, transportation conditions and market sales price.

Shipping advice

Shipping advice is a clause stipulated in the contract when bulk import and export goods are chartered. The purpose of this provision is to clarify the responsibilities of buyers and sellers, to urge buyers and sellers to cooperate with each other and to do a good job in the connection of goods.

Loading and unloading time, loading and unloading rate, demurrage and delivery terms (loading and unloading time &; Demurrage & Dispatch)

Loading and unloading time refers to the agreed time allowed to complete the loading and unloading task, generally expressed in days or hours.

Loading and unloading rate is the number of goods loaded and unloaded every day, generally according to the principle of normal loading and unloading speed and seeking truth from facts. The loading and unloading rate is related to the time to complete the loading and unloading task and the freight level. Loading and unloading speed should not be set too high or too low If the regulations are too high to complete the loading and unloading tasks, it shall bear the loss of demurrage; On the other hand, if the regulations are too low, although the loading and unloading tasks can be completed in advance and the ship dispatching fee can be obtained, the ship will increase the freight rate because of the low loading and unloading rate and the long time of the ship underground, resulting in the loss of the lessee.

Demurrage and dispatch

If the goods cannot be fully loaded and unloaded within the agreed allowable loading and unloading time, thus prolonging the berthing time of the ship in the port and causing economic losses to the ship, the ship shall be compensated for the losses during the delay according to the agreed daily amount. This kind of compensation is called demurrage. On the other hand, if the loading and unloading tasks are completed in advance according to the agreed loading and unloading time and speed. So that the ship saves the cost of the ship in port, and the ship gives part of its income to the charterer as a reward, which is called dispatch fee. As a rule, the dispatch fee is generally half of the demurrage fee. Demurrage and dispatch fees are usually agreed as a certain amount per day, and the part of one day is calculated in proportion.

Three. transport document

A transport document is a certificate that the carrier receives the goods and issues them to the exporter. It is an important document for handing over goods, handling claims and claims, settling payment with banks or negotiating.

In international cargo transportation, there are many kinds of transport documents, including ocean bill of lading, railway waybill, cargo receipt, air waybill and parcel post receipt. The main transport documents are briefly described as follows:

bill of lading

The ocean bill of lading is a cargo receipt issued by the ship owner or his agent to the shipper when he receives the goods he carries, and it is also the proof of the transportation contract between the carrier and the shipper. It has the effect of a title certificate in law. The consignee must submit the original bill of lading when picking up the goods at the port of destination.

Railway transport document

Railway transportation can be divided into two ways: international railway combined transport and domestic railway transportation. The former uses the international rail waybill, while the latter uses the domestic rail waybill. For the goods exported to Hong Kong and Macao by railway, the domestic railway waybill cannot be used as a proof of foreign exchange settlement, so the carrier goods are used.

A receipt is a document with a specific nature and format.

Shipping receipt

Air waybill is a contract of carriage signed by the carrier and the shipper, and it is also a receipt of goods issued by the carrier or its agent. Air waybill can also be used as the basis for receiving freight and the basic certificate for customs clearance. But the air waybill does not represent the delivery notice of the airline. In the consignee column of the air waybill, the full name and address of the consignee must be filled in detail, and it cannot be made into an indicative header.

Postal receipt

The parcel receipt is the main proof of parcel transportation. It is not only a voucher issued by the post office after receiving the sender's package, but also a voucher for the recipient to pick up the package. When the package is damaged or lost, it can also be used as the basis for claim and settlement. But the parcel receipt is not a certificate of ownership.

combined transport document

Multimodal transport document is a kind of transport document used in various transport occasions. Although this kind of transport document is similar to the through bill of lading in maritime transportation, its nature is different from that of the through bill of lading.

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