Henan Opera Culture with Unique Henan Characteristics

Henan Opera is one of the five major operas in China. It originated in Henan, China, and has been continuously inherited, reformed and innovated through Henan Bangzi. Henan opera is very popular. Because of the different pronunciations in different places, people in different places have integrated the phonetic features of different places into Henan Opera, forming different Henan Opera cultures. Want to know more about Henan Henan Opera? The following Henan culture brings you more content.

Henan Opera, which originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, was developed on the basis of popular songs (folk songs and minor tunes) in the Central Plains (Henan), and absorbed the singing arts of Beiqu Xiansuo, Shaanxi Opera and Zhou Pu Bangzi. With the deepening of research and the confirmation of a large number of materials, especially in the process of compiling Henan Volume of China Opera Records, experts from all sides conducted extensive investigation and demonstration, and came to the conclusion that the earliest birthplace of Henan Opera was in the ancient capital Kaifeng and surrounding counties. It is clearly recorded in Dream of Tokyo in Song Dynasty that there are Sangjiawazi, Beiwa and Ciliwa in Kaifeng, Tokyo in Northern Song Dynasty. Goulan tile houses are all over the city, and a Goulan shed can accommodate thousands of spectators. At that time, the large-scale drama "Mu Lian Save Mother" had been staged in Kaifeng.

During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (1736- 1795), Bangzi Opera was popular in Henan Province. According to the content recorded in the inscription at that time, the Ming Palace was the place where all classes of operas prayed for blessings, which was forgotten in the distant years, and I don't know when it was established. According to Lvyuan Li's "Qi Lu Deng" written in the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777) and "Qi Xianzhi" written in the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), Bangzi opera was popular in Kaifeng and Qixian at that time, and it was performed on the same stage as Luoxi and Juanxi, so it was called "Bangzi Opera".

During the Daoguang period (182 1- 1850), the river bank burst, the temple collapsed and there were no tiles left. It can be seen that there was a Bangzi opera in Henan before Daoguang. After the formation of Henan Opera, due to the different phonetic dialects, it has formed its own unique multi-channel genre in the process of national circulation: the singing method centered on Kaifeng is called "Xiangfu Tune"; The singing method centered on Shangqiu is called "Yudong Tune", also known as Dongdong Tune; The singing method circulating in Luoyang is called "Western Henan Tune", also known as Xifu Tune and Back Spring Tune. Sha Hetiao, also known as the local bangzi, is a popular singing method in the Shahe River Basin in southeastern Henan.

According to the memories of some old artists in the 20th century, when they were studying at around 19 12, they heard the master talk about the "ten inner places" in Henan, namely, Xiangfu (now Kaifeng), Qixian, Chenliu (now Kaifeng), Weishi, Zhongmou, Tongxu, Yifeng and Lanfeng (now merged into Lankao). According to the legend of artists, the earliest narrators of Henan Bangzi were Jiangmen people and Xumen people. Jiangmen has classes in Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, and Xumen in Ji Qinghe, east of Kaifeng. The third stratum of Kaifengfu, namely Cheng Yi stratum, public discussion stratum and public interest stratum, is said to have experienced the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1965438+February 2006 15), Hesheng Daily reported: "The Yicheng Office in the province was originally set up by Jian Qing, the general staff of People's Zhuang in Kaifeng County. Over the years, the children in Liyuan have been famous for singing everywhere. " Tianxing class, which has been performing in Kaifeng in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, was originally a class run by Fengqiu with a long history. Many famous Henan opera actors came from this class. Famous actors are Li and Yan, and other main actors are Li, Nie, Kong Xianyu, Zhang and Li Fakui.

Due to the differences of pronunciation in different places, Henan opera has formed an artistic school with regional characteristics in music. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Henan operas in Luoyang and other places mostly used the lower five tones, while those in Kaifeng and other places used the upper five tones, which formed a sharp contrast. In order to distinguish, Henan opera artists call the vocals in Luoyang and other places the Western Henan Tune (also known as Xifu Tune), and Kaifeng's vocals the Eastern Henan Tune (also known as Xiangfu Tune). After the founding of New China, Henan Opera experts subdivided the Eastern Henan Opera into Xiangfu Opera, Eastern Henan Opera and Sha Hetiao Opera.

This division has been widely recognized, that is, the auspicious sound centered on Kaifeng; Eastern Henan tune centered on Shangqiu; The western Henan transfer is centered on Luoyang; Sha Hetiao, also known as "Tubang", is popular in the Shahe region of southeast Henan. Among them, Xiangfu Tone, Shahe Tone and Eastern Henan Tone mostly adopt the upper five tones, while Western Henan Tone mostly adopts the lower five tones; Nowadays, the harmony between auspicious symbols and Sha Hetiao has declined, but the tunes in eastern and western Henan have shown tenacious vitality. During the prosperous period of Henan Opera, not only Han people, but also Hui, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Gaoshan, Jewish and other ethnic minorities engaged in Henan Opera.

Henan Opera, rooted in the Central Plains, is full of great boldness of vision, aesthetic effect of appealing to both refined and popular tastes, high-pitched, vigorous, concise and lively singing, performance style of Xian Yi, young and old, humorous and optimistic language interest, easy-to-understand Zhongzhou phonology, unpretentious, generous and noble cultural characteristics, and realistic, close to life, flesh-and-blood mass pattern. The art of Henan Opera combines ancient and modern, combines rigidity with softness, is open-minded and generous, and has the beauty of "neutralization". First of all, the singing of Henan Opera is forceful, dignified and restrained, passionate and masculine, with great emotional power. Secondly, Henan Opera has full melody, clear articulation, natural colors, flesh and blood, and is good at expressing the inner feelings of characters.

Moreover, Henan Opera has a clear and strong rhythm, sharp contradictions and conflicts, a story that begins and ends, and humorous and cheerful tunes. It is not only suitable for performing relaxed comedies, but also suitable for performing large-scale scenes of emperors and princes. The western Henan tune is euphemistic and melodious, and its singing is sad, which is very suitable for performing tragedies. In the key plots of Henan Opera, there are generally large-scale vocals, which are fluent, rhythmic and challenging. Generally speaking, the text is clear and easy to be heard by the audience. In the early stage of Henan Opera co-acting, with the increasing influence, the actors were gradually given an elegant name, such as the co-acting of Xiangfu Wuduyun, Qixian Santing and Yudong Wuganqi in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, but the co-acting of earlier actors has not been verified.

Since the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), this genre has been blowing up in China opera circles, with the name of the performer as the symbol of the genre, which indicates that the individual performance style has become a model of traditional opera circles. Drama critics, performers, playwrights and movie fans all began to comment on the artistic style of performers by genre, and "genre" became an idiom, which influenced them. There are also schools of Henan Opera, such as Pai Cheng School, Shanghai School, Changzhou School, Cui School, Ma School and Yan School. The emergence of schools is of positive significance to Henan Opera, and its performance characteristics are an important factor for the continuous development of Henan Opera.