The influence of Sun Tzu's art of war in various countries. How do countries evaluate it?

Because military theory is less restricted by national boundaries, any country can absorb excellent and

The influence of Sun Tzu's art of war in various countries. How do countries evaluate it?

Because military theory is less restricted by national boundaries, any country can absorb excellent and effective military theories from other countries and apply them to its own military practice. Therefore, The Art of War is not only widely circulated in China, but also has been attached great importance by military strategists and scholars. And across the ocean, it is widely respected and praised in many countries in the world. For the convenience of discussion, we divide Sun Tzu's influence in the world into three parts: Asian countries, European countries and American countries.

(1) Asian countries

Sun Tzu's works on the art of war spread in Asian countries, mainly Japan. During the Japanese Nara period (7 1O-784), Kibi No Asomi Makibi, a famous scholar, was sent to Tang Shi in 7 17 and came to China across the ocean. He stayed in China for eighteen years, and in 735 AD he brought back China's ancient books such as The Art of War. This is the beginning of the spread of Sun Tzu's works to Japan. According to Volume 22 of Japanese History, in the fourth year of Tianpingbaozi (AD 760), Emperor Chunren sent six officials, including Kasugabe Sanguan and Tu Su Shimi Guancheng, to Kibi No Asomi Makibi, Taizai Prefecture, Kyushu, to study military works such as Nine Places of Sun Tzu and Eight Arrays of Zhuge Liang. Since then, Sun Tzu's military theory has attracted the attention of all walks of life in Japan. In Heian period (794- 1 192), Fujiwara Sasuke collected books and compiled a Japanese bibliography. Among them, "military strategists" recorded two volumes of Sun Tzu's Art of War, written by Wu and Sun Wu; Sun's Law has three volumes, which are explained by Wei et al. It can be seen that Sun Wu's art of war books were well-known in Japan at that time, and there were many kinds of books circulating. In the Tokugawa era (1603- 1867), various annotated editions of Sun Tzu were published in Japan, which made the book Sun Tzu spread more widely. According to the records of classic visits to the ancient times, Japanese classic textual research and the bibliography of Guanhaitang, there are many versions of the Lecture Notes on the Seven Books of Wu Jing in the Song Dynasty alone. In addition, there are Liu Yin's Direct Interpretation of Seven Books of Wu Jing in Ming Dynasty, Zhao Benxue's Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Books, Huang Bangyan's Notes on Sun Tzu, and Ten Notes on Sun Tzu's Books in Sun Xingyan in Qing Dynasty. Among them, Zhao Benxue's annotation is the most popular, probably because Zhao is the teacher of the famous anti-Japanese Yu Dayou.

In addition to publishing the original text and various annotated versions of Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu's books are also widely circulated, and Japanese scholars and soldiers' annotation and research on Sun Tzu's Art of War have become a common practice, emerging one after another. There are fifty or sixty kinds of books written by the Japanese about the Art of War. The manuscript of Sun Tzu's Art of War, published in the fifth year of astronomy (1536), is entitled "Talking about Huan Cuixuan", which can be regarded as the earliest Japanese book to interpret Sun Tzu's Art of War and can be found in the ancient books catalogue of Lin Lang Pavilion in Tokyo. In the 11th year of Qing Dynasty (1600), The Sun of School Motto was published by Shuiwei and Yuanwa. Since then, Japanese annotations and research works have mushroomed and been published one after another. The famous ones are: Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Proverbs by Lin Luoshan, Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Proverbs by Amber Su Xing, Biography of Sun Tzu in Beici, Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Words by Wu Kulai, Detailed Interpretation of Sun Tzu by Ito Zide and Deputy Interpretation of Sun Tzu by Sato Zhai Yi. Also found in seven books: Seven Books of Justice by Okashigeo, Seven Books of Proverbs copied by God Tian Bai Long, etc. Among them, the annotated books by Culai and Song Yin are the most popular.

The Japanese military community's application of the art of war is particularly commendable. According to Takeru Satoh II's History of Japanese Budo, shortly after Kibi No Asomi Makibi brought Sun Tzu's Art of War back, he used the operational principles of Sun Tzu's Art of War, such as "love soldiers first", to quell a rebellion launched by Kang Cheng of Hui Mei. Fukumoto Tsunami said in the annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War: "Sun Tzu's Art of War is far-reaching, meticulous in planning and precise in technique. In ancient times, Japanese wise men would read more intensively and establish a unique military school in Japan. Wuwei is famous overseas. " Various works on ancient Japanese art of war, such as Jia Jian, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu's Secret Biography, On War, etc. Many of them originated from Sun Tzu's Art of War. Taro Aso, a famous soldier, saw wild birds flying in front of him in an offensive battle, so he remembered the famous sentence "Birds rise and fall" in the March of Sun Tzu's Art of War, and concluded that there was an enemy ambush, so he changed the attack plan and saved the day. Another famous soldier, Takeda Shingen, worships his grandson even more. He especially appreciated the four sentences in Sun Tzu's Art of War: "It's as fast as the wind, but it's as Xu Rulin, and it's like a mountain." He wrote the word "LAM Raymond volcano" on a banner and planted it in the military gate to strengthen the morale of the army.

Since modern times, Japanese military circles have become more and more enthusiastic about the application of the theory of Sun Tzu's Art of War. During the Russo-Japanese War, Tougou Heihachirou, commander of the Japanese navy, used the principle of "waiting for work and waiting for hunger" in Sun Tzu's novels to defeat the Russian navy in the naval battle against Malaysia. Sun Tzu's famous saying, "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible"; The motto of Japanese intelligence agencies in the past dynasties is "go to the army to smash the plot first, and then break off diplomatic relations." When the Japanese fought against Russia in 1904 and attacked American warships in Pearl Harbor in194/0/,their strategies of collecting intelligence and applying them to practice were all inspired by Sun Tzu's Art of War. Sun Tzu's Art of War has been widely used in Japan's foreign wars, making it a compulsory course for training officers in Japanese military academies.

The study of Sun Tzu's Art of War in modern Japan is even more complicated. The climax is repeated. Among them, the works that explain Sun Tzu's thought of being a soldier are: Sun Tzu's Art of War by Professor Sato Tetsutaro vice admiral, Sun Tzu's Art of War by Lieutenant General Toysaburo Luohe, Sun Tzu's Art of War by Captain Okamoto, the Military Academy Instructor Nana Ogawa Jinger, and Sun Tzu's Art of War by Major General Daping. As a scholar, there are many works that explain the idea of Sun Tzu's Art of War, such as A New Comment on Sun Tzu's Art of War by Ado Shunsuke, A New Note on Sun Tzu's Art of War by Otani Guangrui, Sun Tzu's Art of War Review by Kitamura Heyi, Sun Tzu's Art of War Review by Fukumoto Tsunami, and Sun Tzu's Art of War Review by Sato Kenji. Most of these works use modern war principles, military practice, philosophy and political diplomacy to explain Sun Tzu's Art of War, which is rich and novel in content and highly praised by Sun Tzu's Art of War. For example, in his book Preface, Addo Shunsuke said, "Sun Tzu is a genius, and his precision of mind and sublimity of thought are amazing, but he feels that people today are not as good as the ancients. Therefore, scholars call Sun Tzu a soldier saint, and his book is a military classic. " Nana Ogawa also commented; "Sun Tzu is the originator of eastern military science and the crown of martial arts; All kinds of art of war in the East are said to come from Sun Tzu's Art of War. " As far as his prose is simple and vigorous, it is better than the Six Classics in terms of its content. "This can be seen from the research and admiration of grandchildren in modern Japan.

In other Asian countries, such as North Korea and Vietnam, Sun Tzu's works have been circulating. According to the General History of Korea, there were seven annotated versions of Wu Jing in the 5th century A.D./Kloc-0, from Zong Yi to Shi-zu of the Li Dynasty, among which Sun Tzu's Art of War was published. 1777, North Korea issued a new issue, which was annotated by Sun Wuzi. This book is divided into three volumes. Liu Xie's "direct interpretation" is the basis of "direct interpretation" in the new issue of Seven Books of Wu Jing. Added old comments and updated them. By 1863, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Essence was published by Zhao Yishun. In Vietnam, Shi's translation of The Art of War was published in 196 1. In addition, according to Yan Lingfeng's Bibliography of Zhou, Qin, Han and Wei philosophers, Sun Tzu's Art of War was published in Manchu on 1722. 1973, another Hebrew grandson appeared in Israel.

(2) European countries

Sun Tzu's works are also widely circulated in Europe. 1772, French priest Joseph Emilio selected several famous military works of China, translated them into French and published them in Paris, entitled "Military Art of China", including Thirteen Grandsons and Five Sima Laws. This is the earliest translation of ancient China art in Europe. Because the printing is exquisite. Demand exceeds supply, and the second edition was published in 1782. By 1905, the English version of Sunzi by the Englishman Kasru appeared in Tokyo, Japan. This book was published in London on 1908, and its title is Sun Tzu's Art of War. 19 10, The Art of War-the oldest art of war in the world, retranslated by Lionel Giles, a famous British sinologist, was published in London. In the same year, the Art of War-China Martial Arts Classics translated by Bruno Navarra was published in Berlin. The Russian version of The Art of War was first published in 1860 and translated by Sreznevski. To 1957, there is a new translation of Sidorenco. The Dutch translation of Sun Tzu's Art of War was first published by Dutch Science Press in 1986. Schmidt, an English teacher from a middle school in the Netherlands, translated it from the English version of Amen Cofell in the United States. The print run of the Dutch version this time is 7000 copies. In the Netherlands, a small country with a population of/kloc-0.0 million, 7,000 copies of The Art of War in Dutch were sold out in less than three months. In addition, the German Democratic Republic, Czech Republic and Slovakia have also published new German and Czech versions of Sun Tzu's Art of War in recent years.

In European countries, The Art of War is not only widely circulated, but also has a great influence. It is said that French bourgeois politicians. Napoleon, a military strategist, often read the French translation of Sun Tzu's The Art of War to guide the war practice when he led his army to launch foreign wars. William II, who started the First World War, read the German version of Sun Tzu's The Art of War after being deposed in defeat. "Sun Tzu's Art of War and Fire Attack" said: "The Lord can't be angry and start a division, and can't fight with warmth. Taiwan Province moves for the benefit. Stop at the expense of profit. Anger can make you happy, and warmth can make you happy; The death of the country cannot be restored, and the dead cannot be resurrected. " Therefore, a wise monarch should be cautious, and a good general should be alert. This is also the way of security for the country and the whole army. When William II read this, he couldn't help sighing: "If I had read this book twenty years earlier, I wouldn't have the pain of national subjugation. "Marshal Montgomery, the famous British commander in World War II, said during his visit to China in the early 1960s:" Sun Tzu's Art of War should be listed as a compulsory course for all military academies in the world. "In fact, many western countries have already done so.

Many European scholars spoke highly of Sun Tzu and his works. Liddell hart, a famous British strategist, quoted 2 1 quotations from military strategists in front of his On Strategy, among which the first to fifteenth quotations were all from Sun Tzu's Art of War. He praised Sun Tzu's saying that "the best policy is to defeat the enemy without fighting", that is, "the strategy of achieving the goal without serious fighting"; He also used some war facts to illustrate that "there are many such examples in history." On February 5th, 1963, the British Daily Telegraph published an article entitled "China's Military Proverbs" written by Air Force Marshal John Slesso, introducing Griffith's translation of Sun Tzu's Art of War. The article praised Sun Tzu for "telling others how to fight with clear expression and concise language". Richard deacon, an Englishman, called Sun Tzu "the greatest spy master" in his recent Secret History of Japanese Intelligence Agency. Kutnov, a modern Russian scholar, called Sun Tzu a "world-class strategist" in his book The Soul of China Soldiers. 1957, the Soviet Union published the book Military Science of the Bourgeois written by Mileshi Dankun and Slobochenko, claiming that among the ancient military scientific works, "Sun Tzu's works were the earliest and the best" and "laid the foundation for ancient military science in China"; The author of Sun Tzu's Art of War "has extremely rich military knowledge" and "has extremely profound methods to study military issues".

(3) American countries

The spread of the Art of War in American countries is mainly in the United States. Sun Tzu's works there are very popular, and there are several translations. You can often hear American military experts praise the Art of War. Many Americans can skillfully say famous sentences in Sun Tzu's Art of War and use them to comment on social things. It is said that former US President Roosevelt loved Sun Tzu's Art of War very much and used it to guide the war practice in World War II. Former US Secretary of Defense McNamara also often read Sun Tzu's Art of War translated by US Marine Corps Colonel Samuel Griffin, so that some famous sayings of Sun Tzu can be seen everywhere in the US military.

Americans also attach great importance to their grandchildren. From 65438 to 0964, General Thomas of the United States Army edited the book "The Basis of Strategy", calling Sun Tzu's Art of War one of the five outstanding representative works of world military science. 1973, john collins, an American scholar and director of the Institute of Strategic Studies of National Defense University, published the book Grand Strategy. Collins pointed out in the section "Master of Strategy": "Sun Yu was the first great man to form strategic thoughts. He wrote the earliest known works of art of war in the world. His short story "Thirteen Barrels" is the first masterpiece at all times and in all countries, and even "On War" written by clausewitz 2200 years later is far behind.

Today, no one can understand the interrelationships, considerations and limitations of strategies more deeply. Most of its ideas are as valuable in our current environment as they were then. Hodges, a famous American economist, also pointed out in the section "Management in Ancient China" in his book "Enterprise Management": "The ancient people in China also made brilliant contributions to management thought. One of the most famous is the Art of War written in 500 BC. This is the oldest military work ever; However, many principles revealed in the book are still irrefutable and still have their application value. "American scholars' admiration for Sun Tzu's Art of War is evident.

What's more, Americans often use Sun Tzu's famous words to comment on government policies.

For example, a famous American critic wrote an article in the New York Herald Tribune 1965 on March 6-7, and criticized the Vietnam War policy of American President Johnson at that time with the principle of "encirclement and suppression" in Sun Tzu's Art of War. In the Report of a Soldier published in the 1970s, former US Army Chief of Staff and former commander in Vietnam, West Moran quoted Sun Tzu's aphorism more than once, and reviewed the American war in Vietnam. When former US President Ronald Reagan visited China, sexton published an article entitled "Ancient Principles Help China Win in Foreign Relations" in news daily on April 24th. 1984. The article said that President Reagan's trip to China was a victory for China people by applying the principle of "conquering the enemy without fighting", and even said that "China people manipulated the United States with Sun Tzu's art of war". Former US President Nixon's new book1999-Winning without a Fight uses the strategic thinking of Sun Tzu's art of war to analyze and forecast the world situation. All of the above shows that Americans love and are familiar with the art of war.