What are the answers to the questions on modern Chinese history?

Referring to the answer of the one upstairs summarized, I hope to help

I. What is the main background of the Western invasion of China?

1. China's feudal society from prosperity to decline (1) China's ancient splendid civilization: long history, profound, far-reaching influence (2) the characteristics of China's feudal society: out of the slave society, centralization, long time, cyclical (3) tribute trade system (4) China's world view 2. the development of world capitalism and colonial expansion (1) the social structure --Difference between East and West (2) Ideology and culture--Reformation and Renaissance (3) Politics--Britain (1640-1688 ) Victory of the bourgeois revolution and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; France: the French Revolution, 1789-1794; Napoleon's French Empire in the early 19th century; and the United States: the Revolution of Independence, 1776-1783. (4) Military - the establishment of a strong naval force. 3. Scientific and Technological Revolution and Economic Development (1) The First Scientific and Technological Revolution, also known as the "Industrial Revolution" or the "Industrial Revolution", took place between the 1860s and the early 1800s. It took place in Europe and America from the 1860s to the beginning of the 19th century. It went through three different phases represented by the invention and innovation of textile machinery, the power revolution represented by the invention of the steam engine, and the development of machinery manufacturing. (2) The scientific and technological revolution greatly contributed to the development of the productive forces of society, "The productive forces created by the bourgeoisie in its less than one hundred years of class rule are more numerous and greater than all the productive forces created in all past generations." (Ma and En, ****Productive Manifesto) . (3) The scientific and technological revolution at once advanced the capitalist manual workshops to the stage of machine mass production, and the industrial bourgeoisie was active and enterprising, endeavoring to develop the economy and foreign trade, and seeking sources of raw materials and markets for commodities.

II. What did Western aggression bring to China?

1. Changes in the nature and structure of Chinese society A. The formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society B. Bringing new ideas to China, certain changes in the social classes, which objectively pushed forward the development of China C. Changes in social contradictions: from one pair of main social contradictions to two pairs of main social contradictions (imperialism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people at large) 2. The country was not independent, the people were not free The Chinese people's two major historical tasks: A. To strive for national independence and people's liberation; B. To realize the country's wealth and the people's prosperity

Three. What is the significance of the Chinese people's anti-invasion struggle?1, in the anti-invasion struggle awakening, recognize the real face of the foreigners; anti-invasion failure: the corruption of the social system; economic and technological backwardness; awakening of the national consciousness: the master of the barbarians in order to control the barbarians, the early modernization of the idea of salvation and the revitalization of China.2, combating the aggressor's arrogance (Boxer Rebellion, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom).3, accumulated a wealth of experience in the struggle. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Hundred Days Reform and the Xinhai Revolution4, enhanced national self-confidence.

IV. What is wrong with the "farewell revolution theory"?

1. It was thought that revolution was bad and reform was better. The revolution is not good and the reform is better. It is believed that the revolution is very destructive and the reform is bloodless. The essence is to deny the justice and progress of the Chinese revolution. 2, the revolution is the inevitable result of history, is the background of the times *** with the product of the role of the revolution is justice, progress, remove obstacles to the development of China

Neglect the situation in China, contempt for historical facts. It is the ideological manifestation of historical nihilism and reformism

V. What is the relationship between the National Democratic Revolution and the modernization of China?

1. From the point of view of the two major historical missions of the Chinese people since modern times (independence of the country, liberation of the people; wealth and power of the country, prosperity of the people), only the revolution can fulfill the first major historical mission, and on the basis of this, the second major historical mission, which is to make the country economically wealthy and politically democratic. In this sense, there can be no modernization of China without a thorough democratic national revolution.2. From passive modernization to active modernization, the national democratic revolution is an important stage in the modernization of China, which has been forced into the process of modernization of the world by the Western capitalist-imperialist forces since the Opium War, and has been presented as a passive modernization. This passive modernization, controlled by the imperialist and Chinese feudal forces, has been extremely slow in its development, and has not only failed to modernize its society, but has also been unable to get rid of its situation of poverty, backwardness, beatings and humiliation. Only by overthrowing the rule of imperialism and feudalism and making the Chinese people truly the masters of their own house can they take the initiative in modernization and finally realize modernization.

VI. What were the changes in Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary ideas before and after his reign?

1. The limitations of the Xinhai Revolution's program, the "Old Three Principles of the People" (1) "Exorcise the Tartars, Restore China, Create a Republic, and Equalize Land Rights" (2) Three major doctrines of the nation, civil rights, and people's livelihood. Limitations: (1) It advocated nationalism, but did not clearly put forward the slogan of opposing imperialism and realizing national independence. On the contrary, it held unrealistic fantasies about imperialism, and fantasized that it would not directly offend imperialism, but would find a way out in the battle cry of exclusion of Manchuria. It put forward the slogan of "Revolutionary Exclusion of Manchuria", but did not regard the Manchurian rulers as the political representatives of the landlord class as a whole, and thus mixed a lot of erroneous statements of feudal Han Chinese nationalism into the anti-Manchurian propaganda, whereas pure anti-Manchurian sentiments often tended to direct people's hatred to the Manchurian aristocrat rulers, thus missing the vicious external enemy of imperialism. imperialism, the vicious external enemy, and missed the cunning internal enemy of the Han feudal forces that supported Qing rule. (2) It advocated civil rights, but did not dare to rely on the masses of workers and peasants, nor did it criticize feudalism, which had ruled China for a long time and had imprisoned people's thoughts; at the same time, in the process of propagating civil rights, the revolutionaries concentrated much of their energy on the issues of governmental systems such as the "Cabinet System" and the "Presidential System". At the same time, in the course of propagating civil rights, the revolutionaries concentrated much of their energy on the controversy over the question of the system of government such as "cabinet system" and "presidential system", and neglected the most important international question of replacing the dictatorship of the landlord class with the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. (3) It advocated the doctrine of people's livelihood, but did not dare to mobilize the masses of poor peasants to "take away the land of the rich and make it their own". It did not approve of the use of violent means to eradicate the foundations of the feudal system, and advocated the peaceful transformation of the feudal land system by means of land premiums and price rises to the public coffers. (The purpose of the revolution was "exclusion of Manchuria", not exclusion of foreigners, as they repeatedly told the imperialists, and fantasized about winning the support and sponsorship of the imperialists. In the Manifesto of the First National Congress of the Kuomintang in 1924, nationalism was interpreted in terms of anti-imperialism, nationalism was interpreted in terms of a united front and democratic alliance regime, and the program of moderation of capital and equalization of land rights in terms of "land for the cultivator" was added to the people's rights.

VII. Comparison of China's Restoration and Japan's Meiji Restoration.

Similarity: both took place in the late 19th century, both were invaded by the Western powers and the national crisis was deep, and both were reform movements of a capitalist nature.

Difference: social background: before the Meiji Restoration in Japan, feudal rule was relatively weak, and the Shogunate had become a target. And although the crisis of feudal rule in China was also very serious, the feudal power was still relatively strong due to the collusion between the feudal rulers and imperialism. Leadership: Although the Japanese bourgeoisie was still immature, the lower class samurai who transformed into bourgeoisie acted as the leaders of the Shogunate and ensured the smooth progress of the reforms in the country, whereas the Chinese reformers were weak and pinned their hopes on an emperor who had no real power. Policy measures: After the overthrow of the Shogunate in Japan, the Meiji government issued a decree to take a series of reform measures to remove the old and bring in the new, which put Japan on the road of developing capitalism. In the Hundred Days Reform in China, although the Guangxu Emperor also issued a series of edicts on political, economic, military and cultural reforms, it was impossible to implement them because the bourgeois reformist forces were not in power and the old guard was strong. International environment: The Meiji Restoration in Japan took place in the 1860s, when the world was not in the period of free competitive capitalism, and the climax of the seizure of colonies had not yet begun. Due to the concentration of Western powers on invasion of China and the Chinese people's struggle against invasion, the Meiji Restoration in Japan objectively provided a more favorable international environment. And China's Hundred Days Reform has reached the end of the 1890s, the world capitalism has been to the transition to imperialism, China has become the object of the Great Powers. At this time, the imperialist powers were not willing to let China become an independent and powerful capitalist country, and the international environment was unfavorable to the Chinese Restoration Movement. Based on these differences, the Meiji Restoration in Japan succeeded, while the Hundred Days Reform in China failed.

VIII. Why did the Chinese advanced elements choose Marxism?

1. China's historical situation: it was not possible to learn the foreigners' democratic **** and system, the bad side of capitalism: the big gap between the rich and the poor and the economic crisis.2. The proximity between Confucianism and Marxism.3. The number of the proletariat was the material basis for China's acceptance of Marxism: the expansion of the ranks of the working class in China: 1.7 million industrial workers in 1918 and 2 million in 1920.4, Leninism and the success of the Russian Revolution: inspired violent revolution 5. Objective truth of Marxism: workers-peasants alliance, League of Nations 6. Old social formations replaced by new

9. Why and how did the Chinese peasants move toward revolution?

1. Landlessness and scarcity of land for the poor peasants and other working people 2. Impoverishment tendency of the masses of peasants 3. Recognition of the important role of the peasants in the revolution by the Chinese ****anists 4. Various kinds of revolutionary mobilizations of the Party for the peasants: endogenous and exogenous

X. What was the historical significance of opening the way to the agrarian revolution?

1. The route of the agrarian revolution was the right road for the Chinese revolution at that time, which made the Chinese revolution bright and clear. 2. The significance of realizing the principle of "land for the cultivator" in the agrarian revolution: the central issue of the Chinese democratic revolution was the peasant issue, and the core of the peasant issue was the land issue. The agrarian revolution was an end in itself. Through the agrarian revolution, the revolutionary enthusiasm of the peasants was fully mobilized, and it also provided valuable experience, both positive and negative, for the subsequent agrarian revolution itself. 3. The significance of "guerrilla warfare" in the experience of armed struggle for the subsequent revolutionary wars. 4. The construction of "soviets" in the agrarian revolution was a key factor in the subsequent revolutionary wars. The construction of the "soviet" regime in the agrarian revolution was a preview of the later "people's **** and state" regime.

XI. Why did the road of "bourgeois **** and state" not go through in China?

1. The bourgeoisie was weak. 2. External pressure and the lack of support from foreign capitalists. 3. After the establishment of China, the time for socialist transformation was fast. 4. The road of socialist industrialization. The reasons why the bourgeois **** and state programs do not work in China are threefold: on the one hand, imperialism does not want China to become an independent, rich and powerful capitalist country and turn into its competitor, on the other hand, the revolutionary masses do not want to hand over the fruits of revolutionary victory to the bourgeoisie, and on the other hand, the Chinese bourgeoisie, because of its weakness and compromising nature, is incapable of leading the Chinese democratic revolution to victory. They were inextricably linked with the feudal forces, they had illusions about imperialism, they could not put forward an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political program, they did not miss the masses and did not dare to mobilize the masses, and thus they could not lead the national democratic revolution towards a complete victory in order to establish their regime. This is the most important reason.

XII. What were the differences between the front battlefield and the rear battlefield in the War of Resistance against Japan?

1. Behind enemy lines: rising star, weak, but with a clear banner, universal resistance, guerrilla warfare, with comprehensive construction, people's unity, representing the great spiritual power of the Chinese nation 2. Frontal front: unpredictable, relying only on the government army, one-sided resistance, no comprehensive construction

Conditions in the battlefields behind enemy lines were much more difficult, with difficulties in food, weapons, ammunition, recuperation of the sick and wounded, and replenishment of the soldiers, all of which were difficult. These problems are relatively better in the frontal battlefield, but the frontal battlefield has more big battles and more troop casualties. The two are interdependent, without frontal resistance, the Chinese army can govern even fewer areas, without anti-Japanese activities behind enemy lines, the frontal forces are also difficult to cope with the Japanese attack.

XIII. How do you view the nature of the KMT regime and its status from 1927 to 1949?

The Nanjing National Government represented the interests of the big landowners and the big bourgeoisie; it deferred to imperialism externally and suppressed the people's revolutionary movement internally.

XIV. What was the impact of the victory in the Anti-Japanese War on the revival of the Chinese nation?

1. Turning point of national renaissance, rise of progressive forces, weakening of reactionary forces, strengthening of the armed forces of workers and peasants 2. Weakening of international powers, powerless to intervene in China, with the exception of the Soviet Union and the United States 3. Awakening of the Chinese people 4. More than one million Japanese troops were killed in action in China, and China fought against more than 74% of the Japanese troops, preventing them from colluding with the Germans, and winning the status of a great power and becoming a permanent member

Fifteen. What were the achievements of the construction of New China from 1949 to 1978?

Two bombs and one star, synthetic bovine insulin, hybrid rice

Politics, Economy, Culture

Significant growth in the total national economy, China's average annual growth rate of GDP in the First Five-Year Plan period 1953-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%, 1958-1957, 8.88%. The average annual growth rate of China's GDP was 8.88% during the First Five-Year Plan period of 1953-1957, 9.19% during the Great Leap Forward period of 1958-1960, 14.5% during the period of economic restructuring of 1963-1965, and 6.62% during the Cultural Revolution and the two years afterward of 1966-1978. It is worth noting that even during the period from 1966 to 1978, due to the influence of the ultra-leftist ideology and its interference in the economy, the average annual growth rate of GDP was only 6.62%, but it was still much higher than that of the developed countries in the world during the same period, for example, 3.4% in the United States, 3.4% in West Germany, 4.6% in Canada and 7.3% in Japan during the same period. For 7.3 percent.

The rapid growth of industrial production, China's industry is very backward, basically no machine manufacturing industry, and even a screws have to be imported from foreign countries. After the founding of the country, after 30 years of hard work, built a relatively complete categories, independent and relatively complete industrial system. This achievement is mainly attributed to the establishment of the socialist economic system, on the basis of the socialist public ownership belt, the country's industrial construction has gained rapid development

The great achievements in agricultural production, the leadership and promotion of the Party and the government, the country's peasants, after three years in the basis of basically completing the task of land reform, striking the iron while the iron is hot and then embarked on the socialist road of mutual aid and cooperation. By 1957, 97.5 percent of the country's peasant households had joined agricultural production cooperatives, including 750,000 high-level agricultural cooperatives, with 96.2 percent of the country's total peasant households enrolled.

Other great achievements in production and construction, as well as other fronts such as construction, transportation, commerce, science, education, culture, and health, all flourished in parallel during the first 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the achievements were brilliant.

XVI. What was the main content of the "left" leaning ideology of the Chinese ****production party during the period of socialist construction?

Expansion of class struggle and economic planning beyond reality during the period of socialist construction in the ****productive party

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