Looking at the functional reconstruction of the city from the transformation practice of Porino?

Barcelona, located on the Mediterranean coast in the northeast of Spain, is the second largest city in Spain and the national industrial center since the industrial revolution. With the adjustment of national economic structure and the change of local economy, the original textile industrial zone gradually declined, leaving many industrial relics. On the occasion of hosting the 25th Olympic Games in 1992, our city successfully transformed the abandoned industrial land in the 4.5km coastal area and the abandoned coast covered with centralized boxes, abandoned warehouses and factories. It has become a vibrant new leisure port, which has greatly improved the city's appearance. After more than ten years of uninterrupted urban construction from 1980 to 1990, the old city center and expansion area of Barcelona have been revived to some extent, but there are still relatively declining industrial areas on the edge of the expansion area in the east of the city. The successful transformation of the coastal area greatly enhanced the confidence of the Barcelona municipal government in carrying out large-scale urban construction, and began to formulate the revival plan of the eastern industrial zone, trying to transform the Porino industrial zone with a history of 1.50 years into an innovative economic zone. The reconstruction of this area is an important part of Barcelona's largest urban construction project in recent years, and it is also the focus of urban investment in the post-Olympic era. 1 Realistic background of functional reconstruction Barcelona is the industrial center of Spain, accounting for 22.5% of the country's total exports, of which more than two-thirds come from manufacturing. With the development of information technology and the arrival of knowledge-based economy society, in order to maintain the leading position in the national economy, cities began to pay attention to the transformation of economic structure and transform traditional manufacturing industries into knowledge-based industries. The eastern region has always been an important industrial area of this city. Therefore, the urban development strategy has moved eastward, and Porino has accordingly become the focus of transformation. Porino is located in the coastal area between the east of Barcelona and the Bezos River, which is rich in water resources. Cerda's Eixample Plan, which began in the second half of the19th century, took this area as a new urban industrial zone and incorporated it into the urban grid system, forming an economic structure dominated by textile industry and food processing industry. The area has been far away from the city center. It was not until 1987 made a large-scale infrastructure plan related to the 25th Olympic Games that the above-ground railway line was demolished and the inclined street was extended to the coastal areas. The area is included in the urban system, and industrial buildings are linearly distributed along diagonal streets and grid streets. In 2000, the municipal government formulated the Porino Area Reconstruction Plan (MMPG) to attract and encourage the development of new economic forms by focusing on improving urban infrastructure and environment. 2 MMPG planning as the basis of functional reconstruction MMPG planning is the revision of 1976 Metropolitan Master Plan (PGM), which has changed the function of Porino, and replaced the traditional 22a (labor-intensive activities) with 22@, also known as "22@ planning". The planning scope starts from Glorious Square in the center of the expansion area in the west, and the reconstructed blocks are distributed on both sides of Diagonal Avenue and extend eastward to the site of the World Cultural Forum in Binhai District. MMPG is planned to be realized within 15~20 years from 2000, including the renovation of 1 15 block and the infrastructure construction of the whole area. By September 2005, 55% of the projects had started, with a construction area of 6,543,800 square meters, accounting for 60% of the total urban real estate market in that year. 3 Spatial strategy of functional reconstruction MMPG plan puts forward the concept of "@ activity", that is, activities related to information technology research, design, publishing, multimedia and so on. It has the characteristics of adopting new technology in the production process, concentrating employees, high added value of products, direct correlation with the generation, production and exchange of information and knowledge, no pollution and damage to the environment, and development in the city center. Porino will build a new activity space of 3.2 million m2 @, transforming this area from the original commodity production and exchange center to the science and technology exchange center, and becoming a concentrated area of urban knowledge-based economic activities. In practice, the plan does not completely replace the traditional industries with new industries, but retains some of the original functions. All plots have adopted the "composite block" mode combining new industries with services and residential functions, creating a new balance between urban residential, production and service functions. More than 20% of new projects in each block must be @ activities. On the one hand, this multi-functional coexistence model meets the interactive needs of knowledge-based economic activities, on the other hand, it also brings production and life closer, which is beneficial to the development of business and avoids the loss of land vitality brought by single function. On the premise of ensuring the knowledge economy and multi-functional juxtaposition of the whole region, there are certain functional restrictions on specific plots: the production types in the same plot must be compatible with each other, and activities that will bring traffic problems, environmental pollution and danger should be abandoned; Office activities are stationed to avoid the commercial activities of the tertiary industry in the region; The original residence shall not be changed, but the residential renovation and expansion project must unify the facade and provide 30% of the area as a social residence. When the industrial building is converted into a residence, the building density shall not exceed 2.2 times of the original; Do not allow supermarkets to enter; Houses can be used as hotels, apartments or commercial and residential buildings; Service facilities must meet PGM requirements and provide adequate medical, sports and leisure facilities; Provide facilities such as scientific research, publishing and training. 4 Continuation and change of urban texture: The grid block pattern planned by Zelda has been restored in Porino, that is, the standard 1 13m square Jin Lifang with 20m wide streets. The original large-scale industrial workshop that broke through the block was transformed, and some industrial buildings such as brick chimneys in age of steam were retained. The rest have been integrated or dismantled according to the grid block pattern, which has restored the function of the inner courtyard of the building and formed continuity. (Figure 5, 6) In order to meet the multi-functional needs of the block, the block construction in Porino area began to adjust the height control of the general six-story building in the expansion area. According to the different architectural functions, the patchwork building facades are designed, which together with the industrial building remains constitute the change of street landscape, highlighting the industrial tradition and regional landscape characteristics of this area, and forming a sharp contrast with other blocks in the expansion area. In addition, the planning has no clear restrictions on the architectural design of specific plots, which provides the possibility of flexible transformation of various plots, which can not only distribute buildings around plots, but also give up certain urban green space as needed. However, all buildings must be in harmony with the surrounding urban environment, and the facade design and material use should reflect the historical characteristics of the environment and maintain the traditional memory of the region. French architect Jean nouvel designed the Agba skyscraper in Glorias Square in the west of the area, which is the headquarters of the water supply company and marks the starting point of Porino. It is one of the few skyscrapers in this flat city and complements the Sagrada Familia Church in the west. The facade of the bullet-shaped building is composed of square aluminum plates with 25 colors, which are randomly combined with square windows and holes. From a distance, the effect is similar to the traditional Catalan mosaic puzzle, which realizes the modern interpretation of traditional culture. (Figure 7, Figure 8) 5 Infrastructure and planning implementation guarantee for functional reconstruction 5. 1 Infrastructure guarantee One of the key points of MMPG plan is infrastructure planning, with a total investment of 654.38+62 million euros. It will rebuild 35 kilometers of streets, open up public spaces, build an efficient network system and provide new service facilities, such as new energy, telecommunications, meteorology, garbage collection and noise pollution. The planning of infrastructure should conform to three principles: sustainable development, reducing noise pollution, using renewable energy, encouraging public transport, minimizing the use of private cars and saving energy. By 20 10, 70% people in Porino will travel by public transport, walking or cycling; All service facilities are selected by the company in the form of free competition, including telecommunications, electricity and other major public services. Both public space and private space are used as infrastructure land. Only the most important transportation network passes through public space, and other facilities, including garbage collection routes, are located in private space. Each block has set up a computer room to allocate urban resources, and the roof has set up radio communication facilities. (Figure 9) The implementation of the 5.2 plan ensures the large-scale urban construction carried out by the Barcelona government. After the practice during the Olympic Games, it has formed a mature operation mode, that is, public investment is the mainstay and public and private are integrated. This model is one of the reasons for the successful operation of the Barcelona Olympic Games, and it has also been applied in the transformation of Porino. In 2000, after the planning scheme was approved by the government and announced to the public, the municipal government immediately established the company "22 @ BCN, S.A.", which was responsible for the planning and construction of Porino area and was written into the Barcelona City Charter. S.A. Company is completely controlled by the government, ensuring that the regional transformation process is managed by the public. Its functions include approving plans, drafting and approving management regulations, managing infrastructure construction, supervising the fair sale of land, and cooperating with urban planning departments. For each plot, different management methods are adopted according to the plot function: 43% of the projects, including large-scale urban green space, are directly managed by the government; Some blocks are invested by public-private partnerships; Projects such as the renovation of old industrial buildings and the renovation and expansion of residential buildings are all private investments.

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