What are the traditional costumes of the Han nationality?

Han people have their own long and colorful costumes, namely Hanfu. Hanfu is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, which lasted from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Shen Jia era (1644). 1644 After the Qing army entered the customs, a highly centralized government with Manchu as the core was established. The Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave and change clothes, which caused national anger, dissatisfaction and armed resistance. Then the Manchu dynasty carried out bloody repression and armed slaughter, and Hanfu gradually died out. 1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan Province province and destroyed the rest of Zheng Chenggong. Since then, Hanfu has completely disappeared from the daily life of the Chinese nation. After more than 200 years of Manchu rule, today's Han people have gradually forgotten the gorgeous costumes they once had and become the only ancient nation in the world without their own national costumes. The "Tang suit", cheongsam, gown and mandarin jacket that people see today are not the national costumes of the Han nationality, but the national costumes or improvements of the Manchu nationality. It is gratifying that today, more and more Han people are proudly wearing their beautiful clothes. This spontaneous folk movement to revive Han costumes is often called "Hanfu Movement".

National totem

Yi Long is composed of a phoenix, which means yin and yang, that is, men and women. Because of the large population of Han nationality, which occupied most of the historical development of China, it continued the oldest animal dragon in China as a symbol of its own nation. Dragon and Phoenix Dance is a national symbol in the Central Plains and South China. The dragon is a symbol of the Chinese nation, and China people are proud to be descendants of the dragon. So do you know where the "descendants of the dragon" came from? Mr Wen Yiduo pointed out in his three works, Fuxi Kao, Longfeng Kao and Dragon Boat Festival Kao, that China people were called "descendants of dragons" from the legends of the Yellow Emperor era. According to legend, before the Yellow Emperor unified the Central Plains, the symbol pattern was "Bear". After the defeat of Chiyou and the unification of the Central Plains, its logo adopted and integrated the iconic patterns of other clans and tribes that were annexed. Such as bird, horse, deer, snake, ox, fish and so on. Finally, it is spelled into the image of "dragon" worshipped by the Chinese nation, a virtual comprehensive god. This peculiar image contains the development of the Chinese nation, the mutual integration and unity of all ethnic groups, and has become the symbol pattern of the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Later, the image of "dragon" began to appear in various patterns and gradually became a symbol of the emperor. According to legend, born in a woman named Deng, she can feel the "dragon" in the sky. Emperor Huang was born with the feeling of "Beidou" and "Red Dragon", and his ancestors were descendants of dragons. Therefore, the descendants of the Chinese nation are "descendants of the dragon". Dragon spirit: it is a spiritual realm that all things are compatible; It is a life attitude of pursuing harmony and group standard; This is the complex of China's unification. Moral of Phoenix: Phoenix seeks light from nirvana, symbolizing rebirth and the awakening of the Chinese nation; Phoenix is a sense of hardship that combines people's sense of responsibility and historical mission; Phoenix is an idealism of self-improvement and self-sacrifice; Phoenix is an industrious, thrifty and hard-working attitude to make a living.

Cultural practices

The culture of Han nationality is rich and colorful. In the historical process of its formation and development, it is open and eclectic, forming regional cultures with different characteristics, such as Qilu, Zhongyuan, Zhao Yan, Guanzhong, Bashu, Jingchu, wuyue, Lingnan, Yunnan-Guizhou, Fujian-Taiwan, Songliao and Gan Hui, which embodies the diversity and diversity of Chinese culture. Since ancient times, the Han people have adopted an inclusive attitude towards various religious beliefs. Lotte know life (self-determination, self-seeking) and respect for ancestors (no ancestor worship) are the main traditional concepts of the Han nationality. Historically, some Han people believed in Taoism and Buddhism; Later, Catholicism and Christianity were introduced to China, and some people began to believe in these religions. For thousands of years, Confucianism, which focuses on benevolence and attaches importance to ethical education, has had a far-reaching impact on the Han nationality.

The Han nationality has a long history and has never stopped. The sources of Han nationality are diverse, including main sources and branch sources.

Yanhuang nationality is the main source of Han nationality. At the end of primitive society in China, the tribes of Yan Di and Huangdi, which rose on both sides of the Yellow River in the Central Plains, formed a tribal alliance in order to compete for the power of the leader of the tribal alliance, which led to the famous "Battle of Hanquan" in history. The Yellow Emperor won a decisive victory and dominated the Central Plains. Tracing back to the source, the Han nationality is called "Yan Huang Zhoushi" and "descendants of the Chinese people"

As soon as the Han nationality appeared in the world, it began the history of the world nation with its unique stability and rare cohesion and attraction. It was a rising star in the northwest of Qin during the Warring States Period. It was originally a branch of the Dog Army, not a "Zhu Hua" family. He was listed as a bannerman for his meritorious service in escorting Ping Dong Qian. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Qin waged a fierce struggle with the western military families, and "hence the title of Xirong" and "Historical Records of Qin Benji". It has become the center of western ethnic integration. After Shang Yang's political reform in 395 BC, Qin came from behind and became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. Not only defeated Korea, Vietnam and Wei, but also merged the surrounding ethnic minorities, adding Qianzhong County, Wu Jun County, Nanjun County, Nanyang County, Sanchuan County and Taiyuan County. In the past, the backward Rong nationality countries in the west have become the center of ethnic integration in the west and the backbone and core of the Chinese nation.

From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, we can see that, along with the magnificent scene in the history of the formation and development of ancient nationalities in China, the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities rose one after another, and staged a magnificent scene of national integration in the history of the formation and development of ancient nationalities in China. In this historical drama, a brand-new nation-Huaxia nation was cast in the melting pot of national integration, and four branches, represented by Eastern Qi, Western Chu, Southern Qin, Northern Zhao and Yan, were formed, which laid the foundation for the formation of a unified Han nation, which was the second stage of the formation of the Han nation.

3. The Han nationality was formed in "great unification"

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Chinese nation, which was cast in the melting pot of ethnic integration, was a dispersed and disunited nation, and its productivity level was further developed and improved.

All these, concentrated in one point, need a unified political center. As a result, Qin Shihuang was wise, unified the six countries in ten years, ended the feudal struggle, and established a centralized "unified" feudal country-the Qin Dynasty. In the "great unification", the Chinese nation has also moved from decentralization to unity. After Qin Shihuang established the Qin Dynasty, he took a series of measures to unify and stabilize the Chinese nation, such as implementing the county system, stipulating that "books should be written in the same language", unifying currency and weights and measures, "cars on the same track" and "walking along the same road", and building the Great Wall.

It is precisely because of Qin Shihuang's "great unification" measures that the Chinese nation has become a stable nation. Therefore, although the national luck of the Qin Dynasty was short-lived, the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system. Under the guidance of the thought of "great unification", politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created a secretariat system, which divided the whole country into thirteen counties and implemented "making households for the whole people"; Economically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Sang Hongyang's suggestion, promulgated the equal loss law and the equal equity law, established a national commercial network centered on the capital, and greatly developed the circulation of goods; In terms of cultural thought, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which made Confucianism develop into Confucian classics and gain a dominant position, making Confucianism a flesh-and-blood part of the forming Han nationality with the same psychological quality. All these indicate that the centralized "Great Unity" feudal country in the Western Han Dynasty was more concentrated and powerful, which made Great Unity the mainstream of China's historical development and made the Chinese nation complete its development and transformation to the Han nationality.

The symbol of the transformation of Chinese nation into Han nationality is the determination of the name of Han nationality. Huaxia was unified in the Qin Dynasty, and the clan name was once renamed as "Qin people". All countries in the western regions have the habit of calling Huaxia the "Qin people". However, the short-lived national luck of the Qin Dynasty made the title of "Qin people" quickly forgotten by people. The Han Dynasty lasted more than 400 years from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, which provided historical conditions for the name of the Han Dynasty and the name of the Chinese nation. In addition, the Han Dynasty was a powerful country. In foreign exchanges, other nationalities call the army of the Han Dynasty "Han soldiers", the envoys of the Han Dynasty "Han envoys" and the people of the Han Dynasty "Han people". Therefore, in the unprecedented frequent exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities, such as communicating with the western regions, conquering the Xiongnu, pacifying the western Qiang, recruiting and surrendering Korea, serving the southwest Yi and incorporating Fujian, Guangdong and South Guangdong, the name of the Han Dynasty was called the name of the Chinese nation by other ethnic groups. Lv Simian said: "The name of the Han nationality began after Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor." (History of Pre-Qin Dynasty, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983), p. 22. Lv Zhenyu said: "China people have been called Han since the former Han emperor Xuan Di." (Notes on China Nationalities, Joint Publishing Company, 1950, p. 19. In short, the name of the Han nationality has been called since the Han Dynasty.

From the historical drama of the development and transformation of the Chinese nation to the Han nationality, we can clearly see that after the Chinese nation was cast in the melting pot of national integration during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, under the guidance of the idea of "great unification", it staged scenes of the history of national formation and development. Since then, the Han nationality has become one of the most populous nationalities in the world, standing in the east of the world, which is the third stage of the formation of the Han nationality.

Development of Han nationality

As soon as the Han nationality appeared in the world, it began the most magnificent historical process of national development in world history with its unique stability, rare cohesion and attraction.

The development of population is one of the important signs of a country's prosperity, as the saying goes: the country is rich and the people are safe, and the population is prosperous. In feudal society, the development of Han population experienced two periods: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties and Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Han Dynasty, the population of the Han nationality was about 50 million at the initial stage. After the development from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties, the population in Song Dynasty exceeded 1 100 million. Teng: The population of Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million (Population Research 1986 No.6). After the development of Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population increased to more than 400 million in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty.

Why did the Han population in feudal society get such a huge development? Obviously, Engels said "human production, that is, the reproduction of species" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume IV, page 2). However, to understand and understand the great development of the Han population, we must understand and understand a prominent phenomenon in the history of Han development, that is, national assimilation. The so-called national assimilation is the problem that one nation loses its national identity and becomes another. In the history of China's ethnic development, there are cases in which the Han people assimilate ethnic minorities and cases in which ethnic minorities assimilate the Han people. But compared with the two, the former is the mainstream, which is also an important reason why the Han nationality can develop into the largest nation in the world.

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains was in chaos, the centralized feudal country was divided, the feudal regime was divided, and disputes and wars were everywhere. During the great division, melee and turmoil, various ethnic groups or tribes migrated everywhere, and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Wuwan, Di and Qiang in the north successively entered the Central Plains, and some barbarians in Jianghan area also poured into the Central Plains, forming a mixed situation of Han nationality and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Wuwan, Di, Qiang and barbarians. The Han people in the north moved south in large numbers; In the Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, the Han nationality is intertwined with barbarians, slang, Liao and other southern minorities or tribes. However, once upon a time, why did these ethnic minorities disappear in whole or in part in history? Also, after the Tang Dynasty, in the new great division and turmoil, the ethnic minorities such as the Khitan, the Tangut, and the Jurchen, which were once prominent in the history of China, why did they all or partially disappear from history? This is because they have been assimilated by the Han nationality, lost their national characteristics and become a part of the Han nationality.

In a word, under the general trend of ethnic integration in China's history, the longer people live together, the deeper the national psychological exchange and the faster the advanced economic and cultural development of the Han nationality. The Han nationality formed and developed by many nationalities, like snowballing, grew bigger and bigger, and finally became the largest family in the world.