What are the factors that affect the development of ancient agriculture in China?

There are many factors that affect the development of ancient agriculture in China, including farm tools, farming methods, farming land types, farming techniques, farming units, farming management, farming system, farming power, farming varieties, farmers' quality, national policies, land properties, climate and so on.

First, farm tools

Farm tools mainly include stone farm tools, wood farm tools, bone farm tools, bronze farm tools and iron farm tools. Farm tools represent the development level of agriculture in different periods. The evolution of farm tools has witnessed the continuous improvement of agricultural productivity.

1. Agricultural tools in primitive society: stone agricultural tools, wood agricultural tools, bone agricultural tools, etc. Such as stone knives, shovels, axes, spears, lei, shovels, etc.

2. Agricultural tools in slave society: In addition to retaining a large number of primitive agricultural tools, some bronze agricultural tools have appeared, but because of their expensive raw materials, poor toughness and sharpness, it is difficult to develop into a large number of popular agricultural tools. Bronze farmers have copper shovels, copper shovels and so on.

3. Agricultural tools in feudal society: Great changes have taken place and iron agricultural tools have appeared. After that, iron farm tools were popularized and used because of their readily available raw materials, continuous improvement of smelting technology and toughness and sharpness. The main iron farmers are: shovel, shovel, shovel, shovel, shovel, shovel, sickle, rake, rake, shovel, shovel and so on.

Second, farming methods.

The main cultivation methods are slash-and-burn cultivation, stone hoe cultivation and iron plow Niu Geng. Farming method refers to how to use farm tools for farming. Farming methods are limited by farm tools.

1. Farming method in primitive society: slash and burn. It is a residual agricultural management mode in the Neolithic Age. The method is to cut down the dead roots and stems of trees on the ground with a stone axe, dry the plants and burn them with fire. After the fire, the land becomes soft, and it is generally not turned over or simply turned over. Plant ash on the surface is used as fertilizer, and it will not be fertilized after sowing. It is usually planted in another place after one year.

2. The farming method of slave society: stone hoe. The scarifying tool of this period was Lei Lei. Through loosening the soil, the farming technology has been improved, which is a great progress in farming methods.

3. Farming method in feudal society: Niu Geng with iron plough. It was produced in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was the most important mode of production in ancient China.

Three. Cultivated land type

Due to the differences in China, the cultivated land is very different. There are many dry fields in the north and paddy fields in the south. In terms of soil quality, China's land types mainly include latosol, lateritic red soil, red soil, yellow soil, yellow brown soil, brown soil, dark brown soil, cold brown soil, brown soil, chernozem, brown calcium soil, black ridge soil, desert soil, plateau meadow soil, alpine desert soil and so on. Different crops have different requirements for soil quality, and what kind of soil is suitable for planting what kind of crops needs scientific analysis.

Fourth, farming techniques.

Farming technology is a method to make rational use of soil fertility and promote agricultural development. The most important farming techniques in ancient China were ridge cultivation and field substitution.

1. Ridge farming came into being in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Ridge farming is a farming method of planting crops on the ridge above the ground. Ridge consists of high convex ridge platform and low concave ridge groove. Its advantages are thick soil layer on the ridge platform, large soil porosity, and difficulty in hardening, which is beneficial to the growth of crop roots; There is a big difference between ridge platform and furrow, which is beneficial to drainage and flood control. In case of drought, irrigation can be carried out along the border to avoid drought. Ridge platform can prevent wind and reduce wind speed; Conducive to centralized fertilization.

2. The method of substituting farmland came into being in the Western Han Dynasty. Substituting fields is the development of ridge farming. First, the field is reclaimed into ridges and ditches. In the first year, crops were planted in ditches. After emergence, the grass and soil on the ridge are gradually cultivated on the seedling roots. The next year, on the original ridge, ditching and planting as usual. This is a cultivation method for rational utilization of soil fertility, seedling protection and drought resistance.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) farming system

Farming system is a planting method adopted according to the ecological adaptability and production conditions of crops, including single cropping, multiple cropping, leisure, intercropping and interplanting.

Mixed cropping, crop rotation, continuous cropping, etc. The formation and development of farming system mainly depends on a certain level of social and economic development, and is closely related to the level of science and technology and production management at that time. Farming system can make maximum use of soil fertility, increase yield per mu and promote agricultural development.

Six, agricultural units

The change of farming units is subject to the development degree of agricultural productivity.

1. Primitive society and slave society: collective farming is mainly adopted. Due to the backward production tools, only through collective farming can all aspects of agricultural labor be completed and agricultural development be promoted.

2. Feudal society: taking the family as the unit, men plow and women weave. Due to the use of iron farm tools and Niu Geng, agricultural production began to take the family as the unit, with men plowing and women weaving. This mode of production is conducive to the emergence, development and perfection of traditional intensive farming in ancient China. Taking the family as the unit, the farmers' enthusiasm for production has been mobilized; Men plow and women weave, reasonably divide family work, fully consider the differences between men and women, and let family members do their best. However, this family business model is not conducive to the development of agricultural socialized production and the rapid development of agriculture.

Seven, aquaculture management

The development of agricultural management is very important to the development of agriculture. The utilization and management of cultivated land can not only save land use efficiency, tap land potential, maximize fertility, but also promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

1. Farming management in primitive society: people knew how to dig and sow, burn trees and grass, and use plant ash as fertilizer. But these simple agricultural operations led to the rapid decline of soil fertility. In order to find new fertile land, people have to move frequently.

2. Farming management in slave society: people learned to ditch and drain water, weed and cultivate soil, use weeds as fertilizer, and control pests and diseases. These farming operations enable soil fertility to be continuously explored, and people no longer need to migrate.

3. Farming management in feudal society: People constantly invented and improved agricultural production tools to make them professional and refined. At the same time, people invented a large number of irrigation tools, built irrigation projects, timely irrigation, so that crop growth gradually got rid of the growth mode completely dependent on nature. People have also reclaimed a large number of wasteland and expanded the land use area.

Eight, rural power

The continuous progress of farming power has promoted the continuous development of agriculture. In primitive society and slave society, the driving force of China's farming is manpower; Due to the backward agricultural strength, the degree of agricultural development is very low. In feudal society, there was a revolution in farming power, and there were animal power, water power and wind power. Niu Geng replaced manual farming, which improved farming efficiency and promoted the development of agriculture. Water power and wind power are only used in some areas, and the scope is not large and very limited.

Nine. national policy

Agricultural policy has a great promotion or inhibition on the development of agriculture. The policy of encouraging agricultural development has promoted the sustainable development of agriculture.

1. National policy in slave society: In slave society, agriculture is the most important production sector. The state attaches great importance to agricultural development. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we can see that the king attached great importance to agriculture.

2. Ethnic policy in feudal society: From the reform measures of the landlord class in the Warring States period, we can see the importance attached to agriculture. For example, the measures of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business" in Shang Yang's political reform. Several emperors in the Han Dynasty have repeatedly pointed out that agriculture is the foundation of the world and established the idea of taking agriculture as the foundation. Most feudal emperors of past dynasties adopted the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, encouraged agricultural development and put agriculture in the position of their own industries. These policies promoted the development of agriculture in the early feudal society and the establishment of the feudal dynasty. However, the healthy development of the national economy is inseparable from the coordinated development of various economic sectors. Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of commerce overemphasized the importance of agriculture and suppressed the development of handicrafts and commerce. In the long run, it also inhibits the development of agriculture. Therefore, in the late feudal society, with the development of commodity economy, its negative impact is increasing.

Cultivated variety

Cultivated varieties directly determine the level of agricultural output. The richer the breed, the more favorable it is for farmers to choose. Planting crops suitable for local climate and soil is beneficial to the development of agricultural production.

1. Cultivated varieties in primitive society: mainly rice and millet. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.

2. Cultivated varieties in slave society: There are many kinds of crops, mainly millet, rice, millet, millet, wheat, mulberry, hemp and so on. Most of the crops of later generations are already available.

3. Cultivated varieties in feudal society: Due to the opening and development of the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road, some new varieties were introduced from abroad, such as cotton, corn, tomato, tobacco and sweet potato. In particular, the introduction of high-yield crops has increased the yield per mu of agriculture and made agriculture have a greater development. It not only feeds more people, but also promotes the cultivation of cash crops, which is conducive to the commercialization of agricultural products and the development of handicrafts and commerce.

XI。 Cultivator's quality

The cultivators in ancient China were mainly slaves and farmers. The quality of cultivators has a very important influence on agricultural development. The qualities of cultivators include diligence, cultural quality and will quality.

1. Farmers in slave society: slaves, civilians, but mainly slaves.

2. Farmers in feudal society: farmers and landlords, but mainly farmers.

Twelve. Nature of land

The nature of ancient land in China is different due to different social forms. The form of land ownership is very important to farmers. It can mobilize or inhibit the enthusiasm of farmers, thus affecting agricultural production.

1. Land system in primitive society: public ownership of land. In primitive society, the land was owned by everyone, and the ancestors carried out the most primitive farming on the land, and everyone worked collectively.

2. Land system in slave society: State ownership of land. The land in slave society belongs to the king. The king enfeoffed the land, and the vassal States, ministers, doctors and scholars who obtained the land only had the right to use the land and had no ownership. Well field system is the land system of slave society. Because the country was owned by the son of heaven, the essence of state-owned land ownership in this period was still private ownership.

3. Land system in feudal society: private ownership of land. There are three forms of land in feudal society: state ownership, landlord ownership and peasant ownership. The state-owned land system in feudal society can be divided into three forms: reclamation system, kingship system and land equalization system. Reclamation system and land equalization system have great influence on the development of feudal agriculture.

Thirteen. climate

Climate factors also have a great influence on agricultural development. Different crops have different climatic requirements. Natural disasters and abnormal climate directly lead to agricultural production reduction and affect agricultural development.