The culture and customs of the people of a particular country

XI'AN, March 26 (Xinhua) -- Tongwancheng, located at the southern edge of the Maowusu Desert in Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province, is the only Xiongnu capital site found in the world. As it surfaces from the sand after a thousand years of slumber, China's cultural relics department has begun restoration and repair work on the site. Standing under this lofty piers, hand caressing like a stone like a solid wall, people can not help but ask: this sandy wall of the ancient city is the remains of the Xiongnu, in the north of China galloped for ten centuries and disappeared more than ten centuries of the Xiongnu where to go?

Research at home and abroad shows that the history of the once very strong Xiongnu, in northern China, Central Asia and even Europe, constantly fighting, relocation, and then fighting, and then relocation, after several centuries and the local residents of the mixed, intermarriage and national integration, as a nation of the Xiongnu in the 6th century A.D. after the disappearance of the basic, and gradually assimilated into the body of the other nationalities, or other nationalities of the regions through which it more or less with the Xiongnu "factor".

The Xiongnu was a nomadic tribe that emerged around the 3rd century B.C.E. It grew rapidly on the basis of continuous absorption or annexation of the surrounding tribes, becoming one of the largest nomadic tribes in northern China, establishing the first slave regime of the nomadic people, and subjugating most of the countries in the western region to itself during the Qin and Han dynasties. But the subsequent external pressures and internal divisions made the Xiongnu's internal divisions more and more complex, like "overflowing floods" affecting the historical process of the Eurasian steppe, and its westward migration even more to promote the connection between China and the world, affecting the world's history.

Professor Zhou Weizhou, a renowned expert in ethnic history and director of the Northwest Ethnic Studies Center at Shaanxi Normal University, said, "History is very coincidental, as the Xiongnu established a steppe slavery empire, the Middle Ages established a feudal empire based on farming. With the development of the relationship between the two political and economic blocs as well as between the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples, the Xiongnu fought or made peace with the Central Plains Dynasty for three to four hundred years. In the end, due to internal and external difficulties and many other factors, many Xiongnu people moved southward, westward (from Central Asia to Europe), or stayed in the steppe, and gradually integrated into other ethnic groups through marriages, annexation, subjugation, and relocation. As one of the descendants of the Xiongnu, the builder of the Tuanwancheng - Helian Huo, whose ministry name was Tiefu Xiongnu, was the descendant of the intermarriage between the Xiongnu and the Xianbei."

On the migration of the Xiongnu, Chinese history books, in addition to its internal migration and stay in the steppe has a more detailed record of the Xiongnu's westward migration is unknown, mostly "to the west," while European scholars of the brush strokes are more involved. Xiongnu history experts, Inner Mongolia University Professor Lin Gan said: "the first century B.C. when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty so that the Xiongnu suffered a serious injury, part of the Xiongnu or internal service or westward migration to the Western Regions, and ultimately make the Xiongnu later split into the South Xiongnu and the North Xiongnu. By 89-91 AD, the North Xiongnu had been defeated by the South Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty army, and the tribes or clans controlled and enslaved by the North Xiongnu also rose up, and the main force of the North Xiongnu went away to the Ili River Valley, Central Asia, the east of the Don River, and the Volga River, and so on. Subsequently, the Xianbei tribe in northern China became powerful and gradually took possession of the Xiongnu's homeland, and about 500,000 to 600,000 Xiongnu people 'all called themselves Xianbei' and became Xianbei people. The process of integrating a people into other peoples is rapid."

Lin Gan, who has written more than a dozen works on the Huns, told reporters that the earliest European historian to record the activities of the Huns was the historian of the late Roman Empire, Ammianus Marcellinus (330-390), after which things about the Huns suddenly multiplied in European history. He says: "The westward-moving Huns, after destroying the Aland state east of the Don in 374 AD, began to play a major role in facilitating the great migration of European peoples, and at the same time inaugurated the invasion of Europe. The Huns not only pressured the Goths to take refuge in the Roman Empire, but even marched on the city of Rome. At this time, the Huns not only crossed the Danube and the Rhine River power straight to Western Europe, but also in the 5th century on the banks of the Danube River established the Hun Empire - 'Kingdom of Attila', which had a great impact on the history of Europe."

"Although the short-lived Kingdom of the Huns disappeared from Europe, many Huns likely stayed. Many scholars believe that Hungarians are its descendants." Wang Shiping, a renowned expert on Sui and Tang history and a researcher at the Shaanxi History Museum, said. Qi Sihe, a professor at Peking University, and Yushando, the former Hungarian ambassador to China, also share this view. According to Wang Shiping, there is a clear difference between the looks of Hungarians and people from other parts of Europe, and many Hungarian folk songs are the same in tune as those from northern Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. Hungarians believe in Orthodox Christianity, but also the customs of shamanism; Hungarians drive a car "driving" in other European countries do not, and the same as in northern China. The folk songs of northern Shaanxi Province, such as Xin Tian You, were produced much earlier than the Mongols, and are probably related to the Huns.

Wang Shiping pointed out that the establishment of the Xia state of Helian Bohu, his father surnamed Liu, his children and grandchildren also surnamed Liu, only Helian Bohu since the name "Helian". Now a lot of northern Shaanxi surnamed Liu, perhaps the descendants of Xiongnu, such as Liu Zhidan. Xiongnu's tribes are many, after entering the Central Plains, more tribes or clans for the surname, such as the surname Huyan, the surname Dugu, etc., but can not say that the surname of these surnames must be Xiongnu descendants.

Self-named "Chang'an Xiongnu" and a long novel "the last Xiongnu" famous writer Gao Jianqun said: "the fifth century A.D. when the northern Xiongnu Attila in Europe to establish the Xiongnu empire, the south of the Xiongnu almost at the same time in China to build up the empire, the two in the East and West at the same time to the settlement of the civilization launched a final attack. After their defeat the Huns were integrated into the other peoples. It can be said that this great nation has not disappeared even today, and its blood still surges through other contemporary peoples."

Gao Jianqun said, "Hungarians play suona and paper-cutting in the same way as those in northern China's Shaanxi province, and the tail end of their speech is also very similar to the northern Shaanxi accent. The Hungarian poet, Mr. Petofi, once wrote in a poem: Our distant ancestors, how did you travel a long way from Asia to the Danube River to establish a country? Many Hungarian scholars believe that this country is closely related to the descendants of the Huns."

Zhang Mingqia, deputy secretary-general of the Qin-Han Historical Society and a researcher at the Shaanxi Museum of History, believes that a series of cultural integrations took place in the early Han dynasty, which played an important role in shaping the cultural psychology of the Han people, and were completed by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was this culture of "harmony" based on "filial piety" that enabled many nomadic peoples, including the Xiongnu, to be absorbed into the Han race, and at the same time enriched the Han race." He argues that although the Xiongnu disappeared as an ethnic group, some of their cultural practices have survived. Take "Hu Jia" which is now popular in Mongolia, Russia and Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang of China as an example, although Hu Jia is a Xiongnu musical instrument, its spread and inheritance have long gone beyond Xiongnu.

Folk song is the voice of the nation, and nomadic folk song is the window to study the history and heart of the nomadic people and nomadic civilization. History of the Xiongnu folk song "death of my Qilian Mountains, so that my six animals for the rest; lost my Yanzhi Mountain, so that I married women without color." It is in the Han Dynasty general Huo Daizi rate army defeated the Xiongnu, Xiongnu on the loss of Yinshan infinite love. According to Dr. Gilgel of the Center for Mongolian Studies at Inner Mongolia University, "This ancient folk song formula, theme, plot and structure remains today among the rich folk song compositions of the Mongolian nation." (End)

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God's Whip - Huns in Europe

Beckham

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In 91 A.D. the Huns admitted defeat in their long war with the Han nation and began a great migration of peoples that was unprecedented in its beginnings... ...

The Southern Xiongnu attached themselves to the Han, while the Northern Xiongnu moved farther west. North Xiongnu westward migration of the first station is the territory of the Wusun, both now the Ili and the upper reaches of the area, the second station is the Kangju, that is, the upper reaches of the Syr Darya River east. The third stop was Aran Chat which had reached the edge of Europe. In the 91 to 290 years of the course of two hundred years, this proud son of heaven as if disappeared. The north of the pale wolf in order to dream of home, in the snow, the desert hard trekking. No record of this proud people can be found in any of the Chinese or foreign history books. When the History of Persia mentions that the Huns came out first in Aranyak at the end of the third century, this hungry and thirsty old wolf had already bared its claws and teeth to the weak western peoples before it ...... In the middle of the fourth century A.D., Aranyak was destroyed, and the West was shaken. From then on, the activities of the Huns in the West has been the history of the book.

Not long after the demise of Alam Chat, the Western nations had no time to mourn for it, and were about to face a great catastrophe. In 374 A.D., Balamb led the Hun iron horsemen to invade the East Gothic, come when the mountains and seas, go when nine empty, and the Huns in the three hundred years since the war against China do not know how many Chinese art of war and strategy, which is not the western barbarians can resist. The Huns used war as a means of fighting to deal a heavy blow to the Visigoths. When the army of Hermanrik, the king of the Visigoths, was wiped out by the Huns, he committed suicide, and his successor, Vithmir, was also defeated and killed. Hermanrik's son Hohenmont led his troops to surrender, while the rest of his troops fled to Visigoth under the leadership of Alasius and Saphraeaux. Others fled to the Balkans.

The Visigothic king Athenarie, upon learning of the destruction of East Gothic, immediately set up a formation on the Dniester River with the intention of preventing the Huns from crossing the river, but unexpectedly the Huns attacked the enemy camp at night after sneaking across at the far upper reaches of the river, and heavily defeated the Western Plateau Gothic army. The Visigoths were shocked and dismayed, and a group of about 200,000 people crossed the Danube River into Rome, where the Goths revolted due to the brutal oppression of the Roman officials.

The Roman Emperor Valens mobilized his army to meet the Goths at the fortress of Adria on August 9, 378 A.D. In front of the Goths' heavy cavalry, the infantry of the Roman squares, which had once marched across Europe and Asia, had no place. In the afternoon, Phalenus and all 40,000 Praetorians were killed. The age of the square infantry was over. This battle shook the foundation of Rome, and Rome could no longer control the tribes and territories under its jurisdiction. And at this time, the Huns returned east of the Carpathians to rest and recuperate.

In 400 A.D., the Hun, Uldin, led a large army into Hungary in pursuit of the Goths and crossed the Alps into Italy, where this pitiful Gothic contingent was destroyed by the Western Roman army at Phalolens to avenge Fort Adria. The Huns only came to Italy for a short turn, though again with considerable consequences. The Hungarian natives, the Vandals, the Rivi, and the Alamchats, who were first exterminated by the Huns, began a great run. These three peoples entered Gaul, fought the natives and then crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula in 409 and founded three states. Meanwhile, the Goths, led by Aleric, also fled south to escape the Huns' hordes, though they tugged much more than their compatriots a few years earlier, laying siege to Rome three times, in 408, 409, and 410, and in 410 stormed the city for the second time in history it had fallen.

During this war, the western tribes fought each other for survival under the pressure of the Huns' military might. The Huns, on the other hand, took over Bannonia (present-day Hungary) and brought the Goths there under their rule, and then began to live a carefree life as herdsmen.

Ultin's death was followed by the reign of Luke, whose two nephews, Bleda and Attila, ruled together. In this period of time in Western Europe is quite calm, and Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, war, the Anglo-Saxons can not withstand the pressure of the Huns, across the sea in exile to the British Isles, in the southern steppes of Russia, the Huns also belong to the Attila banner, the Russian forest peoples - Slavs, Fen also sued for submission, the Slavs may be at this time to the It was probably at this time that the Slavs first entered Western Europe as "servants of the Huns".

After the death of Bailida in 445 AD, Attila led the Huns alone and became the most powerful man in Europe! The royal court was set up on the steppes east of the Danube.

At this time both Eastern and Western Rome paid tribute to Attila. The glory lost by the Huns in the East was recovered in the West.

Refused political alliances and territorial claims against Western Rome, Attila decided to go to war. 451 saw Attila enter Gaul with an army of half a million men, perhaps the first time an army of this size had been seen in European history. The Roman general Achilles moved north to resist and united all the barbarian kingdoms oppressed by the Huns. The two sides met on the plains of Catalonia, the battle was unprecedentedly fierce between one day accounted for the deaths of 150,000 people ...... Attila saw the two sides into a meaningless war of attrition, and led the army back to the country.

The following year, Attila led the army suddenly crossed the Alps and attacked Italy and destroyed all the cities in northern Italy, oppressing Rome. 446 years, the army of the epidemic, Attila saw the western Rome has begged for peace, the eastern Roman reinforcements have come to is to return to the country, and with the same year died of illness. After the second battle, Westerners fearfully called it - God's whip.

After Attila's death, there was internal strife within the mighty Huns, with the sons vying to be king, and the nobles fighting for power, killing each other, and the Huns disintegrating. The Germans took advantage of the situation and drove the Huns back to the east of the Carpathian Mountains. 461, Attila's youngest son, Dzunzik, attempted to re-establish his hegemony, but was unfortunately defeated and killed in a battle in Eastern Rome. This is the last record of Hun activity in Western history books.

In China, this was the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, when the Southern Huns and their various offshoots in China, such as the "Han - Former Zhao", "Northern Liang" and "Daxia", were all established in China in the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Daxia" were all destroyed in 460 AD.

The Xiongnu people in Asia and Europe mixed with the local ethnic groups, a tough and brave people disappeared. Slaves in the world officially withdrew from the stage of history. The legend of the pride of heaven ended.

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The English name for the Huns is hun, which is also synonymous with destroyer and savage, and from which can be seen the horrific memories that Europeans have of the Huns. In the 1st century A.D., the Northern Huns, who had become a lost cause in the East, gradually fled westward and finally penetrated deep into the hinterland of Europe, not only recovering their former glory, but also triggering a great change in the European society, thus altering the history of Europe.

I. Northern Xiongnu's exit from the Mongolian Plateau

Han Emperor Wu Di's fierce counterattack on the Xiongnu greatly hurt the Xiongnu's vitality. To the late Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu split, Hohanxie monument to the Han Dynasty, and roamed to Central Asia and the Han Dynasty as an enemy of the Shan Yu Zhi was also the Han general Chen Tang "Ming offenders of the strong Han Dynasty, even though the far must be executed" as the reason for the elimination of the Han-Hungarian relations from this towards reconciliation. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the anti-Han forces among the Xiongnu aristocrats resurfaced, causing the Xiongnu to split up again, with the Southern Xiongnu submitting to the Han Dynasty, while the Northern Xiongnu insisted on being an enemy of the Han Dynasty, often launching plundering campaigns against the Southern Xiongnu and the Han people. At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty had just been established, and the country was still in a period of recovery. Therefore, it was not until the time of Emperor Ming of Han that a counterattack against the Northern Xiongnu was launched. In 73 A.D., the Han army attacked the northern Xiongnu in four directions. The Han army of Dou Gu and Geng Zhong pursued the attack up to the area of the Tianshan Mountains and captured Iwu (present-day Hami, Xinjiang). During the reign of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty, another counterattack was launched against the Northern Xiongnu. In 89 AD, Dou Xian and Geng Bing led the Han army to a great defeat against the Northern Xiongnu, and pursued them all the way to the Yanran Mountains (present-day Hangai Mountains in Mongolia). In 91 A.D., the Han army once again attacked the northern Xiongnu, and defeated the northern monarch in Jinwei Mountain (present-day Altay Mountain), who had to flee to the west. So far, the war of the Eastern Han Dynasty against the Northern Xiongnu achieved a comprehensive victory, while the Northern Xiongnu, the enemy of the Han Dynasty, was attacked by the Han Dynasty and the Southern Xiongnu, and was unable to gain a foothold on the Mongolian Plateau in the northern part of the desert, and had to withdraw from the Mongolian Plateau and fled to the west.

Two, the northern Huns moved west of the first station: the Ili River Basin

Instead of moving west, it is better to flee west aptly. In 91 A.D. after the defeat of the Northern Shan Yu, the rate of the remnants of the west fled to the Ili River Basin of the country of the Wusun, after its foothold, still frequented the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, the implementation of the pillage. In 119 A.D., Northern Xiongnu captured Yigu (present-day Hami, Xinjiang) and killed Han general Soban. In order to deal with the Northern Xiongnu in the Western Region, the Eastern Han Dynasty appointed Ban Yong as the Chief Historian of the Western Regions and troops were stationed in Liuzhong (present-day Turpan, Xinjiang). Ban Yong defeated the Northern Xiongnu twice, in 124 and 126 A.D., and the situation in the Western Regions began to stabilize. After the departure of Ban Yong, the North Xiongnu forces reared its head again, the Han general Fei Cen in 137 years led the army to kill the North Xiongnu Huyan king in Barkun (present-day Xinjiang Barkun), 151 AD, the Han general Sima Da rate of the Han army to attack the Pu class of the sea (present-day Xinjiang Barkun Lake), defeating the North Xiongnu's new Huyan king, the Huyan king rate of the North Xiongnu and then retreated to the west, pulling off a second flight to the west.

Third, the second stop of the westward migration of the North Xiongnu: the Syr Darya River basin

The Syr Darya River is an inland river in Central Asia, which flows through today's Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries, and is injected into the Aral Sea. During the Han Dynasty, this was the country of Kangju. When the Northern Huns were counterattacked by the Han Dynasty in the Western Region, they could no longer gain a foothold, and around 160, a part of the Northern Huns began to move westward again to the Kangju State in the Syr Darya River Basin. As for the activities of the Northern Huns in Kangju, it is unknown because of the lack of historical records.

Fourth, the third station of the westward migration of the Northern Huns: east of the Don River and north of the Caspian Sea

Around 290 A.D., the Northern Huns appeared in the country of Alaan, which is recorded in China's "History of the North. Biography of the Western Regions and the History of the Roman Empire. The North Huns killed the king of the Aran country and conquered it completely.

Fifth, the fourth station of the westward migration of the North Huns: west of the Don River and east of the Danube River

With the rest and supplies in the Aran country, the North Huns completely recovered, and their nature of plundering and greed made them salivate for the grassland west of the Don River. In 374 A.D., the Huns, led by Grand Monarch Balambur, crossed the Don River and launched an attack on the Visigoths. The Visigoths were no match for the Huns, and after a hard fight, they still suffered a crushing defeat, and a part of them had to flee westward to the Visigoths, who were trailed by the Huns, who pursued them to the place where the Visigoths lived. The Visigoths set up an army formation at the Dniester River (flowing through today's Ukraine and Moldova) and prepared to meet the Huns, while the Huns took advantage of the night to secretly cross the river upstream from the Dniester River, and then copied behind the Visigoths' army formation. The Visigoths were badly defeated, and had to flee westward to the Danube River. Later, with the approval of the Roman Emperor, the East and West Goths were able to cross the Danube and enter the Roman Empire for refuge. Thereafter, due to the Roman Empire's brutal oppression of the Goths, the Goths were forced to rebel again. In 378 A.D., the Roman Emperor Valens personally conquered the Goths, and as a result, he was killed by the Goths, and the Empire suffered a heavy blow. At this time, the Huns, due to the occupation of the South Russian steppe, temporarily stabilized.

VI. Activities of the Huns after occupying the South Russian Steppe

After defeating the Goths and occupying the South Russian Steppe, the Huns were able to recuperate and their population began to increase dramatically, while a small portion of the Hun cavalry was still harassing the Proconsular States: a force of Hun cavalry crossed the Danube River and harassed the Roman Empire along with the Goths; the other force of the Huns, in A.D. 384, attacked Mesopotamia and captured the city of Edessa; and another force of Huns, in 396, invaded the Sassanid Persian Empire. Overall, this period of time for the Huns was basically a period of rest and recuperation in the steppes of Southern Russia to build up strength for the next large-scale invasion.

VII. The activities of the Great Monarch of the Huns, Uldin

In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into East and West Rome, and at this time the Huns were under the rule of the Great Monarch of the Huns, Uldin. A very ambitious man, Uldin had told the governor of the Thracian province of the Eastern Roman Empire that wherever the sun shone, he could conquer if he wished. In 400 A.D., the Huns, under the leadership of Grand Monarch Urdin, began another large-scale invasion to the west, capturing the entire Danube Basin in one fell swoop and at one point attacking Italy. The chain reaction of this event was to force the tribes in the Danube Basin to march to the Western Roman hinterland in order to avoid the Huns, and in 410 A.D., the Visigoths captured the capital of the Western Roman Empire, Rome, and the Western Roman Empire suffered an The Western Roman Empire suffered an unprecedented blow. In 408 A.D., Uldin led his army to harass the Eastern Roman Empire, and when they were ready to retreat, they were attacked by the Romans, and Uldin died on the battlefield.

Eight, the establishment of the Hunnu Empire

In the case of expanding territory, the Hunnu Empire, with the Hungarian plain as the ruling center, was basically established in the time of Grand Monarch of Oktar, and the monarch's court was stabilized in the vicinity of today's Hungary's Budapest, which made the military empire the most serious threat to the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. After the death of Grand Monarch Uldin, the Hunnic Empire was dormant for some time and began to flourish again under the leadership of Grand Monarch Oktar, whose brother Lugar succeeded to the throne after Oktar's death. Luga monarch in 422 and 426 AD twice ravaged the Eastern Roman Empire of Thrace and Macedonia, forcing the Eastern Roman Emperor to pay an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Xiongnu Empire, and thereafter, the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to open the borders to the Xiongnu Empire for mutual markets to ensure peace on the borders, and the glory of the Xiongnu people was finally recovered in the West.

Nine, Attila the Great Monarch of the establishment of the rule

434, Luga monarch died, his two nephews Attila and Breda *** with the succession to the throne, each in charge of a portion of the territory. The two monarchs soon after the throne, they launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire, demanding the Eastern Roman Emperor to hand over the Hunnic rebels, but also doubled the annual tribute, from 350 pounds of gold rose to 700 pounds of gold, the Eastern Roman Emperor was coerced by the force of arms, but only to agree. 445, Breda monarch of the mysterious assassination of the death of the Emperor, Attila became the only big monarch of the Empire of the Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunnic Hunticun. Attila was even more ambitious, and under his leadership, the whole of Europe was immersed in fear of the Huns, and the heyday of the Hun Empire came.

Ten, the heyday of the Xiongnu Empire

Attila alone in power, immediately launched a large-scale war, but the spearhead of the war pointed to Northern and Eastern Europe. In Northern and Eastern Europe, the Anglo-Saxons fled to the British Isles to escape the Huns, while many Germanic and Slavic clans were defeated and surrendered to the Huns. After consolidating the east and the north, Attila the Great invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, the Eastern Roman Empire army was defeated one after another, the Huns' cavalry had been deep into the Dardanelles and the Spa Pass in Greece, which seriously threatened the safety of the Eastern Roman Empire's capital city of Constantinople, the Eastern Roman Emperor was forced to beg for peace, and the two sides signed a treaty of peace in 448, in which the Eastern Romans, in addition to paying the Huns an immediate indemnity of 6000 pounds of gold, the annual tribute also rose from 700 pounds of gold to 2100 pounds of gold. By now, the territory of the Hun Empire extended to the Caspian Sea in the east, the North Sea in the north, the Rhine River in the west, and the Alps in the south, which was very prosperous for a while. And the Eastern Roman Empire after the Hun's long looting and the heavy burden of annual tribute, wealth has been basically exhausted, so Attila the Great monarch again cast his eyes on the Western Roman Empire.

Eleven, Attila's Gallic War

450 years, Attila in the completion of the conquest of the East, North and South, the spearhead of the Western Roman Empire. In that year, Attila sent an envoy to Rome, demanding to marry Princess Honoria, the sister of the Western Roman Emperor, and asking the Western Roman Empire to take half of the country as dowry. Such an excessive and humiliating request was naturally rejected by the Western Roman Emperor, so Attila used this as an excuse to start a war against Western Rome. In that year, Attila gathered a large number of Hun warriors as well as the servant armies of the conquered peoples, claiming to be 500,000, crossed the Rhine River, and launched an attack on Western Rome's Gaul (present-day France). The cities of Gaul were destroyed one by one by the Huns as if they were prey on the steppe, and eventually the main force of the Hun army laid siege to the Gallic town of Orleans. At this time, facing **** the same enemy, the Western Romans and Visigoths temporarily put aside their rivalry and formed a coalition army to rescue Orleans. In the face of the allied forces, Attila gave up the siege of Orleans and began to maneuver around, looking for an opportunity to fight with the enemy. On June 20, 451 A.D., Attila's Huns fought a decisive battle with the allied forces of the Western Romans and Visigoths on the outskirts of today's Paris. The battle was fought so fiercely that after only one day, 150,000 men were killed on both sides. In the end, the Visigothic king was killed in battle and the remainder of his army withdrew from the battlefield, while the Huns suffered so many losses that they were unable to attack any further, and had to fall back to the Rhine River to regain their strength.

Twelve, God's whip on the punishment of Western Rome

452 years, the rest of the Hun Empire again launched a war against Western Rome, was called "God's whip" Attila began to Western Rome's punishment. Attila led the Huns over the Alps and into Italy. The northern part of Italy was attacked by the Huns in a frenzy, and all the cities in the north were destroyed by the Huns. After that, the Huns captured the important town of Aquileia and attacked the capital of the empire, the city of Rome. The Western Roman Emperor was so frightened that he had to send Pope Leo I to make peace with the Huns. At this time, a plague broke out in the Hun army, and reinforcements from the Eastern Roman Empire were about to arrive in Rome. Therefore, Attila agreed to make peace, but before withdrawing his troops, he still threatened that if the Western Roman Emperor did not send his sister, Princess Honoria, to the Huns, he would come back to attack Western Rome. Thus the Romans watched as the Huns, laden with looted treasure, marched away, leaving only the ruins of northern Italy behind.

Thirteen, Attila's mysterious death and the disintegration of the Xiongnu Empire

In 453, Attila married a young girl as his consort, but on the wedding night, Attila died mysteriously in the marriage bed. After Attila's death, his sons fought a civil war for the position of Grand Monarch, and the Xiongnu Empire disintegrated and collapsed in an instant. The civil war in the Hun Empire gave the enslaved peoples a chance. In 454, the Eastern Goths and Gepidians formed a coalition and defeated the Huns in Hungary, and from then on, the Huns were forced to retreat back to the South Russian steppe. In 461, one of Attila's sons, in a vain attempt to re-establish the Hun empire, launched ?