Ancient Agriculture

Shennong, the leader of the tribal alliance in ancient China. Legend has it that his belly was transparent and he could see the reactions of various plants in his stomach. In this way, he could distinguish what plants could be eaten and what plants could not be eaten, and he tasted all kinds of herbs to identify the effects of medicines. And in this way wrote the earliest work of mankind, "Shennong Ben Cao Jing", after the invention of agricultural tools to wood Lei, teach people to harvest and feed, pottery and textile and the use of fire, in order to achieve remarkable results, to the fire virtue called the clan, so for the Yandi, the honorary title Shennong, so that the Chinese Han Chinese agricultural social structure is completed, and was honored by the later generations of the gods of agriculture in China.

Houji, surnamed Ji, name abandoned, Huangdi's grandson, the first eldest son of Emperor ?i?u, mother Jiang Yuan, Yao and Shun period in charge of agricultural officials, the founder of the Zhou Dynasty. Houji was born in Jishan (Jishan County, Shanxi Province), and was known as the King of Jik (also known as the God of Jik or the God of Agriculture). He was once appointed by Yao as the "Agricultural Master" and by Shun as Houji. Houji taught the people to cultivate, and is considered to be the one who began to plant millet and wheat.

Second, the tools of production

Ancient society:

Paleolithic Age marked by beaten stone tools; Neolithic Age: marked by ground stone tools.

Slave society:

Stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of bronzes

Feudal society:

Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the emergence of iron plows and oxen ploughing, entering the "Iron Age";

Western Han Dynasty, Zhao Zao invented the lotus root plough;

East Han Dynasty, lotus root plough spread to the Pearl River Valley. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the lotus root plow was extended to the Pearl River Valley. Since then, the iron plow and oxen plowing has become the main farming method of traditional agriculture in China.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the emergence of the curved plow marked the perfection of China's plowing, and the traditional plow was basically stereotyped.

Third, irrigation tools

Pulley - appeared in the pre-Qin period, is a use of leverage principle of water extraction machinery. Shang Dynasty in agricultural irrigation, began to use orange water pulley, popularized in the Spring and Autumn period.

Bailing bucket - appeared in the Cao Wei before, is a shallow wicker fence bucket or barrel made of old-fashioned water lifting tools. With a rope tied on both sides of the bucket, two people stood opposite each other, pulling the rope with both hands to rhythmically bail water up and down the bank into the field, or from this field into other fields.

Tumbler - existed in the Cao Wei period, the tumbler, also known as the keel waterwheel, for the world's earliest, the longest running agricultural waterwheel.

The cylinder car - existed in the Sui and Tang dynasties, also known as the "water cylinder car". A kind of water flow for power, water irrigation tools. According to historical records, the cylinder car was invented in Sui and flourished in the Tang Dynasty, more than 1,000 years of history.

High-turn cylinder car - existed in the Song Dynasty, refers to the height of its water lifting than the general cylinder car increased, must be assisted by the turbulent river impulse, is a kind of cylinder car.

Wind-powered waterwheel - existed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wind-powered waterwheel is the use of windmills to drive the waterwheel to lift a tool.

Fourth, the relevant poems, proverbs, idioms

"Compassionate Farming" (I) - Li Shen

Hoeing when the sun is noon, sweat drops under the soil. Who knows how hard it is to eat on a plate, and how hard it is to eat all the grains?

"Compassionate Farming" (2) - Li Shen

A grain of corn is planted in spring, and ten thousand seeds are harvested in autumn. There are no idle fields in the four seas, and the peasants are still starving to death.

The Silkworm Woman - Zhang Yu

Yesterday I went to the city, but I came back with tears in my eyes. The one who is covered with silk is not a silkworm breeder.

The Potter--Mei Yaochen

The soil in front of the door is full of pottery, and there is not a single tile on the house. The ten fingers are not touched by mud, and the scales live in the building.

The Mouse in the Official Warehouse--Cao Ye

The mouse in the official warehouse is as big as a bucket, and does not go away even when the warehouse is opened. The people are starving without food, and the people are starving without food, and the people are starving without food.

"Returning to the Garden" - Tao Yuanming

The beans were planted under the South Mountain, and the grass was full of bean seedlings. The first thing I did was to take care of the dirt in the morning, and then I took the moon and went back to my hoe. The road is narrow and the grass is long, and the evening dew stains my clothes; the clothes are not enough to cherish, but to make the wish not to go against.

The Poem of Viewing the Field House--Wei Yingwu

The rain is new, and the hibernation has begun, so how many days are there for the field house to be free? The first day of the month is the first day of the month of the year.

April in the Countryside

The mountains are green and white, and the rain is like smoke in the sound of Zi Gui. In April, there are fewer people in the countryside, and the silkworms are planted in the fields again.

"Passing the Old Man's Village" - Meng Haoran

The old man had chicken and millet, and invited me to his home. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do this, but I'm sure I'll be able to do it. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to get a good look at this, but I'm sure I'll be able to get a good look at this. The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal of money to pay for the services you need.

"The Four Seasons" (I) - Fan Chengda

The plums are golden and the apricots are fat, and the wheat flowers are snow-white and the vegetables are scarce. The day is long and the hedges are deserted, but the dragonflies and butterflies are flying. The children and grandchildren have not yet begun to plow and weave, but they are learning to plant melons in the shade of the mulberry tree.

The spring rain is as expensive as oil.

The early Qingming Festival is very hot, and the early rice must be good.

People in the house are hot and jumping, but the rice is laughing in the field.

People are afraid of getting old and poor, and rice is afraid of cold dew wind.

A winter snow a wealth, a spring snow a disaster.

The spring drought is not a drought, the fall drought is reduced by half.

One of the five grains refers to rice, millet, jasmine, wheat and beans; the other refers to hemp, millet, jasmine, wheat and beans.

Six animals: horse, cow, sheep, pig, dog, chicken.

Back to the end: in ancient times, agriculture was often used as the main part, and handicrafts and commerce as the end. It refers to deviating from the main part and pursuing the minor details.

Not in harvest: crop: sowing; harvest: harvesting grains. It refers to not participating in agricultural labor.

The ancient Chinese term "本", which means "the root" in Chinese, was used in ancient times to refer to the "root" of the world. In ancient times, the term "root" mostly referred to agriculture, and "end" mostly referred to industry and commerce.

Spring and Summer, Autumn Harvest and Winter Storage: spring sprouting, summer growth, autumn harvest and winter storage. It refers to the general process of agricultural production. It is also a metaphor for the process of occurrence and development of things.

Serving in the field and harvesting in the harvest: serving in the field and harvesting in the harvest. It refers to the efforts to engage in agricultural production.

Cultivation and Tree Art: Cultivation: hoeing, Tree: planting; Art: sowing. Plowing, hoeing, planting, sowing. Generally refers to a variety of agricultural labor.

Sell the knife and buy the calf: knife: weapon; calf: calf. It refers to selling weapons and engaging in agricultural production.

The people of the end of the work: the end of the work: the ancient Chinese agriculture as the main industry, industry and commerce for the end of the industry. It refers to operators who are engaged in something other than agriculture.

Strong capital and saving expenses: Ben: Ancient China takes agriculture as the basis. Strengthening agricultural production and saving expenses.

Go to the end to return to the original: go: abandoned; end: non-fundamental, the ancient industry and commerce and other industries for the end of the industry; the original: fundamental, the ancient agriculture for the industry. To make the people abandon industry and commerce and engage in agriculture in order to develop agricultural production.

Make the people to time: time: agricultural time. The ruler should use the people's power according to the agricultural time. It means to use the people's power during the idle time to avoid affecting the agricultural production.

The year than not: than: repeatedly; frequently. The agriculture has failed for many years. The same as "than the year does not appear".

Nim Li Nian Feng: Nim Li: ripe crops. It refers to the agricultural harvest. It is the same as "年豐年稔".

Bun Li Saek: Ben: agriculture; Saek: harvesting grains; here, it refers to agricultural labor in general. It refers to the effort of engaging in agricultural labor.

The four bodies are not diligent and the five grains are not distinguished: four bodies: refers to the two hands and two feet of a person; five grains: usually refers to rice, millet, jasmine, wheat, beans and peas. Refers to not participate in labor, can not identify the five grains. It describes the lack of knowledge about production and labor.

1. The following about China's ancient agricultural tools is wrong ( ).

A. The tumbler is the earliest and oldest agricultural waterwheel in the world

B. Bronze agricultural implements appeared in tombs during the Shang Dynasty

C. The curved plow is said to have been the tool used by the farmers to plough the paddy fields in the period when Qu Yuan was there, and it was later changed to be known as the curved plough

D. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the farmers used the wind to get water to irrigate the fields

Answer C

A. The curved plow was used by farmers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties to obtain water for irrigation. p>

A. The curved-yoke plow, a plough invented by the Chinese working people in the Tang Dynasty, first appeared in the Jiangdong region in the late Tang Dynasty. Its yamen is curved, hence its name, distinguishing it from the straight-yamen plow. Therefore, the C statement is wrong.

2. Which of the following agricultural proverbs is not in line with common scientific knowledge ( ).

A. Ching Ming is hot and early, early rice must be good

B. People are hot and jumping in the house, and the wheat is laughing in the field

C. Rui Xue Zhao Feng Nian

D. People are afraid of old age and poverty, and rice is afraid of the wind in the cold dew

Answer B

A. "People are hot and jumping in the house, and the rice is laughing in the field. " The main point is that high summer temperatures are favorable to crop growth. The sowing time of rice is as follows: one season of rice is sown before the Qingming Festival, and two seasons of rice are sown at the end of June and the beginning of July. And when the weather is hot, the rice has grown and is no longer a seedling. Therefore, the B statement is wrong.