Xibe economy

Xibo nationality is an early ethnic group engaged in agricultural production in northern China. In the early Qing Dynasty, Xibo people began to grow rice, which was called "Xibo rice" in the literature of Qing Dynasty. 1766, part of which moved westward to Chabuchar area. By the beginning of the19th century, the Chabuchar Canal was completed, and more than 78,700 mu of cultivated land was expanded in Xiboying. From Xibo people in the northeast to the middle and late Qing Dynasty, agriculture was also the main crop, including wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, flax, rape, millet, sunflower and tobacco.

In Xibo's production activities, animal husbandry and sideline also occupy a certain proportion. Most farmers raise horses, cattle, sheep and other livestock, not only for their own use, but also to expand the scale, and many professional households have emerged. Xibo people's sideline businesses mainly include gardening, fishing and a small amount of hunting. Gardening includes vegetables and fruit trees, as well as elms, poplars and other timber trees. Fishing is one of the important sideline businesses. Xibo people in Chabuchar area have good fishing conditions in Yili River. Xibe nationality has its own language, belonging to Manchu branch of Tungusic language family of Altai language family, which is mainly distributed in Xibe Autonomous County, Huocheng, Tacheng, Gong Liu, Yining and Urumqi in Xinjiang. Compared with Manchu, more than 80% of the vocabulary is borrowed from Manchu. According to historical records, before the Qing Dynasty, Xibo people used a "non-pure non-Mongolian" language. Many people think that this language is called Giffordshire. After being conquered by Manchu and incorporated into Manchu Eight Banners, Xibo nationality was forcibly assimilated by Manchu and gradually became Manchu. Of course, in the absence of exact historical data, this view cannot be easily concluded. 1764, some Xibe soldiers and civilians moved to Yili, Xinjiang, which made the spoken Xibe language get new development and continue to this day. There are 26 vowels, which are divided into single vowels and complex vowels. Single vowels are J, ε, A, Y, oe, U, O, and compound vowels are I, ai, ui, oi, U, au, ou, ia, iu, io, Y, ya, ua, uo. There are 44 consonants. Xibo language has its own characteristics, that is, vowels are different in length, with more disyllabic sounds, vowels are harmonious, but not neat, body words have several types and cases, nouns have reflexive possession of the third person, verbs have state, aspect and form, and function words are rich. Today's Xibe language is a continuation of Manchu.

Xibo script is a kind of phonography, which can also be called phonological writing. It was created in the 27th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1599), perfected in the 5th year of Chongzhen (1632), and then slightly modified on the basis of Manchu. However, it should be noted that Xibo language is not equivalent to Manchu.

Xibo * * * has 40 letters: 6 vowels, 24 consonants, and 10 letters spell foreign words. The basic strokes of letters include prefixes, teeth, circles, dots, suffixes, and various vertical lines that leave and connect letters in different directions. The writing order is from top to bottom, and the lines are from left to right, using punctuation marks commonly used in general words.

Xibo people living in Yili Valley are surrounded by multi-ethnic languages and have to learn other languages including Russian in order to survive. Xibo people generally speak Chinese, Russian and Uygur. Therefore, the Xibo people in Yili are called "talented translators".

Chabuchar is the only Xibe newspaper published in China at present. Xibo people's eating habits are unique. There are some differences because the living areas are different. Xibe men generally have a hobby of smoking and drinking. According to legend, every household used to brew yellow wine. Every household raises pigs, chickens, ducks, cattle, horses and sheep, and is self-sufficient in meat. At the same time, I also like game. Whenever the winter snow melts, I will go out hunting and fishing.

Most Xibe people are used to eating three meals during a solar eclipse. The staple food is mainly rice and noodles. I used to eat more sorghum rice. Pasta is mainly based on bread, steamed noodles, leek zygote and jiaozi are also eaten. Influenced by Uighurs, they also eat pilaf and bake naan, and drink noodle tea, milk and milk tea. The source of meat mainly depends on family feeding, mainly cattle, sheep and pork. When eating meat, it is customary for everyone to carry a knife with him. After the meat is cooked, put it on a big plate, cut it with a knife, and then dip it in the seasoning mixed with salt and onion and garlic. I am used to making pig blood enema. I also like to eat boiled pig blood, mix it into paste, and make a dish with garlic or chopped green onion. Xibe people often hunt in their leisure time in winter. Wild boar, wild duck, hare and antelope are all common game on the table in winter. Xibo people are also used to cooking all kinds of pickles. Every year at the end of autumn, every household should use leeks, green peppers, celery, cabbage, carrots and so on. To cut into filaments to pickle pickles, it is called "Hart's mixed vegetables" locally, and sometimes it can be eaten all year round. Xibe people also like to make noodle sauce to flavor in summer.

Xibo people in the northeast eat rice, sorghum and millet, while Xibo people in Xinjiang eat wheat. Among them, flour cake is an essential food for Xibo people in Xinjiang for almost three meals a day, which is called "Faraha quota", also known as "Xibo cake". Xibo people eat it almost every day. This kind of cake is made of flour, alkaline flour and water and baked in a pot. Generally, the diameter is 30-40 cm and the thickness is about 1 cm. The baked pattern is called "heaven" and the other side is called "ground". The way to eat this kind of cake is very particular. When eating, it must be "heaven" above "earth" and broken into four pieces, which embodies the Xibo people's concept of heaven and earth and national habits.

Apart from Xibe school, whole lamb mat is the most distinctive meat dish of Xibe nationality. The Xibe language of the whole sheep is "Morsek", which means "dish in a bowl". In 2009, the whole lamb mat, as a traditional skill category, was included in the second batch of intangible cultural heritage representative list in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Its main components are heart, liver, lung, large intestine, tongue and blood of sheep. *** 12 dishes with exquisite methods and unique flavor. If there are distinguished guests visiting, Xibe people will kill sheep and make a sumptuous feast for the whole sheep.

In addition, Xibo food also has Ertang noodles, leek cakes, Sastan, etc., which have rich styles and special tastes. The early clothing materials of Xibe nationality were mainly deerskin and pigskin, which paid more attention to the function of cold protection and warmth. The costumes of Xibe nationality are also different and changed because of the differences in different times and regions and the influence of different nationalities. The traditional costumes of Xibo nationality absorbed the advantages of Mongolian, Manchu, Han and other national costumes. Xibe men like blue, green, gray and brown robes, green mandarin jackets, domes, green cloth belts around their waists and platform shoes's ankles. In order to facilitate riding, men's robes and coats are separated from each other. Xibo robes are half-length, the bottom edge is half a foot below the knee, and the cuffs are horseshoe-shaped and can be rolled up and put down. They wear trousers and "trouser legs" (only two trouser legs, no crotch and waistband), "jacket trousers" in spring and autumn, and "cotton trousers" in winter.

There are many styles of clothing for Xibe women. I like to wear cheongsam (more piping), embroidered shoes, vests and so on. Big-breasted robes should be bonded with lace or embroidered with wide edges. I like to wear a vest. The vest has double-breasted buttons, large-breasted buttons and lace. Pants tied with black leg straps and embroidered shoes on feet. Girls and unmarried girls wear long braids and all kinds of "wool", do not cut hair curtains, love flowers on their heads and braids, wear gold (silver) earrings and elegant cheongsam. Put a colored handkerchief in the pocket of the right waist, and half of the handkerchief is exposed outside the pocket. Wear embroidered cloth shoes to show youthful vitality. The daughter-in-law's dress is not much different from that of the girl, but it is brighter than the girl. Hair styles are different, too. Daughter-in-law combs her hair into a "dragon bun", bangs on her forehead and swallowtail on her back. Her hair swelled up on her head and was coiled in a bun. In daily life, she combs her braids into double braids or two "catch buns" to form a big bun. Hair oil, without hair oil, the water soaked in elm bark is also sticky and shiny. You can apply powder on your face, lipstick on your mouth and nails on your hands. There is a gold hairpin on the head bun and a gold (silver, jade) bracelet on the wrist.

The clothing of Xibe old people is different. Generally, old men wear a small white jacket inside and a robe outside (cotton in winter). Some people also wear mandarin jackets, white socks, cloth shoes (round black cloth shoes in spring, summer and autumn, felt cotton black cloth shoes in winter, with a slightly higher waist in spring and summer, which is called "Zabu Sabu" in Xibe language), tie pants and wear hats. Women's clothes change with age. Older women often wear blue-black cheongsam, ankle-length, trouser legs and white socks, embroidered black cloth shoes in spring, summer and autumn (cotton high waist in winter), cotton robe and cotton cap in winter, similar to Han nationality. When the elderly women go out, they should hold a cigarette bag in their hands and wrap cigarettes for each other when they visit.

After the Revolution of 1911, the clothing changes of Xibo nationality were greatly influenced by Han nationality and Uygur nationality. Young women like to wear colorful dresses, short skirts, shirts and lapels, turtlenecks and boots. Young men like to wear suits, sportswear, jackets and leather shoes. Only men and women in their eighties and nineties occasionally wear robes, jackets, hats, autumn hats and embroidered shoes. Many traditional folk festivals of Xibo nationality are mostly the same as those of Han nationality. Such as Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day and Dragon Boat Festival. Every year before the Lunar New Year's Eve, every household should kill pigs and sheep, and make all kinds of new year's dishes, rice cakes and fried fruits. On New Year's Eve, the whole family began to pack jiaozi together, and jiaozi cooked on the first day of the first month. Eat longevity noodles the next day. When making longevity noodles, first make broth, then put the noodles in another pot to cook, remove the water, and add broth when eating, which symbolizes sending the old and welcoming the new. Although some festivals have the same time as the Han nationality, they have their own uniqueness, such as the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Lantern Festival, which are different from the Han nationality in the form of festivals.

Visit relatives, worship ancestors and have fun during the Chinese New Year. Fish Tomb-Sweeping Day in March of the lunar calendar, Gua Tomb-Sweeping Day in July of the lunar calendar, White Map (Dragon Boat Festival) and Mid-Autumn Festival. The way to celebrate these festivals is to pay tribute, eat and entertain in the customary way of our nation. Nationalized festivals include "April 18" westward migration festival and "smear festival" on 1 month 16.

Westward migration festival

April 18 of the lunar calendar is the Xibe nationality's westward migration festival, which is called Duinbaizakun Festival in Xibe language. /kloc-Before the 6th century, Xibo ancestors lived in the Northeast Plain and Hulunbeier Grassland for generations. 18 In the middle of the 8th century, the Qing government recruited 10 18 Xibo officers and men from Shengjing (Shenyang) and other places, and together with their families, 3,275 people, led by Manchu officials, moved westward to settle fields and guard the border in Yili, Xinjiang. On April 18 of this year's lunar calendar, Xibo people who moved to Xinjiang in the west and Xibo people who stayed in the northeast gathered in Taiping Temple, the Xibo family temple in Shengjing, to pay homage to their ancestors and have a farewell dinner. The next morning, Xibo officers and men and their families bid farewell to their hometown folks and embarked on a long journey to the west. After a year and five months of arduous trek, I arrived in Yili, Xinjiang. Xibe Autonomous County in Chabuchar was their place of residence, where Xibe people are their descendants, so some ethnologists think it is more accurate to call it "Western Expedition Festival".

On the day of the Westward Migration Festival, Xibe people, men, women and children all put on costumes and got together to play "Dhombre", "Mock Tune" and "Belem", and the dance was vigorous and lively. The girl's "shaking shoulders" and the boy's "duck steps" are vivid, so as to express their yearning for their hometown and their longing for a better life in the future.

This festival shows the splendid and long-standing cultural traditions, national psychology, national feelings, folk beliefs, folk customs, and various artistic dances of Xibo nationality, with rich cultural connotations and priceless value.

Defamation Festival

The sixteenth day of the first lunar month is the Xibe people's incense festival. On this day, people get up early in the morning, go out with smeared cloth or felt prepared last night, and smear each other's faces. On this day, men, women and children can discredit each other's faces. But when you meet an old man, you must pay a New Year call first, and then you can put it on your face, but only a little less to show your respect.

Xibe people have a long history of smear festival. According to legend, in the past, a young daughter-in-law gave burnt bread to a dog, which offended visiting gods. Therefore, God will punish those who don't cherish food. The next year, the visiting gods cast a spell to blacken the crops planted by Xibe people. As a result, all the black seeds were harvested in autumn. Now people are panicked and don't know what to do. Finally, the whole village thanked the visiting gods together and vowed to blacken their faces rather than make the wheat sick and the crops bear black seeds. God patrol was moved by people's sincerity and withdrew the spell. So later, on the 16th day of the first month every year, people don't plant crops, but rub them on their faces.

Because of this, people are not afraid of others smearing their faces on the day of smearing, because they are all being punished for their crops. As early as the Qing Dynasty, Xibo people in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Xinjiang all formed villages and towns. After the Xibo people who moved westward dug the Chabuchar Canal, they basically formed the settlement form of Eight Lu Niu (also known as Gashan). Lu Niu is both an economic unit and a combat unit. At first, each cowshed had a high wall with four doors, east, west, north and south, ranging from two to three hundred households. ?

The yard of each household varies in size, ranging from two or three acres to four or five acres. The courtyard is mostly rectangular in north and south, surrounded by various trees. The courtyard is surrounded by low walls and divided into two houses. The south yard is planted with all kinds of fruits and vegetables, and the north yard is planted with sheds, trees and grains. Houses are mostly herringbone adobe inclined roof houses or wooden frame inclined roof houses, mostly facing north and south. There are fire kang in the bedroom, mostly the "three-ring kang" in the south and northwest. Westinghouse is mostly for the elders, the East House is for the younger generation, and the kitchen is separated into aisles. Xibo people have always advocated that generations have lived under the same roof, and that parents must build houses and set up separate doors for separation.

Xibo people's housing is increasingly developing towards brick-wood combination and reinforced concrete structure. The herringbone roof houses left over from the Qing Dynasty have been eliminated. Individual villages are only preserved as cultural relics. This kind of house is modeled after Manchu, with higher cost and more labor and materials. The current residence tends to be a combination of brick-wood structure and "coming to Lampi" structure. There are many houses with steel windows and doors instead of wooden doors and windows. Individual farmers have also built buildings.

The architectural art of Xibo nationality is mainly reflected in the residential buildings and temple buildings. Xibo houses have a large herringbone roof, spacious and generous, with eaves about half a meter wide and large windows. Some houses have four or five windows, and the lattice shape of the windows is exquisite, small and curved, almost like carving. It can't be done without fine skills. Moreover, there are carefully carved patterns on doorframes, windows and screens. The music structure of this kind of songs is slightly larger than that of Tian Ge, and there are some four-phrase single paragraphs. It mainly reflects the customs of Xibo nationality in funeral, marriage, labor, entertainment, etiquette and belief. For example, "Funeral" includes "Corona Crying"; In marriage, there are songs about marriage, songs about crying marriage, and songs about persuading marriage. There is "Four Seasons Song" in labor; Recreation has "Diao Yang Ge"; Etiquette includes "respecting old songs"; Beliefs include "lixi Mayogo" and so on. Wedding custom songs generally have fixed lyrics.

children's song

The tunes of these songs are simple, mostly to educate children to study hard, learn to sing letters and learn to shoot arrows. It is the embodiment of our fine tradition of advocating education. It is this tradition that prompted this nation, which had only more than 3,000 people when it moved westward, to retain its own language and traditional art, even though it has coexisted with other nationalities for more than 200 years.

Narrative song

Narrative songs are mostly songs describing the historical events of Xibe people's westward migration to Xinjiang in 1764. This has a lot to do with the special historical mission undertaken by Xibo people and the specific life content formed by them. Generally speaking, the melody is extremely concise, and there are five relatively complete songs: Song of Kashgar, La Xi Xian Tu, Ye Qinna, Gege on the Plateau and Song of the Three Kingdoms. "Song of Kashgar" describes the historical process of 19. In the 1920s, some officers and men of the 4th Ili Battalion were ordered to go to southern Xinjiang to quell the Zhang Geer rebellion instigated by Britain and Russia. The Map of Laxi County contains nearly a thousand lines, which has a strong flavor of life, and the colloquial features enhance the color of folk music. Ye Qinna is an ancient ballad reflecting the fishing and hunting life of Xibe people. With unique national characteristics, each sentence of the poem begins with the word "Ye Qinna" and connects the upper and lower paragraphs with the rhetorical device of "thimble". "Hyland Gege" is a love song for lovers, also called love song. "Gege" is a good name for girls in the old Xibe nationality, and it can also be used as a nickname for husbands to their wives. "Blue sea princess" means "poor sister (or poor lady)". Song of the Three Kingdoms is based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is widely circulated among the people. It has been circulated for more than 100 years, and it is a historical witness of Chinese cultural exchanges.

There are not many Xibe folk songs, but the mode is very complicated. There are more than twenty tones, such as four tones, five tones, six tones and seven tones. There are some rare special patterns.

Field songs

Xibo language, also known as "street song", is called "Tale Dance Spring". This is the most distinctive folk song of Xibe nationality, which is considered by the majority of Xibe nationality to be an inherent folk song of this nationality. The objects it praises are all-encompassing, from heaven and earth to the sun and the moon, from humans to animals. This kind of songs have no fixed lyrics, and most of them are improvised by men and women during holidays, family gatherings or field work. It is characterized by its melody development technique, musical structure and lyrics rhythm. Almost all of them are composed of two asymmetrical phrases, and the second half of the next sentence strictly imitates five degrees (or four degrees); The termination of two phrases is from rising two or three degrees below the knot to the knot, and the five-degree imitation of termination is particularly strict. Butterfly piano

The butterfly piano, also known as Domdokun, is also a musical instrument developed in recent years. We saw two butterfly pianos with the same shape in the cultural performance of the Westward Migration Festival. A closer look reveals that one is a stringed instrument and the other is a plucker. They are all four strings, and they are all butterfly bodies. The color of the butterfly piano is like the color of mahogany furniture, antique. Another artist holds a "butterfly" about 40 cm long, which is a percussion instrument. This butterfly is decorated with tentacles made of two iron wires, which is in the shape of a wooden butterfly. There are four tied wooden sticks in it, one row is 20 iron rings, and the other row is 6 sheep beards, which are alternately formed. Players can hold the wooden shape of the butterfly and shake it rhythmically.

Dunbray

Cymbals are a plucked instrument of Xibo nationality. It is said that Dongbula originated in Kazakhstan, and it is generally believed that it was reformed on the basis of Manchu Sanxian and Kazakh Dongbula. The handle and chord axis of the piano are similar to the three strings of the Han nationality, and the * * * speaker and two strings are similar to the Dong Bu La of the Kazak nationality. It is about 1 10 cm long, with narrow intestines as strings and tasteless piano heads with two treasures and two silk strings. When playing, hold the piano in your arms and pluck it with your elbow and fingers of your right hand. The timbre is between Sanxian and Dongbula, which is used for solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment.

Zhuolun

Chuolun is shaped like a gourd, so it is also called a gourd piano. Xibo people first split the gourd in two with a knife, put the pig bladder on it and make two catgut lines. In modern times, Chu Lun developed from two strings at first to four strings today. The sound of strings is like the softness of Ma Touqin, and the timbre is beautiful and crisp. It is really the best instrument for singing love songs. The traditional entertainment activities of Xibo nationality are rich and colorful, including archery, wrestling, horse racing, wrestling and skating. , as well as swinging, flying kites, chess (shape) and Gail Chuk (stone) games.

Dauar

Dauar is a favorite sport of Xibe nationality, which originated in the hunting period of Xibe nationality. It can not only exercise arm strength and eyesight, but also cultivate people's collective concept. Wa, many people can be few. Each person holds a square plank called "tile" in his hand and divides it into two equal groups. Before playing cards, bet on the set and the set. The loser plays cards, and the winner plays cards. The specific method is: the two sides are on the prescribed distance line, and the tile breaker can pass by knocking down the tile of the tile setter with the tile. If you miss or miss, it is "burning to death." The first time you hit a tile, you have to shout it out. Shouting wrong or not shouting is "burning to death." Those who "burn to death" are allowed to be rescued by others, and they can continue fighting after being rescued. Those who can't get help become masons, and the original masons become masons. After the first tile is finished, it is more difficult to hit two or three sides, step by step. A person can't finish eating, all of them are "burned to death", and one tile is replaced by another.

wrestling

Wrestling is a highly antagonistic sport with competitive strength and skills, and it is a traditional folk sport loved by Xibe people. Every wedding, festival and other auspicious days will be held, and the winners will be rewarded. There are various forms of wrestling, besides international wrestling and Chinese wrestling, there are also national wrestling. Greco-Roman wrestlers and wrestlers are about the same age and weight, and there is no fixed procedure for wrestling. As long as one side touches the ground with both hands, knees or back, it is considered a loss. One is freestyle wrestling, in which competitors are not limited by time and place, regardless of their weight, as long as they fall down on their opponents, they win. Xibo people also have a form of wrestling. The wrestler's legs are packed in a sack, and the mouth of the sack is tied to his waist. Both sides can only fall by the strength and skill of the upper limbs. There is also a kind of wrestling at once, also called wrestling at once. In the race, the rider holds the reins in one hand and grabs, pulls, pushes, squeezes and twists the opponent with the other hand, or presses the reins on the saddle with a whip in his mouth. When two horses met, both sides tried to pull each other down, and the horse won. In the battle, the two riders often hover around, and the riders wrestle together, wrestling and pulling, and fighting with each other, which is dangerous and thrilling.