What is a nursery rhyme?

Children's ballads are among children. It is characterized by singing without playing musical instruments.

Nursery rhymes get up early. According to Zuo Gong's Twenty-five Years, there were nursery rhymes in Wen and Zhou Wuwang. Later, there were many nursery rhymes among the people. Children's songs are created by children themselves and sung by adults. There are different types of nursery rhymes, and Taoist nursery rhymes are one of them.

The so-called Taoist children's songs are songs created according to Taoist concepts and interests and circulated among children. From the point of merit, Taoist nursery rhymes also have a predictive function. In history, at the critical moment of changing the dynasty, some nursery rhymes that are in line with Taoism and indicate the spirit appeared in society. For example, before Emperor Wen of Sui proclaimed himself emperor in the Sui Dynasty, someone in the club predicted that Emperor Wen of Sui had a "dragon face" when he became emperor. Biography of Sui Shu said: Chen left an ancient temple, in which cypress trees withered. Some people say that the old man will "live all over the world", and once predicted that if cypress withers, the southeast branch will grow, and the holy life will flourish. In the Southern Qi Dynasty, the withered cypress really grew branches from the bottom, pointing to the southeast. In the evening, three boys got together and sang a ballad: "The dead tree in front of Laozi's temple is like an umbrella in the southeast, and the master left here." It is said that Yang Jian went to Bozhou to make a secretariat. He visited the Laozi Temple alone and saw cypress branches hugging their backs and kissing children's songs. Yang Jian is determined to regard himself as the "Lord". At the end of sui dynasty, another song sang, "peaches and plums, swans go around Yangshan and turn into a flower forest." Who can say yes? " According to previous explanations, the word "Li" in this nursery rhyme means that Li will become an emperor, while "Tao" means "Tao Tang". If the word "Tao" is omitted, the word "Tang" is left, implying the Wang Dynasty and Sui Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty. This kind of prophetic nursery rhyme is quite similar to Qi Hui's prophetic words about Li Chengdi and the great development of Taoism, which probably comes from Taoist creation.

Taoist children's songs are popular and easy to spread, which plays a special role in the publicity and utilization of tourists.

Another explanation:

edge in

The first two episodes introduced many traditional songs in Minnan. Mr. Huang Zheyong said that those ballads are really "original" and are treasures of folk literature. However, reading books was not enough, so I began to sing and became a nursery rhyme or a folk nursery rhyme. Some of these songs are naturally produced with chanting, and some are slowly collected by a willing heart and sung in simple tunes, just like Confucius, Homer, Faust and Chen Da, who are all creators of historical documents; They are organizers and singers of nursery rhymes, folk songs and epics. They combine the wisdom of life with the land of the nation and become the great wisdom of mankind. For example, famous local musicians in Taiwan Province Province, such as Lv Quansheng and Mr. Lin Fuyu, once picked up traditional ballads and created them into popular songs such as Shake Baby and Banqiao Tea Plan. Basically, popular Minnan nursery rhymes are divided into the following categories according to the lyrics and the generation of songs:

First, I have no idea about the origin of lyrics and songs, which were handed down by my ancestors. This can be divided into those who can sing and those who can't tune, as well as those in Taiwan Province province and regions.

Second, the words were left by our ancestors, but the songs were composed by later generations. We know who made them up. This is divided into retaining the original word and modifying the meaning.

Third, the lyrics and songs are written by modern writers, who are famous and have surnames.

The first category, of course, is the traditional nursery rhymes. The third category is, of course, nursery rhymes creation, and the second category is more complicated, which is the creation of the integration of the old and the new. However, whatever the first, second and third categories are, as long as they are sung in Minnan, they are called Minnan nursery rhymes (some people say that they are Taiwan Province nursery rhymes, but there are also arguments). Although they all have different flavors, they are equally fragrant and intoxicating.

This episode, named "Aged New Wine", will rationally and emotionally analyze the similarities, differences, advantages and disadvantages of traditional Minnan nursery rhymes and try to find out the direction and prospect for the future Minnan nursery rhymes.

Gardener of Minnan nursery rhymes

When did Taiwan Province Province begin to write nursery rhymes? The origin of traditional nursery rhymes is more difficult to trace back. As mentioned above, Taiwan Province experienced musicians have been collecting and creating folk songs for a long time. In recent years, Shi, Xu Changhui and others have also conducted similar field investigations and collations. Unfortunately, the political environment, material conditions and educational ideas at that time were different from today's, so there was no sensation and applause, and only some people who were interested in promoting the local culture of Taiwan Province Province were concerned and admired!

If the creation of nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province started obviously, it can be traced back to 53 years of the Republic of China (1964), when Mr. Shi Fuzhen was a music teacher in Yuan Lin Jia. In the afternoon of summer vacation, his nap was awakened by several naughty children. It turned out that the hot summer sun melted the asphalt road, and he stuck it on his feet barefoot: "Apply some glue and it will stick to his feet." Such relaxed rhyming nursery rhymes inspired him a lot. In less than five minutes, he finished a Renaissance Minnan nursery rhyme-"Little Glue". After that day, he began to pay attention to the column "Proverbs and Folklores in Taiwan Province Province" written by Mr. Wu Yingtao in the Independent Evening News at that time. Mr. Shi collected and arranged music, and a series of Minnan nursery rhymes adapted from traditional songs appeared. These nursery rhymes are not taught in schools, but spread in societies like the Boy Scouts and the Salvation Army. To this end, he was criticized by the school and resigned as a teacher. His career in the second half of his life is to adapt, create, teach and popularize Minnan nursery rhymes. Mr. Jane said, "He is known as the gardener of nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province. 」

In recent years, nursery rhymes in southern Fujian have flourished. With the rise of local culture and the demand of mother tongue teaching, Minnan nursery rhymes have mushroomed. During this period, Taiwanese songs (Taiwan Province pop songs) also rose, and even the second generation of Cai Qin from other provinces published an album of Taiwanese songs. These new generation creators have indeed created many excellent Minnan nursery rhymes. So publishers, record companies and foundations all over the world also take the initiative to find these creators. Most interestingly, Mandarin Daily also asked Xie and other teachers to write nursery rhymes (in Minnan and Mandarin).

Traditional nursery rhymes in Minnan dialect are very extensive and vague. As early as the Hezheng period, and after the recent recovery, all Minnan nursery rhymes with no birthright belonged to traditional nursery rhymes. So among the three categories mentioned above, the first category is pure tradition, and the second category is adapted tradition. Interestingly, the second category is far more than the first category. It is precisely because of this that this episode will introduce the hero group who promoted Minnan nursery rhymes-the creators who picked up traditional nursery rhymes and adapted them into singers.

I. Mr. Shi Fuzhen:

For 40 years, he has been collecting, sorting out, revising, composing, publishing, teaching and promoting, and he can sing and enjoy it. Now he is very busy, too many schools, societies, communities, public and private units ask him to give lectures and teach singing. He went willingly, no matter how far away people were. The most precious thing is not only his talent, but his enthusiasm and accomplishment.

Second, Mr. Jian Ren Shang:

Mr. Jane studied finance and taxation and used to work in customs. However, inspired by his predecessors such as Shi and Xu Changhui, he resolutely devoted himself to the rugged road of collecting, researching and popularizing Taiwan Province folk songs. In order to publish the first CD of nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province, he borrowed money to bid, and now he is rich. In addition to studying children's songs, ballads, folk proverbs and Taiwan Province folk literature, he is also committed to the internationalization of Taiwan Province folk songs, and is now studying for a doctorate in ethnomusicology in the UK.

3. Mr Xie and Mr Feng:

They don't compose music, they just write lyrics. Among them, Mr. Xie mainly speaks Mandarin, followed by Minnan. Teacher Feng is mainly Hakka nursery rhymes, followed by Mandarin and Minnan.

4. Mr Wang:

Mr. Wang is very young, but he is thirty years old. He used to draw illustrations as a profession, but he was deeply moved by the children's literature works of Mr. Xie and began to write nursery rhymes. After the first successful submission, he was greatly encouraged. Now he is the most prolific and popular nursery rhyme writer among the younger generation. He often illustrated his nursery rhymes and went to the library of Enzhu Palace in Taipei every Sunday to teach children to draw cartoons.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Mr. Huang Zheyong:

Mr. Huang Zheyong works in garlic sugar factory. Because he and his wife love local culture, they collect traditional songs everywhere, sort them out and interpret them, and publish them into books. Now he is one of the famous masters of Taiwan Province folk literature in Jia Yun.

6. Mr. Kang Yuan:

Kang Yuan was less than forty-five years old and became a grandfather at a young age. His education is not high, but he studies hard and is brave in writing. He dabbles in poetry, prose, novels and songs. He has a baby face, a beautiful voice and a good eloquence, which makes him feel intimate and energetic when promoting Minnan proverbs and nursery rhymes.

7. Mr. Zhong Xinchang:

Mr. Zhong Xinchang can neither write lyrics nor compose music, but he is particularly interested in creating Minnan nursery rhymes. He once wrote a master's thesis on "Research on the Creation of Nursery Rhymes in Southern Fujian", which was the first master's thesis in Taiwan Province Province. Now, as the general manager of Anxi Elementary School in Sanxia Town, Taipei County, he decided to use this system and theory to promote the creation of Minnan nursery rhymes in the school.

8. Mr Lu jibao:

Mr. Lu Jibao is the principal of the local library primary school in Ligang, Pingtung, and has been studying Minnan dialect for a long time. He worked harder after the fashion was released. The whole school is arranged as a cultural park for learning Chinese, and mother tongue teaching is actively promoted from kindergarten to sixth grade and from recess to off-campus. Including: popular proverbs, reading Tang poetry, children's drama, adaptation of Taiwanese opera, children's poetry creation and so on. Of course, nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province will not be ignored. He once said: Without mother tongue, there is no nation, and without nation, there is no country.

9. Mr. Lin Wenbao:

Mr. Lin Wenbao is the director of the Institute of Children's Literature of National Taitung Teachers College, which is unique in Taiwan Province Province. Director Lin often said: Taiwan Province literature, especially children's literature, has been influenced by the strong western culture for a long time and almost lost its own style and orientation, which is very regrettable and dangerous. So he actively revived Taiwan Province children's literature, and of course Taiwan Province nursery rhymes were one of them. He believes that Minnan dialect is only one of Chinese dialects, and it is necessary to promote mother tongue teaching, but the weight of mother tongue and dialect teaching cannot exceed that of Putonghua, otherwise it will be another kind of paranoia. In the past two years, Mr. Lin Wenbao has selected, evaluated, published and popularized nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province for the Cultural Construction Committee of the Executive Yuan. There are not only Minnan languages, but also Mandarin, Hakka and Aboriginal languages. He said: He tried to make all good nursery rhymes sung and preserved.

X. Cultural Construction Committee of the Executive Yuan

The Cultural Construction Committee of the Executive Yuan originally directed and planned the national cultural trend, and promoting community culture and local culture was one of them. Chairman Chen is a famous musician. She knows the importance of music and nursery rhymes to children's growth, and she is also worried that the development of nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province has been hindered in recent years. So she set up a special executive team to extensively select and create nursery rhymes and reward nursery rhymes writers. Two sets of excellent works were published and distributed to primary and secondary schools all over the country, so as to promote the creation of nursery rhymes in Taiwan Province Province more widely. Chairman Chen hopes to spread nursery rhymes to all parts of Taiwan Province Province, so that children in Taiwan Province Province can sing and read their own nursery rhymes.

Key points to be paid attention to in the creation of nursery rhymes in southern Fujian

First, we should have a deep understanding of Minnan dialect.

Second, make good use of common sayings and slang.

Third, short and smooth.

Fourth, rich imagination.

Five, around the theme of life (in line with the modern theme).

Sixth, there must be rhyme.

Seventh, it should be educational.

Eight, pay attention to the high and low octaves of the original Minnan dialect when composing music, so as not to sing other meanings.

Nine, children's singing skills are limited, neither higher than octave nor lower than octave.

10. Avoid unfamiliar words.

The difference between nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes

First, the sentence patterns of children's songs are relatively standardized, but children's songs are not.

Second, nursery rhymes pay attention to feet, but children's poems don't.

Third, how short nursery rhymes are, and children's poems are not restricted.

Fourth, nursery rhymes are simple and easy, and children's poetry is artistic.

Fifth, nursery rhymes are easy to compose and sing, but nursery rhymes are not.

Nursery rhymes are not only amusement tools for talking, learning, teasing and singing, but also shoulder the heavy responsibility of children's education.

Wenhua treasure house

The deformation of nursery rhymes

Because nursery rhymes are passed down from mouth to mouth, there are no words, and they are based on things around life, so nursery rhymes are often deformed and can be divided into two categories according to what happens:

I. Unintentional

Unintentional changes are usually due to incomplete memory or a slip of the tongue. Because the memory is incomplete, the details are different. Because of a slip of the tongue, one person is mistaken for another, but it also provides children with creative participation to make up for themselves.

Second, intentionally.

Intentional change is the intervention of communicators. Sometimes it is because of dissatisfaction with the original content, and sometimes it has to be changed because of differences in scenery or dialects. If the narrator does not change the difference between scenery and dialect, it will limit the spread of nursery rhymes. Unless the content is changed, it will be difficult to recite in different accent areas.

In short, whether it is intentional or unintentional change, it is difficult to verify which is right and which is changed after this deformation phenomenon spreads. Everyone can participate in it and be proud of themselves. This is the charming place of nursery rhymes.

Music score method for creating nursery rhymes

According to the characteristics of language tones, all language combinations have certain musical ups and downs, so the "ballads" recited orally are like music in sentence rhythm. This musicality accompanying language is equivalent to endowing nursery rhymes with an innate structure. Of course, from another perspective, it is also a constraint, so the harmony of lyrics and songs has become a nursery rhyme.

The inconsistency between "words" and "songs" often causes the singer's words to fail to express his meaning, or the audience doesn't know what to say. If the singer becomes willing to combine words, it will live up to the composer's painstaking efforts.

Nursery rhyme structure

First, the rhythm

Rhythm is the root of nursery rhymes, and its rhythm is nothing more than "work as a whole" and "variant body" The so-called neat style means that the whole article consists of sentences with a certain number of words, because the development of neat sentences requires a considerable degree of language control, but if it is too long, it is easy to form a monotonous feeling, which is unacceptable to children, so there are few neat sentences and the length is small. Therefore, the rhythm of nursery rhymes can be said to be based on the change of sentence patterns, which is not limited by complex arrays and can be changed at any time. In other words, the change of sentence pattern is equivalent to the change of rhyme.

Second, skills.

Among the three poetic methods of Xing, in nursery rhymes, it can be said that most of them are straightforward "Fu" with a small amount of "Bi", while "Xing" is often only used for "rhyme". So the most common skills are question-and-answer method, sequence method, correspondence method, repetition method, top truth method, especially the top truth method of the previous sentence.

Cultural question and answer

Q: Will the vigorous creation of nursery rhymes lead to the disappearance of traditional nursery rhymes?

A: Basically not, but in principle there will be fewer people singing. The reasons are as follows: First, excellent traditional nursery rhymes have been tested for decades and hundreds of years; Second, the beauty of rhyme, metaphor and association of traditional nursery rhymes is incomparable to nursery rhymes creation; Thirdly, traditional nursery rhymes and proverbs in Taiwan Province Province are integrated. As long as proverbs exist, traditions should not disappear easily; Fourth, trade-in is a social and natural law, so don't worry too much. It must be noted, however, that if we don't know enough about Minnan culture and local culture, and just write children's songs in a novel, we may become foreign cultures and lose the so-called "original flavor" of Taiwan Province nursery rhymes.

Q: What are the main points of composition and music of Song of Zai Zai?

A: First, the melody of chanting; The second is the colloquialism of melody; Third, the tune is simple and easy to sing; Fourth, the prelude is concise and lively: fifth, the harmony accompaniment is easy to play; Sixth, the range is moderate; Seven, up, down and syncopation and other special treatment; Eight, the clear treatment of words and tones: homophones with different tones, homophones with different tones, homophones with different tones, homophones with different tones.

Q: The nursery rhyme "A, B, C Dog Bites Pig" is one of the songs designated by the Children's Singing Competition of the Ministry of Education in 1990 (AD 200 1). Caused a wide discussion. Is it a traditional nursery rhyme or a nursery rhyme?

A: This nursery rhyme was written during the Japanese occupation period. At that time, the Japanese were bent on westernization, so the atmosphere of learning foreign languages was very prosperous. However, as we all know, Japanese English pronunciation is very crude. As a result, people in Taiwan Province province laughed at their pronunciation as bad as a pig bitten by a dog. As for Abba, who was connected in series behind, he fell from mid-air, which was attached by later generations. According to Teacher Jane, there are many versions of this nursery rhyme.

Cultural collection record

Faust

Full name Stephen? Stephen foster, an early American folk composer, whose works are widely circulated all over the world, such as Susanna, Old Black Earl, Hometown of Kentucky, etc. Especially the description of southern blacks is full of helplessness, pity, optimism and perseverance, and no one can beat him.

Elderly reading club

Puji City, Chiayi County held a reading meeting for the elderly, on the one hand, it taught the elderly literacy and other artistic and literary skills. On the one hand, the oral history and common sayings of the elderly are mutually beneficial, which is a beautiful conversation material for other counties and cities to learn from.

Confucius

China was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is not only the greatest educator, thinker and philosopher in China, but also the earliest organizer and interpreter of "China Folk Songs". He once said that "there are 300 poems, and there is no evil in thinking", which means that there are 300 books of songs, all of which are pure and beautiful.

Homer (Homer)

Ancient Greek poets wrote two epics, Iliad and Odysseus. And sang all his life, and his works became the source of European culture.

Culture is fast and easy to communicate.

philology

1. By Shi Fuzhen: songji, Taiwan Province Province 1-3, Beautiful Printing House, 2nd Edition,1February 990.

2. Hong Yi Yang Sufang: "Sea Wave", Anke Publishing House, 1989.

3. Taipei City Government: Happy Reading Poetry 1-6,1September, 989.

4. Selected works of Wang Jin: The Scream of the Fat Pig, Green Publishing House,1April, 988.

5. Selected works of Wang Jin: Dim Sum Stall, Taiwan Province Mike Publishing House,12nd edition, September, 988.

6. Li He: Songs of Taiwan Province Province, Rice Publishing House, 1980.

7. Zhong Xinchang's book: A Study of Taiwanese Children's Songs, Taipei Normal University, 1990.

8. Zhuang Bolin's Collection of Poems and Songs in Taiwan Province Province, Ronghou Culture Foundation, 65438+ 1985 10.

9. Kang Zhu: "Singing Taiwanese Opera", Anke Publishing House, 2nd edition, 65438+1February 987.

10. compiled by the cultural development Committee of the executive yuan: wind chimes of love-children's songs written in Taiwan Province province in 2000 100, 1989, 65438+February.