How were the rich people's homes built in the Ming and Qing dynasties?

1. From the existing ancient buildings to analyze the Ming and Qing Dynasty residential houses

Ming and Qing Dynasty public **** building in Yingkou is still some remains. The more famous ones are: Gai Zhou Xuan Zhen Guan (God's Temple), Gai Zhou Town Bell and Drum Tower, Yingkou West Grand Temple and so on. The Republic of China during the Lanyan Zen Temple counted in this phase of the building is not far-fetched, all of its architectural forms have not changed significantly, just a little secular in style.

Gaizhou Xuanzhen Guan, also known as "God Temple", in the city of Gaizhou West Guannei Street Road North, built in 1382 AD (Ming Hongwu fifteen years), is with the Jin Dynasty architectural style of the early Ming Dynasty buildings. Xuanzhen Guan face five rooms, the depth of three show four rooms, face 15.3 meters, depth of 9.7 meters, for the large wooden frame structure, hipped roof, the arch is larger, the beam square have color paintings. Shengjing Tongzhi said: "the main hall five pillars, with hipped ten pillars, the gate three pillars. The architectural structure and form of Gai Zhou Xuan Zhen Guan (Temple of God) retains and inherits many styles of Jin Dynasty architecture.

The Bell and Drum Tower of Gaizhou Town is located in the center of the ancient city of Gaizhou. Originally is the south gate of the ancient city of Gaizhou, Ming Hongwu five years to nine years when the expansion of the city, will be retained and changed to the bell and drum tower. Bell and Drum Tower was built on the old wall of the coupon door type, now left a group of ancient buildings. There are Daci Baodian, bell and drum two buildings, supporting rooms, withered wood hall and the door, etc., the building volume is small.

Yingkou Xidamiao and the Master's Pavilion, is the early and middle of the Qing Dynasty to stay in the building, the construction of the more exquisite. West Temple, originally known as the Palace of the Queen of Heaven, is located in Yingkou City, West Street, is the year 1726 (Qing Yongzheng four years) in the old site of the Dragon King Temple rebuilt up. Re-construction of the Sea Goddess Hall as the main body, with the Hall of the Dragon King and the Hall of the King of Medicine, Guanyin Pavilion and other buildings. The three pillars of the front hall are in the hard mountain style. Left and right there is a hermit-style bell, drum tower each one. The main hall in the former hall, three pillars of hard mountain style, built on four steps, in front of the scroll shed holding the building. Dragon King Hall in its east, the Pharmaceutical King Hall in its west, are three pillars of hard mountain style, and the main hall around according to the connection. In front of the main hall, there are three pillars in each of the east and west halls. Guanyin Pavilion in the southeast of the drum tower, hiatus style, located in the stone on the platform, about 20 meters high. Pavilion on the west for the Guanyin Shrine, east for the God of Wealth Shrine. Temple original Yongzheng four years to repair the monument? On it, there is "poopdeck gathering, day by day" words, is an important record of the development history of Yingkou. Built in 1860, the Master's Pavilion, **** two floors, built on a high platform made of stone, about twenty-one meters high. The attic for the mountain style, surrounded by wooden lattice windows and doors, outside the wooden fence surrounded by corridors, destroyed in the "Cultural Revolution", now does not exist.

In the Republic of China for the Northeast one of the three major Zen forests in Yingkou Lanyan Zen Temple, located in Yingkou City. The temple is rectangular, north-south length of about 170 meters, about 50 meters wide. The three courtyards are built more strictly in accordance with the pattern of temples after the Song Dynasty. The temple consists of the mountain gate, the Heavenly King's Hall, the Daxiongbao Hall, and the scripture building on the central axis, flanked by the bell and drum towers and the hips. Each building are built on granite stone pedestal, green brick grinding brick to the seam of the building and the exquisite different brick carvings highlight the elegance of the building, the large wooden frame structure to continue the style of ancient Chinese architecture. It was built in the 1920s of the last century. The door is five rooms wide, three rooms deep, heavy eaves hiatus; Bell and Drum Tower for the square pavilion type, for the hiatus, a large wood around the corridor of the large wooden style frame; The Heavenly King Hall is five rooms wide, one room deep, nine purlins before and after the corridor of the large wooden hard mountain style building, after the corridor of the bright room for the tortoise; Maharajah's Treasure Hall is five rooms wide, two rooms deep, nine purlins in front of the gable corridor of the hard mountain of the large wooden style frame; the Tibetan scripture tower for the two-storey hard mountain building. The face of seven rooms, the first floor of the front porch for the scroll shed holding building, three rooms deep, for nine purlins hardwood small frame (hidden scripture building in 1975 after the earthquake in Haicheng Yingkou dismantled). Each hipped five rooms wide, one room deep, for the front porch of five frames of large wood small style, the roof for the scroll shed of the hard mountain frame; in the door on both sides of the door is the ear door, six purlins of the hard mountain scroll shed style.

Yingkou in the Ming and Qing dynasties of such buildings are lifted beam frame. The so-called raised beam type, is in the columns on the frame beam, beams and raised beams on the building form. This form of framing in the northern palaces, temples, monasteries and other large buildings are commonly used, more royal complexes selected, is an official practice. Official building is the product of the system, is the development of regional folk building forms. In the process of institutionalization, the official building to form a unique architectural form and detached from the characteristics of the region, in turn, it will also have an impact on the folk approach. The hall of "building method style", as the type of official building has been formally established, the early hall type as the representative of the standard features of the official building has an impact on the development of the lifting beam type is a driving force; lifting beam type to achieve an ideological symbolic status, the folk building also played a role. Due to the mixed structure of civil architecture in the north, there is no development of a distinctive wood frame type to compete with the official architecture, coupled with the fact that historically the center of China's domination has been located in the north for a long period of time, so the reason why the wood frame type of the existing northern residential houses is to a certain extent represented by the raised-beam type is reasonable. It is also true that the raised-beam residential architecture dominated and led the trend of residential architecture. Also due to the requirements of the "Construction Law Style", the roofs of folk dwellings can only be used in the hard mountain style. Not allowed to use hiatus, hipped, or even hanging mountain roof.

2. Most of the large-scale folk houses in Guanzhong were the residences of officials and wealthy merchants in the past. Layout is by a few or even a dozen architectural style of the same multi-entry courtyard connected as a whole, composed of a building complex. Its land reference, layout, space treatment and internal and external decoration have a certain level of architectural art, is a valuable heritage of China's architectural culture.

In the freshly survived Ming and Qing dynasty Guanzhong residential houses, we see that the rich and powerful merchants at that time, in their own residential buildings, through the carving of the architectural decorations to express their own ideals of life and the pursuit of morality. They were not satisfied with the scale of the single building, the color and the preciousness of the materials used, but created exquisite carving skills to express their ideas, wishes and pursuits through the art of architectural carving. According to their own life experience and understanding of nature, they took dragons, phoenixes, tortoises, lions, deer, cranes, mandarin ducks, as well as pines, cypresses, peaches, bamboos, plums, orchids, lotus, chrysanthemums and other flora and fauna as important decorative themes of the building, in order to express the specific cultural connotations and value orientations. For example, the Zhou Residence in Mengdian Village of Sanyuan, the Tang Family Residence in Xunyi, the Guo Family Residence in Chang'an, and the Anwu Temple in Jingyang can be considered as the classics of the Ming and Qing Dynasty residential architecture. We can see the profound wisdom and sharp creativity of our nation from a wall of these deep houses, a section of flower wall, a door and window, and even a courtyard, a side of brick carvings, a piece of tile in. Walking in the music-like ancient residential buildings, we get the traditional culture and civilization of enlightenment.

3. Nanchang, a Ming and Qing dynasty villa is China's earliest surviving villa

Nanchang Yunting villa was built in the Ming and Qing dynasties, is China's earliest surviving villa, only the door cover is carved with 72 figures, 36 pavilions, figures, landscape flowers, birds and animals, all kinds of utensils and other decorations are also available, the degree of sophistication of the people to clap. 2013, the State Council announced the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units, the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units, the State Council announced the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units, Jinxian County, rack bridge town of cloud pavilion villa and feather is a mountain pavilion on the list.

Yunting Villa, Yu Yes Shan Pavilion listed in the "national protection" units

Yu Yes Shan Pavilion and Yun Ting Villa for the Ming and Qing dynasty feudal officials manor. "Feather is a mountain pavilion" for the Aixi Chen family of ancient architectural complex in the "West Manor", while the Cloud Pavilion villa is the "East Manor". The reason why it is divided into two manors, is because since the Ming Dynasty Jiajing 44 years, villagers Chen Dong to one a three honored the third place in the jinshi (flower), the Chen family development is very fast, the Ming and Qing dynasties **** 10 people won the examination for the jinshi, so the economy and culture go hand in hand, the clan competes to build houses. East Manor and West Manor complex that is the late Qing Dynasty feudal officials to compare each other left behind the art of building products.

According to the records, Yun Ting villa was built in 1863 in the late feudal society villa, than the Beidaihe British railroad engineers Jinda 1893 in China built the earliest villa 30 years earlier, is China's earliest surviving and "villa" named private gardens.

Which Yun Ting villa door cover, the carving is very beautiful, up and down seven layers of hollowed out relief with 72 characters, 36 buildings and pavilions, and with landscape, flowers and plants, birds and beasts, and the form of realistic, lifelike, fully demonstrates the beauty of the ancient architecture of Jiangxi, as well as the colorful history of the Gan land folklore.2013 May, in the State Council announced this year, the seventh batch of the national key cultural relics protection unit In May 2013, in the State Council announced this year the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units, Jinxian County Bridge Town, Aixi Chen family "Cloud Pavilion Villa" and "Fei is a mountain pavilion" list, are included in the category of national key protection.