Medicinal value of some plants

Ganoderma lucidum, also known as Cao Rui and Cao Zhi, is a traditional and precious health-care medicinal material in China. The research on the efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum by traditional Chinese medicine has a long history. Since ancient times, it has been considered to have the effect of bringing back the dead, and it is the best among precious medicinal materials. As far away as Liezi in the Zhou Dynasty, there is a book "On rotten soil, there is South Ganoderma lucidum". Shennong's herbal classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty have the effects of benefiting the heart, calming the heart and calming the nerves, nourishing the liver and benefiting qi, strengthening bones and muscles, and looking good. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty described Ganoderma lucidum as "bitter, flat and nontoxic". Indications: Heart knot, benefiting heart qi. Supplement China, increase wisdom, and never forget. Eating for a long time keeps you healthy. Ganoderma lucidum is a fungus belonging to Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae and Ganoderma. Generally, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma lucidum are mainly used as medicine. Studies have shown that Ganoderma lucidum has complex components, many effective components and a wide range of biological functions, and can treat many diseases. In this paper, the active components and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum were reviewed, especially the biological activities and extraction methods of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. 1. 1 Studies on the active ingredients and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum prove that Ganoderma lucidum contains polysaccharides, amino acids, protein, peptides, steroids, organic acids, volatile oils, oils, alkaloids, long-chain alkanes, our enzymes and inorganic ions. Through research, different varieties of Ganoderma lucidum, different growth stages of the same variety, wild and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum contain different chemical components. 1. 1. 1 ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is the main active component of ganoderma lucidum, and there are many kinds of GLP, including dextran, heteropolysaccharide, galactose, mannose, fucoidan, arabinose, arabinoxylan and so on. The content of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum varies greatly due to the types, extraction methods and purity of polysaccharides. At present, there are more than 200 kinds of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, most of which are B- glucan and a few are A- glucan. Polysaccharide chain is composed of three monosaccharide chains, which is a spiral three-dimensional structure. Its three-dimensional structure is similar to DNA and RNA. The helical layer is mainly fixed by hydrogen bonds, and its molecular weight ranges from several hundred to several hundred thousand. Except for a few small molecular polysaccharides, most of them are insoluble in high concentration alcohol and soluble in hot water. There are extracellular polysaccharides secreted by ganoderma lucidum mycelium in both liquid medium and solid medium. Both intracellular polysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide are effective polysaccharides. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides are mostly heteropolysaccharides, that is, in addition to glucose, most of them also contain a small amount of monosaccharides such as arabinose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, galactose and mannose. There are (1 3), (1 4) and (1 6) glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides. Most of them have branches, some polysaccharides contain peptide chains, and the pharmacological activities of polysaccharides with high branching density or interview chains are generally high. There are many glycosidic bonds in the structure of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, which may be the reason for its strong pharmacological activity. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide is one of the most effective components in Ganoderma lucidum. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of medical science and technology workers, and there are the most research reports. It is known that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide has a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can improve immunity, improve hypoxia tolerance, eliminate free radicals, inhibit tumors, resist radiation, improve the ability of liver, bone marrow and blood to synthesize DNA, RNA and protein, and prolong life. Many pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum are related to Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in Dachuan. 1. 1.2 ganoderic acid ganoderic acid is another main active ingredient of ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum acid is a triterpenoid compound, and its basic structure consists of several isopentenes, most of which are 30 carbon atoms and some of which are 27 carbon atoms. There are two kinds of ganoderic acid: tetracyclic triterpenoids and pentacyclic triterpenoids. More than 100 kinds of ganoderic acids have been isolated from various ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma acid is the main source of bitter components in Ganoderma lucidum, which can be used as one of the basis for identifying Ganoderma lucidum varieties. The content of ganoderic acid in different kinds of Ganoderma lucidum or the fruiting body cultured in the medium of the same variety is different at different growth stages, so the degree of bitterness is different. Generally, the content of ganoderic acid in bitter Louzhi is often high. Japan attaches great importance to the content of ganoderic acid in ganoderma lucidum products and finished products, and believes that high content of ganoderic acid will improve the quality of ganoderma lucidum products. Ganoderma lucidum acid has a strong pharmacological activity, which has the functions of analgesia, sedation, inhibition of histamine release, detoxification, liver protection and poisoning tumor cells. It is one of the main effective components of Ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum acid can inhibit the release of histamine from rat giant cells, inhibit the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme and lower blood pressure. Ganoderma lucidum acid can also inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by 24,25-dihydrolanosterol in rat hepatocytes, and can be used to prevent and treat atherosclerosis and heart disease. Several ganoderic acids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum by Jorgel et al. have cytotoxicity and can kill liver cancer cells cultured in vitro. 1. 1.3 Various elements Ganoderma lucidum contains many elements. The types and contents of elements in different varieties of Ganoderma lucidum are slightly different, and the types and contents of elements in cultivated Ganoderma lucidum and wild flexible fruit are also inconsistent. The results of plasma emission spectrometry (IPC) showed that Ganoderma lucidum extract contained 25 elements, among which calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, lithium, boron, vanadium, tin, germanium, strontium, titanium, selenium and other 19 elements were necessary or beneficial to human body. The results of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) show that Ganoderma lucidum extract powder is rich in calcium (2330ppm), magnesium (2440ppm), phosphorus (45000ppm), iron (390ppm), manganese (156ppm), zinc (55.3ppm) and germanium (25.0ppm). It is known that iron, calcium, zinc and manganese have the functions of nourishing blood, benefiting liver and tonifying kidney. Trace elements such as zinc, copper, manganese and lithium are related to the efficacy of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, benefiting qi and calming the nerves. Trace element titanium plays an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. In addition, trace elements such as germanium, selenium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, chromium and nickel are closely related to human anti-aging and anti-cancer. In the mycelium and fermentation broth of Ganoderma lucidum, the content of phosphorus is quite rich, and phosphorus has the effect of calming the nerves. The effect of Ganoderma lucidum on neurasthenia and intractable insomnia is closely related to the role of phosphorus. It is reported that the content of organic germanium in basidiomycetes is as high as 800-2000 mg/kg, which can inhibit the growth of various tumors and regulate immune function, so some people think that organic germanium in Ganoderma lucidum has certain physiological activity. However, it is reported that the content of organic germanium in Ganoderma lucidum is very different, and the content of organic germanium in wild Ganoderma lucidum from different habitats, artificially cultivated wild Ganoderma lucidum and wild Ganoderma lucidum is also different. The content of organic germanium in wild ganoderma lucidum is generally low, and some of them can't even be detected. A Japanese author reported that the organic germanium content of Ganoderma lucidum in different regions and growing periods was 13-78ug/kg, but it was not detected in the water extract. This proves that the biological function of Ganoderma lucidum water extract has nothing to do with germanium. Some people in the Institute of Drug Traction of China Academy of Medical Sciences added organic germanium to the culture solution of submerged fermentation mycelium, which can significantly increase the content of organic germanium in mycelium. It can be seen that for cultivated Ganoderma lucidum, whether it is fruiting body or mycelium, we can consider adding a certain component to the culture medium according to people's needs, so that the content of this component in Ganoderma lucidum can be significantly improved. 1. 1.4 alkaloid ganoderma lucidum adenosine is a very active substance and one of the main effective components of ganoderma lucidum. Ganoderma lucidum contains adenine and adenine nucleoside, uracil and uracil nucleoside. Ganoderma lucidum has a variety of adenosine derivatives, all of which have strong pharmacological activities, which can reduce blood viscosity, inhibit platelet aggregation in vivo, improve blood oxygen supply ability and accelerate blood microcirculation, and improve blood oxygen supply ability to the heart and brain. Shimizu et al. reported that adenine nucleoside is an effective component of Ganoderma lucidum water extract to inhibit platelet aggregation. Animal experiments show that uracil and uridine can reduce serum aldolase in experimental myotonia mice. Ganoderma lucidum contains five alkaloids, one of which is γ-trimethyl amino butyric acid, which can prolong the survival time of isolated guinea pig heart and increase coronary flow. 1. 1.5 Other ganoderma lucidum contains a small amount of protein, peptides and amino acids. Lipid A in Ganoderma lucidum spores can lower cholesterol. Ganoderma lucidum spore acid A can reduce transaminase. Dilute alcohol ether in Ganoderma lucidum, Eupatorium adenophorum and Pleurotus ostreatus and spore ether in Ganoderma lucidum spores can enhance the liver regeneration ability of mice with partial hepatectomy. Ganoderma lucidum fiber can lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis, constipation, diabetes, hypertension and cerebral thrombosis. Four furan derivatives were isolated from submerged fermentation mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum by Yu et al. Pharmacological experiments show that 5- hydroxymethylfurfural can inhibit platelet aggregation. Zeng Xichun and others isolated 5- hydroxymethylfurfural from Angelica sinensis, which may be an effective substance to dilate coronary arteries and improve rubidium uptake in mice's myocardium. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum also contains a variety of long-chain fatty acids, long-chain alkanes, steroids and a variety of enzymes. It is not clear whether these components are involved in some physiological activities. The biological activity of 1.2 Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide 1.2. 1 regulates the immune function of Ganoderma lucidum on the immune system in a two-way way way: Ganoderma lucidum can promote the specific and non-specific immune ability of disease resistance, but inhibit the allergic reaction of disease. It strengthens the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and resist diseases from two different angles. The detailed mechanism of this two-way action remains to be clarified. However, it can be considered that regulating immune function and inhibiting allergic reaction are also important contents of strengthening the body resistance. Ganoderma lucidum is effective for allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, suggesting that it may have the effect of inhibiting allergic reactions. Lei et al. discussed the antagonistic effect on immune function caused by immunosuppressants and anti-tumor drugs. The results show that the antagonistic strength of GLP depends on the degree of immunosuppression of these drugs, and only when these drugs slightly inhibit the immune response can GLP have complete antagonistic effect. 1.2. 1. 1 the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on T cells; Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide directly activates spleen lymphocytes in vitro, but the activation level is lower than ConA or PHA, which increases the formation rate of active E- rosette. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide assisted ConA-induced transformation of spleen lymphocytes in vitro and promoted the proliferation of activated T cells, which was much higher than the sum of ConA and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide alone. However, when the dose exceeds a certain level, the promotion disappears and even shows inhibition. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide has similar activation and proliferation effects on spleen cells of different strains of mice, and has significant synergistic effect on spleen cell transformation of C3H, C57BL/6J, LACA, Switzerland and other strains of mice. In vivo administration can also significantly promote the activation and proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes by ConA. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can significantly promote ConA-induced Th cells to produce lymphatic factor IL-2 and γ-IFN in vitro, but it has only a weak activation when stimulated by mouse spleen cells alone. When ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide exceeds a certain concentration, Th cells can produce IL-2. Its concentration is lower than the pull-out inhibition concentration of spleen cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can also promote the activity of IL-2 in S 180 tumor-bearing mice. Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can obviously resist the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone and cyclophosphamide on ConA-induced spleen lymphocyte transformation and proliferation in vitro. After in vivo administration, the activities of IL-2 and -IFN in mice bearing S 180 tumor decreased. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide showed the same activity to normal adult mice and aged mice with decreased immune function. Three kinds of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum can significantly promote the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in normal adult mice and aged mice with decreased immune function induced by normal ConA, which makes the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in aged mice close to that of normal adult mice, showing anti-aging effect. Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharide can significantly enhance the delayed allergic reaction caused by methylated bacteria α -amylase and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (M-BaA-IF), because it can activate nonspecific T cells and has expanded cellular immunity. The combination of tree tongue component BN3 C and ConA can significantly improve the proliferation of mouse spleen T cells, and partially resist the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on the proliferation of spleen cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a polysaccharide extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum culture. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of high-dose GLP(4 /mg, 2mg/ mouse) for 5 days can inhibit T cell proliferation, cell phenotype expression, and T cells induce IL-2 and B cells to produce hemolysin antibodies. Continuous injection of appropriate amount of GLP(0. 1 mg/animal, 0.05 mg/animal) for 5 days can obviously enhance the above immunity. It shows that GLP is a biological response regulator, which can appropriately enhance the cellular immunity and humoral immunity of the body, and provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of GLP to treat immune dysfunction. 1.2. 1.2 the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on b cells can promote the formation of SRBC plaque-forming cells, but it has no obvious effect on normal adult mice, but it can obviously promote the aging mice with decreased immune function. In vitro, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide alone can slightly activate B cells. Gao Bin and others reported that acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide can improve NK cell activity in tumor-bearing mice, which is related to its anti-tumor effect. 1.2. 1.3 Ganoderma lucidum can promote the phagocytosis of macrophages, and intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma lucidum extract can promote the accumulation of peritoneal exudates, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The combination of Ganoderma lucidum and chloroquine can improve the immunosuppression caused by chloroquine and significantly enhance the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage system. Intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma lucidum can obviously enhance the phagocytic function and lysosomal enzyme activity of macrophages, and there is a dose-response relationship. Gao Bin et al. reported that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can induce mouse peritoneal macrophages to secrete IL- 1 like substances in vitro, which is about 2 times higher than that of the control group. Continuous administration of Ganoderma lucidum liquid and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can improve the phagocytosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages on chicken red blood cells. The phagocytosis percentage and phagocytosis index increased. 1.2.2 The anti-tumor polysaccharides extracted from different varieties or the same variety of Ganoderma lucidum have different anti-tumor activities and effective doses (equivalent to crude drugs) due to different extraction methods, seed lamps and purity. The effective dose of oral polysaccharide is much greater than that of intraperitoneal injection. At the same dose, oral polysaccharide generally does not show any activity, so all authors use intraperitoneal injection. Different polysaccharides from different Ganoderma lucidum have different tumor inhibition rates, which are several tens to several hundred times different from the effective dose of crude drugs. Polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum by Japanese scholars has anti-tumor effect on S- 180 sarcoma and can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. Guan Hongchang and others found that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide D6 also had a certain inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Effect of 1.2.3 on the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein. Protein is the material basis of life, and all important life processes in the body are related to nucleic acid and protein. Some Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can promote the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and protein. This may have a positive impact on the regulation of cellular material metabolism and energy metabolism, thus enhancing the body's disease resistance and promoting the rehabilitation of patients. This may be one of the mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum strengthening the body resistance. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide D6, tremella fuciformis polysaccharide, sugar and tremella fuciformis spore polysaccharide can all promote the renewal rate of H- leucine incorporation in mouse serum protein. Further research confirmed that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide D6 and tremella fuciformis polysaccharide can also promote the incorporation of H- leucine into protein of mouse liver, reflecting the enhancement of liver's ability to synthesize protein. The introduction of these two polysaccharides can promote the incorporation of H- thymidine into mouse liver RNA, but can not promote the incorporation of H- thymidine into mouse liver DNA, which seems to indicate that they can promote transcription and accelerate RNA synthesis, but have no effect on DNA synthesis. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide D6 can also promote the incorporation of protein, RNA and DNA into H-Leu and H-TdR in mouse bone marrow, but has no effect on the incorporation of DNA into H-TdR in Ehrlich ascites cancer cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can significantly increase the content of DNA and RNA in mouse spleen nucleus cultured in vitro, change the ultrastructure of intracellular nucleus, increase the average cross-sectional area of cytoplasm and nucleus, reduce the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and promote cell proliferation. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can obviously promote the uptake of [H]TdR by spleen cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and improve the activity of DNA polymerase A in spleen cells. It shows that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can promote DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in immune cells by inducing the production of DNA polymerase, and accelerate the immune response process and lymphocyte transformation stimulated by heterogeneous pit. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can completely antagonize the mild inhibitory effect of cyclosporine A, mitomycin C, fluorouracil and arabinose on mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice, and partially antagonize the severe inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on MLR. A small molecular polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum can promote the incorporation of H- uridine into liver RNA by 20.5%, and promote the incorporation of H- thymidine and H- uridine into bone marrow RNA and DNA by 48.7% and 43.3% respectively. Therefore, these polysaccharides can promote the recovery of liver disease and bone marrow hematopoiesis. 1.2.4 Other glucose, heteropolysaccharide and peptidoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have hypoglycemic effect. Ganoderma lucidum dextran can stimulate insulin secretion, promote the utilization of glucose in peripheral tissues, and has obvious obsolete hypoglycemic effect on normal rats and hyperglycemia rats. Anti-radiation, promoting bone marrow hematopoietic function: Ganoderma lucidum liquid has anti-radiation effect, which can obviously reduce the mortality of mice irradiated by Coγ-rays and prolong the average survival time. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide D6 can promote protein synthesis, improve hematopoietic function and induce cytochrome p-450, which is beneficial to enhance the body's defense function and improve the body's ability to maintain homeostasis. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can enhance the hypoxia survival ability of mice. Ganoderma lucidum preparation can reduce the oxygen consumption of the body and myocardium, increase the coronary blood flow of hypoxic guinea pigs, increase myocardial ATP and improve myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. It has obvious antagonistic effect on ischemic ECG changes in rabbits caused by hypoxia. Improve the hypoxia tolerance of mice and prolong the average survival time of hypoxic mice. My graduation thesis, hehe!