What are the ancient drinking customs in China?

I. The roots of the traditional drinking culture - wine virtue and wine rituals:

Historically, Confucianism has been regarded as the orthodox view of ruling the country and securing the state, and the custom of wine has also been influenced by the Confucian view of wine culture. Confucianism emphasizes the virtues of wine.

The word "wine virtue" was first used in <<Shangshu>> and <<Poetry>> and its meaning is that the drinker should be virtuous, and should not be like King Zhou of Xia, "subverting the virtue of the people, and deserting Zhan in the wine," <<Shangshu&Wine Grant>> and <Shangshu&Wine Grant >>>>>>>>. gt;> in the concentration of the Confucian virtue of wine, which is: "drink but sacrifice" (only in the sacrifice can drink wine); "no Yi wine" (do not often drink wine, usually drink less wine to save food, only when there is a disease is appropriate to drink wine); "Enforcing group drinking" (forbidding people from drinking in groups); "forbidding indulgence" (forbidding excessive drinking). Confucianism is not opposed to drinking, and the use of wine to offer sacrifices to the gods, and to support one's aged parents and guests, is a virtuous act.

Drinking alcohol as a food culture, in ancient times, formed a very everyone must comply with the etiquette. Sometimes this ritual is very complicated. But if you don't follow it on important occasions, you're suspected of committing a crime. And because if you drink too much alcohol, you can't control yourself and are prone to chaos, it is very important to establish drinking etiquette. Yuan Hongdao of the Ming Dynasty, see the drinkers do not comply with the wine rituals when drinking, y elders have a responsibility, so from the ancient books collected a lot of information, specifically wrote a & lt; & lt; goblet government & gt; & gt;. Although this is written for the drinking and ordering people, but for the general drinking people also have some significance. There are some etiquette for drinking in ancient China as follows:

When the host and guests drink together, they should kneel down and worship each other. When the host and the guests drink together, they should kneel and worship each other. When the younger generation drinks in front of the elders, it is called "serving". Only when the elders order their seniors to drink can the seniors raise their cups; the seniors can't drink the wine in their cups before they finish it.

Ancient drinking etiquette has four steps: worship, sacrifice, spit, and death. The first step was to pay homage, then to pour a little wine on the ground to thank the earth for its blessings; then to taste the wine and praise it to make the host happy; and finally to drink it all.

At the banquet, the host should make a toast to the guest (called pay), and the guest should make a toast back to the host (called entertainment), and there are a few words of toast when making the toast. Guests can also toast each other (called travel pay). Sometimes it is also necessary to toast to people in turn (called line wine). When making a toast, both the person making the toast and the person being toasted should "avoid the table" and stand up. A common toast is three cups.

Among the fifty-six ethnic groups in the Chinese family, except for the Muslims, who generally do not drink, all other ethnic groups drink. The custom of drinking is unique to each ethnic group.

2. Primitive Religion, Sacrifice, Funeral and Wine:

Since ancient times, wine has been one of the necessary items for sacrifices.

Primitive religion originated from witchcraft, and in ancient China, sorcerers utilized the so-called "supernatural power" to carry out a variety of activities, all of which required the use of wine. In ancient times, there was no difference between witchcraft and medicine, and wine, as a medicine, was one of the usual medicines for witch doctors. In ancient times, the rulers believed that "the most important thing of a country is to be sacrificed in the military". In rituals, wine, as something beautiful, was firstly dedicated to the heaven, gods and ancestors to enjoy. War decides the life and death of a tribe or country, the warriors who go to war, before departure, more wine to motivate the fighting spirit. The relationship between wine and national affairs can be seen here. Reflecting the Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States era system of & lt; & lt; Zhou Li & gt; & gt; in the rituals of wine have clear provisions. Such as sacrifices, with "five Qi", "three wine" **** eight kinds of wine. Preside over the sacrificial activities of people, in ancient times is the power is very big, primitive society is the sorcerer, the sorcerer's main responsibility is to worship the emperor ghosts and gods, and for people to pray for luck and avoid disasters. Later, there was also the "wine offering" to preside over the activities of libation and sacrifice to the gods in the feast.

It is a common custom among all ethnic groups in China to use wine to worship their ancestors and to perform some rituals with wine during funerals and burials.

After the death of a person, friends and relatives should come to the deceased, the Han Chinese custom is to "eat fasting rice", also known as eating "bean curd rice", which is organized during the funeral feast. Although they are vegetarian, wine is still essential. Some ethnic minorities in mourning with meat and wine to go, such as the Miao family heard the funeral letter, the same cottage people generally want to give the funeral home a few pounds of wine and its rice, incense and candles, etc., relatives to send more wine, such as the son-in-law to send twenty pounds of white wine, a pig. The funeral home is to set up a banquet to entertain the hangers. Yunnan Nujiang region of the Nu people, the village if someone died of illness, each household with wine to come to the funeral, sorcerer poured wine in the mouth of the deceased, the people drink a cup of wine, called this "parting wine". After the dead are buried, there are ancient customs in the grave into the wine, in order to the dead in the netherworld can also enjoy the fun of drinking on earth. The Han Chinese must bring wine and meat to the graves of the dead on the Qingming Festival.

In some important festivals, when holding family banquets, we have to keep the upper seat for the dead ancestors, and the head of the family can only sit in a secondary position at this time, in the upper seat, for the ancestors to put the wine and vegetables, and signal to let the ancestors drink or eat first, the family can only begin to drink and eat. In front of the ancestor's spirit, candles are also inserted, a cup of wine and a number of dishes are placed to express their thoughts and respect for the deceased.

Three, major festivals of the drinking custom:

Chinese people in the year several major festivals, there are corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink "calamus wine", the Chongyang Festival drink "chrysanthemum wine", New Year's Eve, "New Year's wine". "New Year's Eve". In some places, such as the folk in Jiangxi, spring after inserting seedlings, to get together and drink, to celebrate the harvest to drink, when the banquet is over, often is "home to help the drunken return". A new interpretation of the festival is that some days must be elected for people to gather and drink, so there are festivals, and there are many festivals, almost every month. Passed down from generation to generation to raise the country **** drinking festivals are:

1, the Spring Festival Commonly known as the New Year. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stipulated that the first day of the first month for the New Year's Day; after the Xinhai Revolution, the first day of the first month was renamed as the Spring Festival. During the Spring Festival, Tu Su wine and Jiao Hua wine (pepper cypress wine) are consumed; they signify good luck, well-being and longevity.

"Tu Su" was originally the name of a grassy nunnery. According to legend, there was a man living in Tusu nunnery, every year on New Year's Eve, he gave a packet of medicine to the neighbors, let the people put the medicine in the water to soak, to the New Year's Day, and then use the well water on the wine, the family drink, so that the whole family will not be infected with the plague throughout the year. Later generations took the name of the well as the name of the wine. Drinking Tusu wine began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" of the Ming Dynasty has this record: "Tusu Wine, Chen Yanzhi's "Xiao Ping Fang" said, 'This is Hua Tuo's formula.'" Drink it on New Year's Day to ward off epidemics and plagues of all immoderate qi." The method of drinking is also quite elaborate, from "young to old". "Pepper Flower Wine" is a wine made by soaking pepper flowers, and its drinking method is the same as that of Tusu Wine. Liang Zong懔 in the "Jingchu Yearly Record" has this record: "The common practice is to use pepper wine on the first day of the year, and the fragrance of the pepper flowers is so fragrant that the flowers are picked to pay tribute to the bottles. Drinking in the first month of the year, the first small people, to small people to get the year, the first wine congratulations. The old man lost the year, so after and wine." Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty wrote in his poem "New Year's Day", "The sound of firecrackers is the first year of the year, and the spring breeze sends warmth into the Tuusu. Thousands of doors and tens of thousands of pupils of the sun, always change the new peach for the old symbol." Geng Xin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty wrote in his poem: "The first day of the year is a year of bad wine, and the new year is a year of long life. The cypress spits with the Lord of the Ming, and the pepper blossom comes by way of the ode".

2, Lantern Festival: also known as the Lantern Festival, Shangyuan Festival. This festival began in the Tang Dynasty, because the time in the first month of the lunar calendar on the fifteenth, is the birthday of the three officials of the great emperor, so people in the past to the heavenly palace to pray for blessings, must be five animals, fruits, wine offerings. After the ceremony, the offerings were withdrawn, and family members gathered to have a drink to congratulate the end of the Spring Festival. In the evening, you can watch lanterns, fireworks, and eat Lanterns (Tangyuan).

3, Zhonghe Festival: also known as Chunshe Day, when the first day of the second month of the lunar calendar, sacrifices to the gods of the earth, praying for a good harvest, there is a custom of drinking Zhonghe Wine, Yichun Wine, said to be able to cure ear disease, and therefore people also call it "wine for deafness". Song Dynasty Li wrote in a poem: "Social Weng today is not in the mood, for the lack of a bottle of wine to cure deafness. Annoyed by the jade hall will want to pass, vaguely patrol to three halls, etc.". According to the record of Guangji: "Village houses make Zhonghe wine and offer the hook manchu to pray for the year's grain". According to the Qing Dynasty Chen Menglei compiled "Ancient and Modern Book Integration? Wine Department" recorded: "Zhonghe Festival, the folk village brewing wine, called Yichun wine".

4, Qingming Festival: time around April 5 on the solar calendar. People usually combine the Cold Food Festival and Qingming Festival into one festival, with the custom of sweeping tombs and trekking. It began in Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period. Drinking alcohol is not restricted on this festival. According to "Youyang Miscellany Chopper" written by Duan Chengshi of the Tang Dynasty, during the Tang Dynasty, after having a banquet and drinking wine in the palace on the Qingming Festival, Emperor Xianzong Li Chun gave the prime minister, Li Jiang, yeast wine. There are two reasons for drinking wine at Qingming Festival: one is that during the cold food festival, you can't make fire to eat hot food, you can only eat cold food, and drinking wine can increase the heat; the other is to use wine to calm or temporarily anesthetize people's mood of mourning their loved ones. The ancients had more poems about drinking wine at Qingming, Bai Juyi of Tang Dynasty wrote in his poem: "Where is the unforgettable wine, the beautiful young man of Zhu Men, after the spring equinox, before the cold food and moonrise". Du Mu in the "Qingming" poem wrote: "Qingming Festival rain has been, the road pedestrians want to break their souls; I ask where the tavern, the shepherd boy pointed to the apricot blossom village."

5, Dragon Boat Festival: also known as the Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Daughter's Festival, Tianzhong Festival, Earth Waxing Festival. When the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, about the formation of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. In order to ward off evil spirits, get rid of evil spirits and detoxify the body, people have the custom of drinking calamus wine and xionghuang wine. It is also customary to drink toadstool wine in order to increase aphrodisiacs' longevity and night acacia flower wine in order to calm the nerves. The most common and widely spread is to drink calamus wine. According to the literature, during the Guangqi period (885-888) of the Tang Dynasty, there were instances of drinking "calamus wine". Yin Yaofan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in a poem: "Young people are more sentimental during the festivals, and who knows who is born with feelings when they grow old; they don't tend to customize by using moxa charms, but they pray for calamus wine to talk about peace and prosperity". Afterwards, it was gradually and widely circulated among the people. It has been recorded in the literature through the ages, such as "Secret Essentials of Wai Tai" in Tang Dynasty, "Qian Jin Fang" in Song Dynasty, "Taiping Sheng Hui Fang" in Yuan Dynasty, "Yuan Wei Class Notes" in Ming Dynasty, "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Pujifang", and "Qing Wei Class Notes" and other ancient books of the Qing Dynasty, which contain formulas of the wine and the method of serving it. Calamus wine is China's traditional seasonal beverage, and successive emperors also listed it as the imperial meal seasonal aromatic mash. Ming Dynasty Liu Ruoyu in the "Ming Palace History" recorded: "the first five days at noon, drink Zhu Sha, xionghuang, calamus wine, eat zongzi. Qing dynasty Gu Tieqing in the "qingjiazhu" also recorded: "research andrographis end, crushed bushy roots, and wine to drink, called the andrographis wine". Due to the toxicity of Xionghuang, now people no longer use Xionghuang to make wine to drink. Drinking toadstool wine, night acacia flower wine, in the "female red Yu Zhi", the Qing Dynasty, Nansha three Yu's written "Nanming wild history" is recorded.

6, Mid-Autumn Festival: also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival, reunion festival, when the 15th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. In this festival, no matter the family reunion, or close friends meet, people are inseparable from the moon and drink. There are many poems in the literature reflecting on the drinking of wine at the Mid-Autumn Festival. The Shuo Lin (说林) records: "The millet is made in August, and it can be used as shochu". According to Wang Renyu's "Tianbao Remains" of the Fifth Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty held a Mid-Autumn Festival banquet in his palace and extinguished the lights and candles for a "moon drink" under the moon. Han Yu wrote in his poem, "The moon is bright for one year, and the life is not ordered by him, but by him, and there is no wine to drink." To the Qing Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival to drink osmanthus wine as a custom. According to the Qing Dynasty, Pan Ronghaji's "Imperial Capital Years and Seasons" records that, in August mid-autumn, "the product of the season" to drink "osmanthus east wine".

7, Chrysanthemum Festival: also known as the Festival, Cornucopia Festival, when the first nine days of September in the lunar calendar, the custom of drinking wine. Began in the Han Dynasty. Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng's "Things Chronicle" records: "Chrysanthemum wine," Xijing Miscellany "said:" Mrs. Chi to child Ja Peilan, later out of the Duan Ru's wife, said that in the palace, September 9, when wearing cornelian cherry, eat pong bait, drink chrysanthemum wine, cloud longevity '. Denggao, 'continue Qi Harmony Records' said: 'Han Huanjing with Fei Changfang tour'. Said: 'the ninth day of September, your family when there is a disaster, urgent family members to make silk bag, full of cornelian cherry, cantilevered arms to climb high mountains, drink chrysanthemum wine, the disaster can be eliminated'. Jing led his family to climb the mountain, and returned at night, and the chickens and dogs all died. The house said, 'This can be a substitute for others'." Since then, people throughout the ages will be on the 9th day of the month to ascend, enjoy chrysanthemums, drinking wine, continues to this day. Li Shizhen, a medical doctor in the Ming Dynasty, in his book "Compendium of Materia Medica", said that drinking chrysanthemum wine could "cure head wind, brighten ears and eyes, remove impotence and eliminate all diseases", "make people have good color and not grow old", "make the head not white", "lighten the head", and "make the head not white". ", "light body resistance to old age" and so on. Thus, the ancients used to make chrysanthemum wine while eating its roots, stems, leaves and flowers. In addition to drinking chrysanthemum wine, some also drank cornelian cherry wine, juju wine, yellow flower wine, coix lacryma wine, mulberry drop wine, osmanthus wine and other alcoholic beverages. Historically, chrysanthemum wine was brewed in different ways. In the Jin Dynasty, "chrysanthemum stems and leaves were harvested, and broomcorn millet was used to brew wine until September of the following year", and in the Ming Dynasty, "chrysanthemum flowers were decocted, and wine was brewed with the same quartz and rice. Or add rhubarb, angelica, Chinese wolfberry medicines are also good". Qing Dynasty is to use white wine impregnated with herbs, and then distilled and extracted method of brewing. Therefore, from the Qing Dynasty onwards, the brewed chrysanthemum wine, called "chrysanthemum white wine".

8, New Year's Eve: commonly known as New Year's Eve. When the last day of the year in the evening. People have the custom of the other year, the year-end. That is, New Year's Eve all night without sleeping, review the past, look forward to the future. Began in the period of the North and South Dynasties. Xu Junqian in the Liang Dynasty in the "**** within the people sitting at night to observe the New Year's Eve" a poem wrote: "happy more love is not yet, appreciate to the Mo stop the cup. In the wine, I like peaches, and in the rice dumplings, I look for prunes. Curtains open wind into the tent, the candle is charcoal into ash, do not suspect that the hairpin heavy, to wait for the dawn to urge". New Year's Eve is to drink wine, the Tang Dynasty Bai Juyi in the guest in the New Year's Eve in a poem wrote: "to keep the New Year's Eve bottle no wine, homesickness tears full of scarf". Meng Haoran wrote the following lines: "The renewal of the brightening urges the painting of candles, and the observance of the New Year is followed by a long banquet." Su Shi of the Song Dynasty wrote in the Preface to Three Songs on the Evening of the New Year, "We feed each other on the evening of the New Year as 'feeding the New Year', we invite each other to drink and eat as 'parting with the New Year', and we stay awake on New Year's Eve as 'observing the New Year'". The Chinese people celebrate several major festivals in a year.　Chinese people several major festivals of the year, there are corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drinking "calamus wine", the Chrysanthemum Festival drinking "chrysanthemum wine", New Year's Eve "wine". In some places, such as the folk in Jiangxi Province, after the spring insertion of seedlings, to get together and drink, celebrate the harvest to drink, when the banquet is over, often is "home to help the drunken return". New Year's Eve, also known as New Year's Eve, is the most important festival for Chinese people, a day for family reunion. New Year's Eve dinner is the most sumptuous banquet in a year, even if you are poor and don't drink much in normal times, the wine in New Year's Eve dinner is indispensable. After the New Year's Eve dinner, some people still have the custom of drinking wine and keeping vigil. The first day of the first month, some places, people generally do not go out, from the second day of the first month, only to start stringing, there are guests at the door, the host will have long been prepared for the exquisite wine dishes on the table, pouring wine, *** congratulations on the New Year.

The beginning of the New Year, the ancients had the custom of drinking tusu wine with the family, drinking wine, from small to large in order to drink. It is said that drinking this wine can protect you from the plague.

Korean "Joojoo": This kind of wine is mostly brewed before the "Festival of the First Day of the Year". It is the equivalent of the Han Chinese Spring Festival, and is made with rice and a number of Chinese herbs, such as orange stem, fengfeng, mountain pepper, and cinnamon, and is similar to the Han Chinese Tusu Wine, but with a different herbal formula. It is used for drinking during the Spring Festival and for entertaining guests, and it is believed that drinking this wine can protect you from evil spirits and help you live a long life.

The "New Valley Wine" of the Hani People: Every year before the fall harvest, the Hani people living in the Yuanjiang area of Yunnan Province, in accordance with traditional customs, have to hold a sumptuous ceremony of "drinking new valley wine" to celebrate the abundance of grains and the safety of people and animals. The so-called "new grain wine", is each family from the field cut back a handful of ripe grain handle, hanging upside down in the hall right behind the upper part of the wall of a small gabion along the edge, meaning to pray for the family God to protect the crops, and then strangled under the grain hundred and ten grains, some deep-fried into the grain flower, some do not deep-frying, put into a bottle of wine soaked wine. Drinking "new grain wine" is chosen on an auspicious day, and every family organizes a sumptuous meal, and the whole family, without exception, drinks a few mouthfuls of "new grain wine". This meal everyone should eat sound food and wine.

Four, marriage drinking customs:

Southern "daughter of wine", the first recorded for the Jin JI Han <>, said that the southern life under the daughter is only a few years old, will start brewing, brewed wine, buried in the bottom of the pond, to be married to the time of the daughter before taking out for guests to drink. This wine was inherited in Shaoxing, developed into the famous "flower carving wine", the quality of its wine and general Shaoxing wine and there is no significant difference, the main thing is that the altar for wine is unique, this wine altar is still in the soil bad, carved with a variety of floral patterns, people, birds and animals, landscape pavilions, and so on when the daughter gets married, take out the wine altar, please painters with oil paintings "Hundreds of plays", such as "Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea", "Dragon and Phoenix", "Chang'e Runs to the Moon", etc., and with the Auspicious, good luck, flowers and moonlight "colorful" "wedding wine", often synonymous with the wedding, the wedding wine that is to do the wedding, go to drink wine, that is, go to participate in the wedding.

Manchu people get married when the "cross-cup wine": into the night, the cave candle light, the bridegroom to the bride uncovered to sit on the left side of the bride, marrying Mrs. holding a wine cup, the first bridegroom sip; send Mrs. holding a wine cup, the first bride sip; and then the two wives will be the exchange of wine cups, please bride and groom and then sip each sip. Manchu people before and after the wedding "thank you seat": will cook a table of wine in a special gift box, carried by two people sent to the female family, in order to express the in-laws raised their daughters to their own family as a daughter-in-law's gratitude. In addition, there is also a table to do "thank the matchmaker seat", with a round cage, by a person picked up and sent to the matchmaker's home, to express gratitude to the matchmaker to fulfill the good thing.

Daur's "wind wine" and "out of the door wine": send the family to the male family, the groom's parents should be filled with two cups of wine, to send relatives to honor "wind wine, which is also called" Into the door cup", the guests to drink all, to show that it is a family. Afterwards, the male family should set up three banquets for the guests. After the wedding, the woman's home far more in the groom's home to stay overnight, the next day before leaving, in sending relatives back, the groom's parents are waiting for the door next to the inside, to the VIP one by one, "out of the door wine".

"Will kiss wine", engagement ceremony, to set the banquet, drink "will kiss wine", said the marriage has been finalized, the marriage contract has come into effect, after the men and women shall not be free to withdraw from the marriage, marriage.

"Back to the door wine", the day after the wedding, the newlyweds to "back to the door", that is, back to the mother's home to visit the elders, the mother's family to set up banquets and hospitality, commonly known as "back to the door wine". The return wine only set a lunch, after the wine couples go home.

"Crossing the cups of wine": this is a traditional ceremony in our wedding program, also known as "fm radio" (fm radio means a gourd divided into two dippers) in ancient times, < < Rituals - Fm radio > > there is a "fm radio and spirit". "fm radio", Kong Yingda explained that "a gourd is divided into two dippers called fm radio, the son-in-law and the woman each hold a piece of fm radio (i.e., use wine to wash their mouths), and fm radio is also extended to mean marriage. In the Tang Dynasty, there is the name of "fm radio", and in the Song Dynasty, it was popular to use colorful silk to connect two wine cups, and ò a concentric knot and other colorful knots, and couples drank from each other's mouths, or husband and wife passed on the drink. This custom is very common in our country, such as in the Shaoxing area to drink the cup of wine, by the male relatives, children, blessed with a good middle-aged woman presided over, drink the cup of wine before the first to sit on the bed of the bride and groom to feed a few small dumplings, and then, poured two cups of Huadiao wine, respectively, to the newlyweds drink a mouthful of wine, and then the two cups of wine mixed, and then divided into two cups, to take the "you have you, and you have me," the meaning of "you have me". You have me" meaning, let the bride and groom drink, and to the door to sprinkle a large handful of candy, so that the crowd of onlookers outside to scramble.

Breaking Wine at Weddings: In order to show that couples love each other, each husband and wife will hold a glass of wine at their weddings, and each will drink a mouthful of it when they break their hands together.

Fifth, other drinking customs:

"Full moon wine" or "100 days of wine", one of the common customs of Chinese nationalities, gave birth to a child, the full moon, set up a few tables of banquets, inviting family and friends **** congratulations, family and friends are generally To come with gifts, some also send red envelopes.

"Send the name of wine": in the old days after the birth of children, such as those who calculated the fate of the nemesis, more difficult, we must send him to the nearby temples, as the name of the monk or Taoist priests, large families to hold a grand ceremony to send the name of the masters to see the masters, back home, we must organize a banquet, sacrifices to the gods and ancestors, and to invite family and friends, and invited to drink a lot. The three relatives and six family members, drink a lot.

"Longevity wine": Chinese people have the custom of celebrating the birthday of the old man, usually at the age of 50, 60, 70 years old and other birthdays, known as the birthday, usually organized by the children or grandchildren, grandchildren, invited friends and relatives to participate in the banquet.

"Wine on the beam" and "into the house wine": in rural China, building a house is a big thing, the process of building a house, the beam is the most important process, so in the beam this day, to do on the beam of wine, some places are also popular with wine pouring the beam of custom. The house is built, the family moved into the new home, and to do into the house wine, one is to celebrate the completion of the new house, and the joy of housewarming, one is to worship the gods and ancestors, in order to bless.

"Opening Wine" and "Red Wine": This is a store and workshop to organize the celebration of the wine. When a store opens and a workshop starts up, the boss has to organize a banquet to celebrate; when a store or workshop distributes dividends according to shares at the end of the year, it has to organize a "share of red wine".

"Strong wine", also known as "send off wine", a friend traveled far, for which a banquet was held to express the feelings of farewell. In the war years, when the warriors went to the battlefield to carry out major and very life-threatening tasks, the commanders would pour a cup of wine for them, and use the wine to send off the warriors with courage.

Six, a unique way of drinking:

Drinking smack wine: this is a unique way of drinking left over from ancient times, in the southwest, northwest of many places, in the days of celebrations or when entertaining guests, lifting out of a wine altar, people sitting around the altar, each holding a bamboo pipe or reed pipe, diagonally inserted into the altar, from which the wine sucking, the number of people can be up to five, six people or even seven or eight people. The atmosphere when drinking wine is warm. This unique way of drinking can strengthen the emotional communication between people.

"Spinning Wine": This is a unique drinking custom of the Yi people. The so-called "spinning wine" means that when drinking wine, regardless of the occasion and location, there is no distinction between guests, everyone sits on the ground in a circle. A cup of wine is passed from one person to another in turn, each taking a sip. This custom is said to come from a touching legend: in a mountain, living in the Han, Tibetans and Yi three brothers brothers, brothers, one year, the third brother Yi invited the two brothers to eat, leftover rice in the next day into a richly scented rice wine, three brothers you push me to give way to the wine want to leave the other brothers to drink, and so from the morning to the evening, the wine did not drink, and then the gods told as long as the hard work, wine When it was finished, there would be new wine pouring out, so the three men turned and drank away, getting drunk all the time.

Seven, persuade to drink:

Chinese hospitality, in the banquet played to the fullest. People and people's emotional exchanges often get sublimated in the toast. Chinese people toast, often want to each other more drink, to show that they have done the host of the friendship, guests drink more, the host will be more happy, that the guests look up to their own, if the guests do not drink, the host will feel and lose face. Some people have summarized that there are several ways to persuade people to drink: "Wen Jing", "Wu Jing" and "Penalty Jing". These practices have their side of the simple folklore remains, but also has a certain negative effect.

"Wenjing" is a reflection of the traditional virtues of drinking, i.e., to persuade guests to drink in a courteous and orderly manner.

At the beginning of a banquet, the host often begins the first toast after a few words. At this point, the guests and hosts should stand up, the host will first drink the wine in the cup, and the empty glass mouth down, indicating that he has finished, to show respect for the guests. The guests usually have to finish their cups as well. In between the tables, the host often also goes to each table separately to make a toast.

"Returning the toast": this is the guest's toast to the host.

"Mutual respect": this is a "toast" between guests and guests, in order to make the other drink more, the toast will find a variety of reasons why you have to drink, if the toasted person can not find a reason to refute the reason, you have to drink. In this kind of both sides looking for arguments at the same time, people and people's emotional communication has been sublimated.

"Drinking on behalf of": This is a way of avoiding a toast without being unseemly, and without spoiling the fun for the host and the guest. I will not drink, or drink too much, but the host or guests and must be honored to show respect, then, you can ask someone to drink. The person who drinks on his behalf usually has a special relationship with him. At weddings, the best man and maid of honor for both the man and the woman are often the first choice to drink on their behalf, so the amount of alcohol must be large.

In order to persuade people to drink, there are many interesting sayings at the banquet, such as "deep feelings, a mouthful of boredom, thick feelings, drink enough," and "shallow feelings, lick a lick."

"Penalty Drinking": This is a unique way for Chinese people to "toast". There are many different reasons for the "penalty drink". The most common may be late for the banquet "three cups of wine". Sometimes it is also a bit of a joke.

Tibetan hospitality, with barley wine to entertain guests, the first in the cup full of wine, served in front of the guests, this time, the guests to use both hands to receive the cup, and then one hand to take the cup, the other hand's middle finger and thumb into the cup, dipped it lightly, towards the sky a pop, meaning the God of the sky, and then, then come back to the second and third, respectively, to honor the ground, to honor the Buddha. This traditional habit is to remind people of the origin of barley wine and heaven, earth, Buddha's generous gifts are inseparable, so before enjoying the wine, to first honor the gods. When drinking, the Tibetan people's agreed custom is: first drink a mouthful, the host immediately pour wine to fill the cup, and then drink a second mouthful, and then filled, and then drink a third mouthful, and then filled. Afterward, you have to drink the full cup of wine in one gulp. Only by doing so did the host feel that the guest looked up to him, and the more the guest drank, the happier the host was. The more the guest drinks, the happier the host will be. It means that the host's wine is well made. Tibetan national toast, the male guests with a large cup or bowl, to female guests with a small cup or bowl.

The Zhuang people do not use cups to toast their guests, but instead use white porcelain spoons to scoop a spoonful each from the wine bowl and drink it with each other. The host will also sing a song of toast: "tin pot with wine white even, wine in front of you do not mind, I have a sincere toast to your guests, to you as if to the gods. Tin pots filled with wine white porcelain cups, wine into the front you do not push, although the wine is not good humane brew, you are a fairy drink half a cup.

The Northwest Yugur people treat guests to wine, are toasting double cup. The master, regardless of how many guests, only take out two cups, the master of the scene in turn to the guests to honor the double cup.