What are the appellation taboos and phonetic taboos in Chinese?

Appellation: Appellation, as a linguistic phenomenon, was observed and studied earlier, such as Appellation written by Lu Bian in the Northern Dynasties and Appellation Records written by Liang Zhangju in the Qing Dynasty. Generally speaking, address forms do not have the meaning of exchanging ideas, but they can be used to establish social connections between speakers and guide them to establish relationships in specific contexts. In other words, address forms are the initial information carriers when speakers communicate with each other, and the quality of carrier packaging will directly affect the quality of feedback. This song first reminds us of the usage of "honorific words". In the past, the intelligentsia or upper class generally used honorifics instead of honorifics. Senior Democrats called Mao, Zhou and Zhu "Runzhi", "Yu Xiang" and "Yujie". Within the party, they are called "chairman", "prime minister" and "commander-in-chief" by their positions. The latter is an ancient habit, such as the gleaning of Li Hanlin and Du Fu. As for "Mr. Zhu" and "Mr. Chen" or simply "Mr. Chen", apart from respect, they have narrowed the distance and appeared cordial. Up to now, "general manager" and "president" are all called "boss". The reason is the same. Calling a gentleman who doesn't perform his duties "boss" is a manifestation of a commodity economy society's desire for money. Deputy Director Zhang is often called "Director Zhang", mostly out of respect, and the listener is willing to accept it, and the caller does not feel anything wrong. There are many honorifics in society, such as host, gentleman and young lady, from "shopkeeper" to "buddy", and of course some people use kinship terms to show respect, such as "uncle" and "aunt". However, there is one thing. In the past, titles such as "Old Master Q" and "Young Master", which used to distinguish between the superior and the inferior, will probably not be restored. Modern concepts such as democracy, equality and human rights are increasingly deeply rooted in people's hearts, which is an irreversible trend. Nicknames are also often used in intimate relationships. In China, people who say their first names are not surnames, which means they are close. "Zhang Cuilian", this is a general relationship; "Ada" is much closer; "Lotus", its relationship is extraordinary. Overlapping is also a nickname, which is often used by elders to address the younger generation, such as "Cui Cui" or "Lian Lian". Another way is to use "small forms", in which "Xiao Zhang" and "Xiao Li" have a caring tone, and "little baby" and "little heart" are self-evident. As the official name of a child, it is not solemn to refer to the sample. Once an adult, it makes sense to change "Xiaoqiu" and "Xiaodong" into "Xiaoqiu" and "Xiaodong" one by one, with the same syllables. Secondly, appellation is also a key to observe interpersonal relationship, and the change of appellation reflects the change of interpersonal relationship. Your name is "Director Li" and your colleague's name is "Xiao Li", so their relationship is closer than yours. If one day they change their name to "Director Li", it means that their relationship is beginning to alienate. We know that kinship terms are relatively stable. For grandpa, it was called "grandpa" a hundred years ago, and it is still called "grandpa" now.

Taboo: in language communication, some words can't be said casually, which may cause the listener's unhappiness and disgust. This is what linguistics calls "taboo". Taboo means that people can't, dare or don't want to say something with unpleasant associations when they speak for some reason. To replace the words used. For example, the death of relatives or others is "death" and "ascension"; Say "going to the toilet" as "convenient" or something; There are also personal name taboos, physical defects taboos and so on. Taboos in ancient China belong to the category of "taboo words". There is a saying in Liu Zongyuan's "On Snake Catchers": "So, it is necessary to say it for reference". "Folkway" is actually "folkway". Because there is a word "person" in Li Shimin's name of Emperor Taizong, this word can't be said. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born in a humble environment. He used to be a monk and a beggar. After he became emperor, he was always afraid of other people's size, so he had a perverted psychology. As long as someone mentions these two words, even if they are only related or homonyms, he will think that he is alluding to himself. For example, there is a phrase "wisdom is born with wisdom" in the table of Hesheng Danbiao in Jiangzhen, Changzhou. It was originally a eulogy, but because the sound of "life" is close to that of "monk", it was considered to satirize the emperor as a monk, so it was punished. There are many taboos in the customs of modern society. For example, fishermen on the island can't say things like "flip" and "sink" when they are guests at home, while businessmen in some places are afraid of "doing", "crediting" and "folding". It seems that these words have a magical power, and speaking them will lead to disaster. Of course, these are extreme examples, but even in actual language communication, it is sometimes necessary to avoid saying anything related to "death", such as visiting patients, because it is easy to stimulate patients' psychology. Supplement: Euphemism: generally divided into two categories: traditional euphemism and stylistic euphemism. The so-called traditional euphemism is also closely related to taboo words. Taboos such as birth, illness, death, burial, sex, nudity, pulling and scattering are taboo words if expressed directly, which gives people the feeling of being vulgar, blunt, harsh and rude. On the other hand, if expressed indirectly, this is euphemism, which gives people the impression of elegance, implication, moderate listening and politeness. The so-called stylistic euphemisms, also called compliments, have nothing to do with taboos. In the process of communication, British and American people (especially contemporary Americans) sometimes exaggerate some unpleasant things in order to show politeness, avoid excitement or strive for cooperation.