What folk musical instruments are still in use in China?

Rewafu is a stringed instrument, which is deeply loved by Uighurs, Tajiks and Uzbeks. Zhiwav was born in14th century and has a history of more than 600 years. At that time, Xinjiang had extensive economic and cultural exchanges with all ethnic groups at home and abroad. On the basis of the original folk musical instruments, the Uygur people absorbed the advantages of foreign musical instruments and created some new musical instruments, of which Rewafu is the most representative one, which has been passed down to this day.

Rewafu is mostly made of wood and has a unique shape. The upper part is a slender piano body, the top is curved, and the bottom is a hemispherical sound box.

Rewafu has three strings, five strings, six strings, seven strings, eight strings and nine strings. Usually the outermost string is used to play melody, and the other strings are used as * * * strings.

Rewafu has a loud pronunciation, distinctive and unique timbre and rich expressive force. Often used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment. When playing Rewafu, you should keep your body straight and your shoulders straight, whether you are sitting or standing. The player puts the piano across his chest, the piano box is placed in the middle of the right elbow bend, the piano rod is supported by the tiger's mouth of his left hand, and his fingers pick up the sound according to the strings. By plucking the strings with your right hand, this instrument can play wonderful music.

Rewafu takes many forms. Although Uyghur, Tajik and Uzbek all live in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, their Rewafu are different not only in type and shape, but also in name. Among Tajiks, people call Rewafu "hot cloth", mostly made of apricot wood. There are many kinds of Uighur Rewafu, including Kashi Rewafu, New Rewafu, Duolang Rewafu and Shepherd Rewafu. Kashgar Rewafu is named after its popularity in Kashgar. Soft pronunciation, low volume and delicate timbre. Although Uzbek Rewafu is similar in appearance to Kashgar Rewafu, its volume and timbre are different. This kind of hot waffle has a loud volume and bright and rich timbre.

Qin Liu is a pipa plucked instrument. Because it is made of willow, its shape is similar to that of willow, so it is called Qin Liu, or "Qin Liu". Qin Liu is very similar to pipa in appearance and structure. The earliest Qin Liu had a very simple structure. Because of its rural and folk appearance, Qin Liu is affectionately called "Tupipa" by China people. "Pipa" has been popular among the people in Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China for a long time, and has been used to accompany local operas.

Qin Liu is not only the same as the pipa in appearance and structure, but also plays the pipa in the same way, only playing plucked balls. When playing Qin Liu, the player should sit up straight, put Qin Liu on his chest, hold the piano in his left hand, press the strings with his fingers, and pluck the strings with his right hand between his thumb and forefinger, which is very elegant.

Today, Qin Liu plays different roles in the field of music performance in China. In the national band, Qin Liu is a high-pitched instrument in the plucked instrument group, which has a unique sound effect and often plays important themes in the high-pitched area. Because its timbre is not easy to be concealed and blended by other instruments, it is sometimes played as a highly skilled cadenza. In addition, Qin Liu also has the sound effect of the western musical instrument mandolin, and its cooperation with western bands is unique.

Guqin is an ancient plucked instrument in China. Guqin was called "Qin" or "lyre" in ancient times. It has a long history. As early as the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese nation had already created guqin.

Guqin has exquisite shape, round and crisp timbre, delicate timbre and rich variety. The ancients were very particular about playing guqin. Before playing, you should bathe and change clothes, light incense sticks, then sit cross-legged and put the piano on your lap or on the table to play. When playing drums, the left hand plucks the strings and the right hand presses the strings. When playing, it is completely marked by the emblem, and the pitch is very strict.

Ancient China literati had a close relationship with Guqin music. A large number of ancient literature records show that China literati have always been the main participants in Guqin music, and they have made important contributions to the creation, performance, appreciation and dissemination of Guqin.

The production of guqin is very particular, and it is a special art. The Tang and Song Dynasties were the golden age of guqin production, and many treasures with exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful timbre appeared. However, the production of guqin has been lost for many years, and some guqin handed down from generation to generation are mostly made by players, so the position and size of each part are not uniform. In recent decades, China has resumed the production of guqin and improved it, which makes this ancient musical instrument glow again.

Guqin has rich expressive force, and its emotions and descriptions of natural scenery can be vividly displayed on Guqin. Guqin can be played in various forms, and ancient music can be sung by solo, flute ensemble and accompaniment. Nearly half of the existing Qin Ge is dedicated to accompaniment.

Zheng, also known as Zheng He, is a traditional stringed instrument in China, deeply rooted in China folk music culture and has a long history. Guzheng has a wide range, clear timbre and rich expressive force, and has been deeply loved by the public.

Guzheng's performance is widely spread among the people, blending local folk music and forming local schools with different musical styles and playing techniques. Modern schools such as Henan, Shandong, Chaozhou, Hakka and Zhejiang are famous. Henan Zheng Music is divided into two parts: ditty and Bantou, with representative tracks such as Great Harmony in the World, in my heart forever and Xinkaiban. Shandong Zheng music originated from Shandong Qin music, Shandong aria and folk tunes, and its representative tracks include Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Biography of Hongyan and Fengxiang Song. Chaozhou Zheng music can be divided into two categories: divertimento and ditty, and the representative tracks include "Playing in the Water in Western Western jackdaw", "Pink Lotus" and "Zhao Jun Complain". Hakka Zheng music can be divided into three categories: major, cross-tune and minor. The representative tracks are Water Lotus, Cliff Mountain Mourning and Xunfeng Song. Zhejiang Zheng music is mainly composed of folk music and minor tunes, and its representative tracks include Yun Qing, Mountain Flowing Water, Swan Sea Qing and so on.

Gayeqin is an ancient musical instrument of Korean nationality, which is popular in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province in northeast China. The appearance of Gayaqin is very similar to that of Han Guzheng, and it has deep roots with Guzheng. According to historical records, around 500 AD, King Gaya, an ancient Korean country, imitated the guzheng and made a plucked instrument, which the Korean people called Gaya Qin.

It has been 1500 years since Gayatrin spread. In ancient times, the body of Gayaqin was made of a whole log with a trumpet-shaped tail. Because there is no bottom plate, it has a low volume and lacks expressiveness. After centuries of circulation and improvement, the Korean people absorbed the advantages of similar musical instruments of other nationalities, and finally created the Gayaqin with distinctive national characteristics and good performance. Modern Gayatrin has increased the volume and the timbre is richer. The Korean people are very particular about the choice of materials for making pianos, and each part of the piano is made of different high-quality wood.

After the founding of New China, Gayatrin made new improvements. Musical instrument manufacturers have successively developed 18 string Gayatrix and 2 1 string Gayatrix. Especially for the latter, not only the * * * box is enlarged, but also nylon strings and nylon steel strings unique to Koreans are used as strings. This Gaya piano has a loud voice and beautiful timbre.

Gayatrin not only has a moving tone, but also plays in a very elegant posture. When playing the Kaya piano, the player presses the strings with his left hand and picks up the notes with his right hand. It can play two tones, chords and simple polyphonic music. The expressive force of Gaja Qin is quite rich. Through the skillful skills of the performer, people can express different emotions such as joy, anger and sadness, and also can play magnificent and passionate grand scenes, which is especially suitable for playing lively folk music works. In the past, the players of Gayaqin were mostly men. With this musical instrument gradually becoming one of the most important national musical instruments of the Korean nation, more and more women play it.

Gayatrin can be solo or ensemble, mainly used for collective performance and singing, and applied to national bands. Korean people have a traditional singing form called "Gaya Piano Playing and Singing". During the performance, more than a dozen Korean women dressed in national costumes lined up on the stage, putting the tail end of Gaye Qin on the ground and the head end on the right knee. Press the strings with your left hand and pick up the sound with your right hand. The performers sang while playing, and the songs and the piano were perfectly mixed.

Hobbes is an ancient plucked instrument, which is deeply loved by Mongolian people. According to different transliteration, people also call it "Haobi", "Hobbes" or "Amber", all of which mean "Qin". At the beginning of the first century BC, the northern nationalities in China created this new musical instrument with reference to the Han musical instruments Guzheng and Zou.

The traditional fire box is shaped like a rice spoon, 90 cm long, with a bent head and a straight handle. The round * * * box is covered with python skin and has three or four strings. Because of its long stem, small sound box and covered with leather film, its timbre has a strong northern grassland flavor. Hobbes' playing method is basically the same as other plucked instruments. The player holds the instrument vertically, presses the strings with his left hand and plucks the strings with his thumb and forefinger with his right hand. The pronunciation of fire is clear and bright, and the timbre is soft and beautiful. Often used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment for song and dance.

Dongbula is an ancient Kazakh stringed instrument. In some Kazakh families, even a family can play several songs. In Kazakh, winter bula has a special meaning: "winter" is the sound of playing musical instruments, and "bula" means plucking the strings.

Dongbula has a long history. As early as the third century BC, it spread in Xinjiang, China.

Dong Bula's piano is made of wood and looks like an enlarged spoon. The earliest Dongbula was very simple to make. Folk artists cut a whole piece of wood into the shape of a spoon, put it on the panel, pull two sheep intestines as strings, and put nine notes on the handle of the spoon to make it. Dongbula is an indispensable accompaniment instrument for Kazakh folk singers. With it, Kazakhs are no longer lonely when they go out to graze. At home in the evening, people play Dongbula, sing and dance, and have a good time with their families.

Dongbula can be used for solo, ensemble and accompaniment, and its expressive force is very rich. Dongbula is played in the same way as most plucked instruments. He held the piano in his arms, holding it in his left hand, pressing the strings with his index finger and thumb, and plucking the strings with his right middle finger and thumb. By using different playing techniques of Dong Bula, the gurgling spring sound, crisp birdsong, jubilant sheep and galloping horseshoes on the grassland are vividly displayed.

Ruan is a plucked instrument in China. Ruan was always called "Qin Pipa" in ancient times. During the Qin Dynasty in the second and third centuries BC, people added strings to small drums with handles to make plucked instruments, which were called "pottery". Later, people referred to Zheng, Zhu and other musical instruments and created a more advanced musical instrument called "Qin Pipa", which was the predecessor of Ruan.

Around the third century AD, there was a musician named Ruan Xian, who was very good at playing this kind of "Qin Pipa" with a circular loudspeaker. Because of his superb playing skills, people gradually use his name "Ruan Xian" to call this instrument. However, Ruan, the abbreviation of Ruan Xian, began in the Song Dynasty more than 1000 years ago.

Ruan's shape is very simple, consisting of three parts: head, stem and body. The piano head is generally decorated with traditional China bone carvings such as Dragon or Ruyi, and four chords are installed on both sides. Ruan's piano body is an oblate resonance box, which is glued by front panel, back panel and frame panel. Ruan's structural principle, production materials and playing techniques have many similarities with pipa.

In recent years, with China's emphasis on national musical instruments, musicians have also reformed Ruan, developing tenor Ruan, alto Ruan, tenor Ruan and bass Ruan.

Ruan, a high-pitched instrument, has a clear and bright pronunciation and often plays the main theme in the band.

Zhongruan is an alto instrument, with quiet and soft tone and poetic tone. In ensemble, it often plays melodies and interludes, which has a touching effect. As accompaniment, rich rhythm changes can highlight the characteristics of music. Using more than two zhongruan musicians to play harmony in the band will enrich the middle part of the plucked instrument group.

Da Ruan is five degrees lower than zhongruan, which is similar to the cello in western musical instruments. When a band plays a melody, it is often combined with zhongruan octave to enhance the zhongruan effect, which is most suitable for setting off lyric melody. When playing single notes or chords, you can strengthen the sense of rhythm and set off the warm and unrestrained effect of music. The bass Ruan has a deep voice, just like the double bass in western musical instruments.

Yayue is an ancient plucked instrument with a long history in China. According to textual research, it has been circulated for more than two thousand years. In ancient times, cricket was not only used by court bands, but also widely spread among the people. During China's prosperous Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), with the rapid development of economy and culture, the art of piano performance reached a fairly high level, that is, during this period, China's ancient piano performance was first introduced to neighboring countries such as Japan and North Korea. There are still two Tang Dynasty relics in Liang Dong Temple. However, this ancient musical instrument has been out of fashion since the late14th century, so that it gradually disappeared. People can only see some beautiful patterns on the previous murals and reliefs.

Since 1950s, musicians and musical instrument makers in China have done a lot of research to make this instrument reappear on the stage. According to the characters recorded in ancient books and preserved in ancient murals, they designed and trial-produced several types of crickets, but these crickets have many shortcomings, so they have not been popularized and spread. In the early 1980s, a new type of e-e-e-e was developed. Its structure is relatively perfect and scientific, and its sound has national characteristics, so it is widely used in music practice.

There were horizontal baskets and vertical baskets in ancient China. The new goose-column basket was developed according to the basic modeling of ancient vertical baskets. The shape of the new type of wild goose column is similar to that of the western harp, but the difference is that it has two rows of strings with 36 strings in each row, and each string is supported by the herringbone string column on the * * * sound box. This string column looks like the formation of geese flying in the sky, so it is called the goose column.

Yanzhu's timbre is soft and clear, with a wide range and rich expressive force. You can play both ancient and modern folk music and harp music. Because the left and right strings are homophonic, which is equivalent to two harps. It has a lot of convenience in playing fast melody and overtone, and it can also play alto melody and accompaniment with the most beautiful timbre at the same time, which is incomparable to other instruments. In addition, Yanzhu also has its own characteristics in playing techniques such as kneading strings, sliding strings and vibrato.

Pipa is a traditional plucked instrument in East Asia with a history of more than 2,000 years. The earliest musical instrument in China was the pipa of the Qin Dynasty. The name "Pipa" comes from the so-called "pushing hand is loquat, leading hand is loquat" (the most basic plucking skill), so it is called "Pipa". Before the Tang Dynasty, pipa was also a general term for all plucked instruments of the Pipa family in Chinese. Chinese pipa spread to other parts of East Asia and developed into Japanese pipa, Korean pipa and Vietnamese pipa.

Known as "the king of folk music", "the king of plucking" and "the first plucking instrument". Pluck a stringed instrument. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was introduced into the mainland from India through Qiuci. Wooden. The speaker is semi-pear-shaped, with four strings, neck and panel equipped with "phase" and "product" to determine the phoneme. Hold it vertically when playing, press the string with your left hand and play with your right finger. Pipa is an important national musical instrument, which evolved from straight-necked pipa and curved-necked pipa in history and is used for solo, accompaniment and ensemble. According to historical records, the straight-necked pipa appeared earlier in China. "Qin Hanzi" in Qin and Han Dynasties is a straight-handled, straight-necked pipa with a round sounding box (with covers on both sides), which was developed from the stringed pipa at the end of Qin Dynasty. Ruan is a round wooden musical instrument with four strings and twelve columns, which is played vertically by hand. Ruan Xianshan played this instrument in the Jin Dynasty, so it is commensurate with its name, which is today's Ruan.

Pipa is traditionally pentatonic. By the time of the Republic of China, the piano code had been increased according to the law of twelve averages. At present, the standard pipa has 30 pieces in eight phases, and its expressive force and adaptability have been greatly strengthened. It can play not only traditional music, but also western and modern works, which is conducive to cooperation with symphony orchestras. This has created conditions for further development. In the middle and late 20th century, the art of pipa had a new development. In the production of pipa, the original silk strings were changed into nylon steel strings, and some even used silver strings, which increased the volume and * * * degrees of pipa. In terms of techniques, the use of left thumb and chords has greatly improved the expressive force of pipa again. As a result, a large number of excellent solo works combining traditional music and modern composition theory have emerged, as well as duets of various instruments and pipa concertos of small bands and symphony orchestras. Entering the 2 1 century, the pipa not only returned to its heyday in China, but also attracted more and more attention from music lovers all over the world. Many traditional music and contemporary works are loved by Chinese and foreign audiences. It can be said that the pipa has begun to move towards the international music scene.

About the 4th century AD, there were pear-shaped speakers, curved necks, four pillars (now called phase or product) and four strings. String instruments played with plectrum were introduced to the north from India through the western regions. Because its head is bent back, it is different from the straight neck round neck lute that was circulated at that time, so it is called the famous piano. Sui Shu? Chronicle of Music: "Today's music is a pipa, a noble disciple, and it comes from the western regions, not an ancient China." Because it comes from Qiuci, it is also called Qiuci Pipa, Tiger Pipa or Huqin. After the Song Dynasty, it was called Pipa.

Banhu, also known as "Bangzi" and "Qinhu", came into being on the basis of Huqin with the appearance of Bangzi tune in local operas. Compared with other Huqin instruments in China, Banhu is characterized by loud volume and clear timbre. He is especially good at expressing high-pitched, passionate, passionate and fiery emotions, and also has the characteristics of elegance and delicacy.

Banhu has a history of about 300 years in China, so it is named because the piano barrel is bonded with thin boards.

The structure of banhu is mostly the same as that of erhu, but there are also differences, mainly in the piano tube. The front of banhu is not covered like erhu, but is made of paulownia, which is the key to banhu's pronunciation. The timbre of Banhu is particularly crisp and loud, full of local flavor. In a band, it is often the leading string of various accompaniment instruments, and it acts as a high note in strings.

Ma Touqin is a stringed instrument of Mongolian nationality in China, which is named after the horse head engraved on the top of the piano. Ma Touqin has a long history and was widely spread among Mongolians as early as13rd century. Due to the different spread areas, its name, shape, timbre and playing method are also different. It is called "Molinhur" in the west of Inner Mongolia and "Chaoer" in the east.

Ma Touqin's * * * singing box is trapezoidal, and a horse's head is carved on the top of the piano. This is the basic shape of Ma Touqin and the origin of Ma Touqin's name. Ma Touqin's strings are very special. They are composed of dozens of long ponytails, both ends of which are tied with silk thread and tied to the piano. Rubbing a ponytail string with a ponytail bow makes a sweet, rich and particularly beautiful sound, which is extremely unique among Chinese and foreign stringed instruments.

Qin Lei, also known as "Lei Hu", is a stringed instrument, which only appeared in the 1920s.

A piano consists of a stem, a barrel, a head, chords and a bow. The stem, the head and the chords are all made of hardwood. The piano head is shovel-shaped, the surface of the chord shaft is engraved with patterns, and the top of the shaft is embedded with bone ornaments. The piano barrel is relatively short and made of thin copper plate. Its bow is longer than erhu and its ponytail is wider. In addition, there are two sizes of pianos. The grand piano is a steel string, and the length of the piano body is110 cm. Xiao Leiqin is a stringed instrument with a length of 90 cm. The piano is usually set in the fourth or fifth degree relationship. The tuning of the grand piano is not uniform, generally according to the habits of the players, and the range can reach three and a half octaves. The tuning and range of the small lyre are the same as those of the big lyre, but the pronunciation is an octave higher.

Like other stringed instruments, the piano is played in a sitting position. The player puts the piano barrel on his left leg, presses the strings with his left hand and plays between the two strings with a bow in his right hand. Piano fingering and playing skills have many unique features. For example, the player's control of the bow has skills such as gradually strengthening, gradually weakening, slowly weakening and then suddenly strengthening, slowly strengthening and then suddenly weakening, and the bow method has changed greatly. Piano fingering is similar to erhu, however, it mostly presses the strings with index finger and ring finger.

The lyre is an expressive instrument. Wide range, loud volume, soft and mellow timbre. It can not only solo, ensemble and ensemble, but also imitate human voice and opera singing. At the same time, it can also show the chirping of various animals and the acoustic effects of stringed instruments and percussion instruments such as sheng, feng, suona, jinghu, erhu, gong and drum.

Niutuiqin is an ancient folk stringed instrument in China, which is mainly popular in the Dong minority areas in China, Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan. It is named for its slender body and legs similar to cows. The traditional cattle leg piano is made of a whole piece of Chinese fir, the lower part of which is hollowed out and covered with Chinese fir or paulownia panels. Its neck is relatively wide, the top of the piano head is square, and both sides are equipped with chord shafts made of hardwood to fix two strings made of brown string. The bow of the oxleg piano is made of fine bamboo, and a wisp of brown silk is tied on it as the bow hair.

Compared with other stringed instruments played by China, the Niuguqin has distinctive features. Its music is produced by rubbing palm strings with palm silk bows. Therefore, the Niuguqin has a soft pronunciation, slightly hoarse effect, unique timbre, close cooperation with human voice, distinctive national characteristics and strong local style. The playing posture of the oxleg piano is basically the same as that of the western instrument violin. The player puts the end of the piano under his left shoulder, holds the piano in his left hand and plays with a bow in his right hand. However, its range is narrower than that of the violin. When playing, only one handle is used, and the strings are often set in a five-degree relationship.

Most of the cattle leg pianos are self-made, so the materials and sizes of the pianos are different. In order to improve the expressive force of Niuguqin, the Dong people have been constantly reforming it in the long-term practice. The reformed Niutuiqin not only expands the resonance box, but also opens a sound hole on the side plate of the stringed horse, supports a round wooden sound column between the front plate and the back plate, increases the fingerboard, and replaces the brown string and the brown silk bow with silk string, steel wire string and ponytail bow. In addition, some instrument reformers have placed an arc-shaped metal frame at the end of the oxleg piano, which can be clamped under the player's armpit when playing, so that the piano box can be fixed. This not only lightens the burden on the player's left hand, but also enriches and develops the playing skills of the Niuguqin.

Gaohu is the floorboard of "High-pitched Erhu", which was reformed on the basis of Erhu. The appearance of Gao Hu is closely related to China's folk music-Cantonese Opera.

The structure, manufacture and materials of Gao Hu are basically the same as those of Erhu, but the biggest difference is that the piano tube is thinner. Due to the relatively late formation of Gao Hu, musical instrument manufacturers have no worries and restrictions when transforming Gao Hu. Some musical instrument makers changed the round piano barrel in early Gao Hu into a oblate one to increase the volume. Some musical instrument manufacturers also changed the Gao Hu of two strings to three strings, expanding the musical instrument's range by five degrees.

Erhu is a famous stringed instrument in China. Its origin can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty in China in the 7th 7- 10/0th century, when it was mainly popular among ethnic minorities in the northwest. In the history of more than 1000 years, erhu has always been an accompaniment instrument of China traditional opera.

Erhu is simple in structure, with a thin wooden pole, about 80 cm long, two strings on the pole, a teacup-shaped bucket under the pole and a bow made of ponytail. When playing erhu, the pianist takes a sitting position, holding the piano in his left hand and the bow in his right hand. The range of erhu can reach three octaves. The music produced by erhu is expressive, close to the timbre of human voice and becomes a singing instrument, so some people call it "Chinese violin". Because the timbre of erhu sounds slightly sad, it is good at expressing deep affection.

Erhu is very popular in China, because it is simple to make, cheap to learn and beautiful in timbre. It is a very popular musical instrument in China.

The throat, also known as the "bamboo pipe", is a double-reed instrument developed on the basis of China national wind instrument. At the beginning of its appearance, throat was a tool for street vendors in Guangdong Province to solicit business. It was not until the late 1920s that it began to be used in Guangdong music and Guangdong Cantonese opera. Later, it became popular in Guangdong and Guangxi.

The structure of the throat is very simple, consisting of a whistle, a tube and a bell mouth. Its whistle is made of reeds, the whistle mouth is very wide, and the two pairs of whistles are thicker. The pipe body is made of long-stemmed bamboo, ebony, mahogany, miscellaneous wood, plastic pipe or metal pipe, among which the timbre of bamboo pipe body is the best. There are seven sound holes on the pipe body of the throat, and a horn made of thin copper sheet is installed at the lower end of the pipe body, which plays the role of enlarging the volume and decorating.

Xiao, also known as Xiao, is an ancient musical instrument in China. As early as thousands of years ago, Xiao was circulated among the people in China. About its origin, we should start with the flute. When Paixiao was first formed thousands of years ago, it was called Xiao. Later, in the process of playing the flute, people found that holes with different distances can also blow out different sounds, so the flute gradually changed from a multi-tube flute to a single-tube porous flute.

The pipe is an oboe instrument with a long history. The pipe originated in ancient Persia, which is now Iran. In ancient China, it was called "Baba" or "reed pipe". During the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, Guanzi became a common musical instrument in Xinjiang, China. Later, Guan Zi was introduced to the Central Plains, and his playing skills were constantly enriched and developed in the process of change and development. Now, the pipe is widely popular among the people in China, and it has become a common musical instrument loved by the people in the north.

Inkstone is one of the oldest wind instruments in China, with a history of about 7,000 years. At first, the forest was mostly made of stones and bones, and later it developed into pottery, with many shapes, such as oblate, oval, spherical, fish-shaped and pear-shaped, among which pear-shaped is the most common.

There are water spray holes at the upper end, flat bottom and sound holes on the side wall. There was only one sound hole at first, and then it gradually developed into porous. Six sound holes did not appear until the end of the third century BC.

Sheng is an ancient wind instrument in China. It is the earliest musical instrument using free reed in the world, which has played a positive role in promoting the development of western musical instruments. Sheng timbre is bright and sweet, high notes are crisp and transparent, midrange is soft and full, bass is deep and deep, and the volume is loud. Moreover, among the traditional wind instruments in China, it is also the only instrument that can play harmony. When playing with other musical instruments, it can play the role of harmonizing the timbre and enriching the sound of the band. In large national orchestras, sheng sometimes uses three kinds of sheng: treble, alto and bass.

The flute is a widely circulated playing instrument in China. Because it is made of natural bamboo, it is also called "bamboo flute".

The flute is made of a bamboo tube with the inside cut off, and the tube body has a blowing hole, a membrane hole and six sound holes. The blowing hole is the first hole of the flute, and the air is blown in from this hole, which makes the air in the pipe vibrate and sound. The membrane hole is the second hole of the flute, which is specially used for sticking the membrane of the flute. Flute membranes are mostly made of reed membranes or bamboo membranes. When the flute membrane is vibrated by airflow, it will emit crisp and mellow music.

Huluxiao is a minority wind instrument in China. It is one of the favorite and most commonly used musical instruments of the Dai, Achang and Wa nationalities living in the southwest of China. Huluxiao, like other Xiao instruments, has a relatively low volume, but the tone produced by its supervisor is soft and delicate, which gives people a subtle and hazy aesthetic feeling against the continuous sound of two auxiliary pipes. Some people call it "gourd silk" because its vibrato is as elegant and gentle as trembling silk.

Dulcimer, also known as "dulcimer", is a stringed instrument commonly used in China. Its timbre is crisp and bright, and its expressive force is extremely rich. It can be solo, ensemble or accompanied by piano books, rap and opera, and plays an important role in national instrumental ensemble and national band.

Dulcimer is mainly made of wood, and its body is its * * * sound box, which is butterfly-shaped, so some people call it "butterfly piano". When playing, the piano is placed on the wooden frame, and each of the left and right hands holds an elastic bamboo pestle, and the strings are struck for pronunciation.

Qing is the oldest national musical instrument in China. It is simple in shape and beautifully made. Li has a long history. In ancient matriarchal clan society, Qing was once called "stone" and "singing ball". At that time, people made a living by fishing and hunting. After work, they knock on stones and dress up as various wild animals to dance and entertain. This percussion stone gradually evolved into a later percussion instrument.

The chime is an important percussion instrument in ancient China, and it is a kind of bell. A chime consists of several clocks of different sizes hanging on a wooden frame to form a group or groups, and each clock strikes a different pitch. Because of different ages, the bells have different shapes, but they are all painted with exquisite patterns.

As early as 3,500 years ago in Shang Dynasty, China had chimes, but there were three sets of bells at that time. Later, with the development of the times, the number of each set of bells has also increased. In ancient times, chimes were mostly used for court performances, but they were rarely circulated among the people. Whenever there is a battle, court appearance or sacrifice, it should be played.

Gong is a traditional percussion instrument in China, which occupies a very important position in Chinese national bands and has a wide range of applications. It is not only used in national bands, folk instrumental ensembles, various operas, folk arts and song and dance accompaniment, but also an indispensable instrument for celebrating gatherings, dragon boat races, lion dances, bumper harvests and labor competitions.

Drum is a common percussion instrument in China, which appeared earlier. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, it can be determined that the drum has a history of about 3000 years.

The drum body of the waist drum is thick in the middle and thin at the two ends, which is cylindrical, and both sides are covered with cowhide or mule skin. There are two drum rings on one side of the drum body, and ropes are tied to the drum rings to fix the drum. There are four sizes of waist drum, but there is no fixed pitch, and the pronunciation is crisp. It is often used to accompany folk yangko songs and dances. It is not only an accompaniment instrument for dance music, but also a prop for dancers. During the performance, the waist drum is hung obliquely at the waist side, and the drum stick is played with both hands.