What pesticides are often used in the production of Chinese herbal medicines?

The production of Chinese herbal medicines advocates the use of biological pesticides to control pests and diseases, but at present, chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue are mainly used in production, and the principle of rational use of chemical pesticides is strictly observed. Here is a brief introduction to their types, usage and prevention targets.

(1) Insecticides commonly used in the production of Chinese herbal medicines at present.

① Phoxim is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticide with strong contact toxicity and stomach toxicity. Stable at room temperature, easy to decompose at high temperature, sensitive to light and easy to decompose and fail. The drug has a short residue period and can be used to control medicinal pests. Seal seeds (Coix seed, safflower seed, etc.) with 50% emulsifiable concentrate. ), making it into toxic soil, granules or irrigation to control underground pests such as grubs. Be careful not to mix with alkaline pesticides, and avoid light when using. Generally, it should be carried out in the evening or cloudy days, which can improve the control effect. It is forbidden to use within 5 days before crop harvest.

② Methomyl has systemic, contact and fumigation effects on pests. Quick response, short duration, low toxicity to people and livestock, no residual toxicity, little influence on natural enemies and safety to fish. At normal concentration, it has no phytotoxicity to crops. It will decompose a little when it is heated by alkali. The dosage form is 25% wettable powder, and 100 ~ 150g of water is sprayed every 667m to control the pests of medicinal plants such as aphids, leafhoppers and planthoppers. Be careful not to mix with alkaline pesticides and fertilizers.

(3) Dichlorvos is a broad-spectrum insecticide with strong contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, fumigation and penetration. At the same time, it has high volatility and is easy to hydrolyze, which can eliminate indoor sanitary pests and warehouse pests. There are 50% and 80% emulsifiable concentrate. It is effective to use 80% EC 1000 ~ 2000 times solution to control medicinal pests such as aphids and fennel moths. The safe period is 4 ~ 5 days, and cucurbitaceae herbs such as Trichosanthes kirilowii and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are sensitive to it, so special attention should be paid when using it.

(4) Trichlorfon is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticide with strong stomach toxicity, contact toxicity and permeability, and low toxicity to people and animals. It is effective for many kinds of medicinal pests. Using 90% crystal 1000 times solution can control chewing mouthparts pests on many medicinal materials. Stop taking medicine within 10 ~ 15 days before harvesting. Or use bran as poison bait to control underground pests.

⑤ Fenthion, also known as Fenthion, is an organophosphorus pesticide with high efficiency and low toxicity. It has contact poisoning, stomach toxicity and internal absorption, and it is easy to decompose and fail when it meets alkali, high temperature, iron, copper and other metals. It is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which is effective against both piercing-sucking and chewing mouthparts pests. 1500 ~ 2000 times 50% EC can control medicinal plant pests such as LEPIDOPTERA larvae, aphids, red spiders and leafhoppers. Precautions: It is easy to cause phytotoxicity to Cruciferae medicinal plants such as Radix Isatidis; Not suitable for mixing with alkaline pesticides; Not resistant to storage, should be used with the purchase.

⑥ Deltamethrin, also known as diphacinone, has the characteristics of high efficiency, broad spectrum, long-term effect and low residue, and is safe for crops. Contact killing is the main method, which has stomach toxicity, antifeedant effect and no systemic effect, and can be used to control many medicinal plant pests. Use 20 ml of 2.5% EC every 667 meters to spray water to control cabbage caterpillar, aphid, corn borer, cotton bollworm, aphid and leafhopper. Precautions: Do not mix with alkaline drugs; Irritation and allergic reaction to eyes and skin, and the operator should pay attention to protection during operation; If you want to treat red spider at the same time, you must mix it with acaricide.

⑦ Dimethoate is an organophosphorus neurotoxic agent, which has strong contact and stomach toxicity to insect mites, and can prevent and control insect mites of various medicinal materials. It can be sprayed with 800 times of 40% emulsifiable concentrate to control various aphids and red spiders, and can also be used to control underground pests, ground maggots, root aphids, etc. Note: Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; It is not suitable for long-term storage, so as to avoid decomposition and failure and reduce the control effect.

⑧ Mefenvalerate, also known as metoclopramide, is stable to hot, light and acidic solutions and decomposes in case of alkali. Contact killing is the main method, which has stomach toxicity, ovicidal and antifeedant effects. The residue period is generally 10 ~ 15 days, which is low toxic to people and animals, and low toxic to Chrysopa and parasitic natural enemies. Spray 30 ~ 50ml of 20% EC every 667m to control pests such as cotton bollworm, corn borer, aphid, leaf roller moth, diamondback moth, leafhopper and scale insect on medicinal plants. Precautions: master the dosage when using to avoid drug injury; The application should be even and thoughtful, touching the insect body; Can not be mixed with alkaline drugs.

Pet-name ruby chlorpyrifos, also known as Lekeben, has the functions of contact killing, stomach poisoning and fumigation. Spraying with 48% EC 1000 times solution can control Spodoptera litura, Pieris rapae, Liriomyza sativae, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Glehnia littoralis and Arachnida. 2000 times of liquid, 7500 kilograms of root irrigation per hectare, can prevent and control underground pests such as black cutworm, golden needle worm and grub. Note: Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; Can not be used in the flowering period of medicinal plants; Avoid the liquid medicine flowing into the pond to hurt fish and shrimp.

Attending triazophos has stomach toxicity and contact toxicity, broad insecticidal spectrum, good ovicidal effect and strong permeability to plants. Spraying 800 ~ 1000 times of 20% EC to control many kinds of aphids that harm medicinal plants. 500-fold spray of 20% EC can control Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, as well as cotton bollworm, Spodoptera exigua and Lepidoptera Spodoptera litura larvae that harm many medicinal plants. Precautions: Do not mix with strong acid and strong alkali pesticides; Do not touch the skin; Avoid sensitive creatures such as fish and bees.

Malathion, also known as marathon, has strong stomach toxicity and contact toxicity, as well as fumigation, wide insecticidal spectrum and low toxicity to people and animals. Spray 1500 times 50% EC to control aphids that harm safflower and burdock, spray 800 times 50% EC to control scale insects that harm wolfberry and aloe, and spray 1000 times 50% EC to control grubs in drug fields. Precautions: pay attention to fire prevention during storage and transportation; Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; It is highly toxic to bees.

Carbaryl has contact toxicity and stomach toxicity, and its insecticidal spectrum is wide. Low toxicity to people, livestock and fish. 5% carbaryl powder was mixed with fine soil according to the ratio of 1: 5 ~ 7 and sprinkled on the soil surface of Lycium barbarum garden in early spring to prevent overwintering adults of Lycium barbarum. Big gray weevil that harms seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Platycodon grandiflorum, Coix lacryma-jobi and other crops. 5% carbaryl powder can be sprayed around the drug site to prevent it from migrating to the drug site. Add 0.5 kg of 50% carbaryl powder and 1.5 kg of fine soil to prepare toxic soil to control corn borer at the heart leaf stage of Coix lacryma-jobi. Spraying 25% wettable powder 150 ~ 200 times solution to control aphids harmful to medicinal materials. Note: Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; Cucurbitaceae herbs are prone to phytotoxicity.

Cartap, also known as Badan, has the functions of stomach toxicity, contact killing, internal absorption, antifeeding and egg killing, and has the advantages of fast knockout speed and long duration. Spraying 50% wettable powder with 1000 ~ 1500 times to control potato ladybugs and eggplant ladybugs harmful to Trichosanthes kirilowii and Astragalus, longicorn beetles harmful to chrysanthemum and broad bean beetles harmful to Astragalus; Spraying with 2000 ~ 3000 times liquid to control aphids and red spiders that harm many kinds of medicinal materials. Spraying 98% soluble powder 1500 times solution to control Plutella xylostella; Use 1, 500 ~ 2000 times solution to control liriomyza sativae which harms safflower, chrysanthemum, Astragalus complanatus and other medicinal materials.

Cypermethrin is a broad-spectrum and quick-acting pesticide, which has contact toxicity and stomach toxicity, and can be used to control a variety of pests in medicinal plants. Spraying 10% EC 600 ml/ha with 450 kg of water to control various aphids and borers of Astragalus membranaceus that harm rhubarb, glehnia littoralis, Radix Isatidis and other medicinal materials; 1000 times of liquid spray to control the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera which are harmful to Lycium barbarum, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Scutellaria baicalensis; 800-fold liquid spray was used to prevent and control the larvae of Scarabaeid Papilio, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae and Radix Saposhnikoviae, and the larvae of Papilio citri, which were harmful to Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Rutin and Bergamot. Note: Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; Do not use it around the pond.

Pirimicarb has the functions of contact killing, fumigation and foliar penetration. Strong selectivity, strong contact killing effect on aphids and safety to natural enemies. Spraying 50% wettable powder (120g/ha) and adding water (450kg) to control Microtubule Aphid Carrot, which harms Radix Glehniae and Flos Lonicerae; 2000 times liquid spray to control Lycium barbarum mud worm; Using 270 grams of 50% wettable powder and 450 kilograms of water per hectare can control aphids on various medicinal plants. This medicine must be packed in a metal container.

(2) Bactericides commonly used in Chinese herbal medicine production.

(1) Carbendazim is a heterocyclic fungicide with high efficiency, low toxicity, low internal absorption and low toxicity to people and animals. Commonly used 50% wettable powder sprayed with 500 ~ 800 times solution can prevent downy mildew, epidemic disease, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gray mold, anthracnose, brown spot and so on. It can also be used for seed dressing, seed soaking, root soaking, root irrigation and furrow application. Precautions: Stop using medicinal materials 20 days before harvesting; Pay attention to moisture protection when storing chemicals; Do not mix with copper preparation.

(2) thiophanate-methyl is a high-efficiency, low-toxicity, broad-spectrum, strong-penetration, internal-absorption benzene bactericide, which can kill pathogenic bacteria invading plants. It can prevent and treat brown spot, gray mold, powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf blight and other diseases of various medicinal materials, and is safe for plants. Use 50 ~ 75g of 50% or 70% wettable powder, and spray 1000 ~ 1200 times of water every 667m. The bactericidal spectrum and mechanism of this product are the same as carbendazim. Stop using it within two weeks before harvest.

(3) Rituximab, also known as metalaxyl, is a benzene fungicide with high efficiency, low toxicity and internal absorption, which can be conducted up and down, with long duration and high efficacy. It has protective effect on downy mildew and epidemic disease of many medicinal materials, and has therapeutic effect on powdery mildew and root rot. Every 40 ~ 50g of 25% wettable powder has obvious spraying effect on 50kg of water. It can also be used for soil treatment and seed dressing. Note: the safety interval is 2 1 day; Flowering period is prohibited; Do not use it continuously to avoid drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria; Can be mixed with a variety of pesticides and fungicides, but can not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.

④ Sukeling is a fungicide for controlling Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and gray mold of rape, which has good protective effect and strong therapeutic effect, and can prevent the formation of early disease spots, with long and stable lasting period, internal absorption and rain erosion resistance. 800 ~ 1000 times of 50% wettable powder can control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and gray mold of various medicinal materials. Spraying before or during the onset has obvious protective effect. Precautions: use the medicine as soon as possible after preparation, and don't leave it for a long time; Do not mix with organophosphorus pesticides and alkaline pesticides; Spraying is before or at the beginning of the disease; The safety interval is 15 days.

⑤ Phosphate, also known as Shashuangling, is a systemic and low-toxic fungicide, which has no phytotoxicity to plants, can be conducted up and down in plants, and has protective and therapeutic effects. It has special effects on downy mildew and epidemic diseases of many medicinal materials, and can also treat gray mold, powdery mildew, root rot and so on. 40% wettable powder is generally sprayed with 300 ~ 500 times of liquid. Precautions: spray drugs before or at the beginning of the disease; It should be used alternately or mixed with other fungicides to avoid drug resistance.

⑥ Fenxiuning is a kind of heterocyclic fungicide with high efficiency and strong internal absorption, which has the functions of protection, treatment, fumigation and eradication. It has special effects on rust, smut and powdery mildew of medicinal materials, lasting for up to 40 days, and is safe for crops. Seed dressing with 25% wettable powder, the dosage of which is 0.3% ~ 0.5% of the seed weight, or spraying 50 ~100g of water to 50 ~ 75kg every 667m. Note: the safety interval is 15 ~ 20 days; Seed dressing should be uniform to avoid phytotoxicity; Although it is a low toxic agent, there is no antidote; Not stored with grain, feed and grain; This product is flammable and should be kept away from fire sources.

⑦ Bordeaux mixture is a common inorganic bactericide, which has strong bactericidal power, wide application range and long-lasting effect, and its lasting period is about 15 days. It is a good protective bactericide. Mainly used for spray control of downy mildew and various leaf spot diseases. Young tissues are sensitive to copper ions, and can be prepared into low-concentration lime double dose or excessive dose solution, while plants sensitive to lime can be diluted with lime half dose or small dose. Liquid medicine should be used in combination. It is not suitable for long-term storage and mixed use with acidic pesticides. It should not be prepared in a metal container.

⑧ Mancozeb is a protective bactericide, which has low toxicity to people and animals and is safe to plants, and can prevent and control leaf diseases of many medicinal materials, such as black spot, downy mildew and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Commonly used 80% and 50% wettable powder 400 ~ 500 times liquid spray. Precautions: This agent is a protective fungicide, which should be sprayed evenly before and at the beginning of the disease. Do not mix with alkaline pesticides; Store in a cool, ventilated and dry place.

Diclofenac sodium is a flaky crystal containing 97% sodium p-aminobenzene sulfonate, which has low toxicity to people and animals. It is an efficient systemic fungicide with good control effect on rust, and can be used alternately with triadimefon. Spraying 250 times of liquid at the initial stage of onset and adding 100g of washing powder per100 kg of liquid medicine can improve wetting adhesion and increase drug effect. Precautions: it is not suitable to mix with lime and copper sulfate to avoid reducing the efficacy; Keep away from rain and sun when storing, and don't mix with seeds and feed.

Attending chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum and protective fungicide, which has chemical stability in alkaline and acidic solutions. It can prevent and control downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, black spot disease, leaf mold and so on of various medicinal plants. Commonly used 75% wettable powder 600 ~ 800 times liquid spray. Precautions: the drug should be applied before or at the early stage of onset, and sprayed again every 7 ~ 10 days. When the condition is serious, the spraying interval should be shortened and sprayed 2 ~ 3 times. Irritating to skin, mucous membrane and eyes, wear a mask when applying the medicine, and wash hands, face and exposed parts of the skin with soap after applying the medicine.

Amobam can be used for foliar spraying, seed and soil treatment. Has protective and therapeutic effects, and can be used for preventing and treating various fungal diseases. The powdery mildew of Panax notoginseng can be controlled by spraying 300 times of 50% aqueous solution at the initial stage. Spraying 900 times of 45% aqueous solution to control anthracnose of Chinese yam, American ginseng and Lycium barbarum and downy mildew of Radix Isatidis. Root irrigation with 500 times solution of 45% water agent is used to control ginseng root rot and ginger bacterial wilt; Soaking seeds with 45% aqueous solution for 200 ~ 300 times 15 ~ 20 minutes can prevent and control black spot and leaf spot of many medicinal materials. Precautions: high temperature is easy to cause drug damage, and the liquid medicine should not be less than 1000 times; Can not be mixed with alkaline reagent or copper preparation.

Manganese-zinc cream, also known as antiviral alum, has the functions of protection, treatment and eradication, and has a wide bactericidal spectrum. The dosage form is 64% wettable powder. Spraying 600 times of liquid to control Banlangen, ginseng blight, peony damping-off, Jiang Ye blight, asparagus stem blight, downy mildew and black spot of stem rot; Lycium barbarum anthracnose, gray spot disease, lily blight, notoginseng blight, etc. Root irrigation with 500-fold solution of 3000ml/m2 is used to prevent and control ginseng soft rot and root rot, and it is done 2-3 times every 10 day. Soaking seeds with 500 times solution 1 hour to control ginger soft rot and American ginseng root rot. Caution: Do not mix with alkaline pesticides.

Dixintong has strong internal absorption and permeability, and has dual functions of protection and treatment. The dosage form is 70% wettable powder. Sprinkle 4 grams of fine soil 20 times per square meter on the seedbed to prevent and control Rhizoctonia solani of ginseng and American ginseng. Spraying 1000 times solution to control lily wilt, spraying 1 time every 7 ~ 10 day, and spraying continuously for 3 times; Spraying 500 ~ 700 times of liquid to control safflower anthracnose, wolfberry anthracnose and Banlangen downy mildew; Root irrigation with 1000 times solution to control root rot of astragalus and angelica dahurica; Root irrigation with 600 times liquid can prevent and control ginger rot, bacterial wilt, mint and chrysanthemum white silk disease.

Bacterial toxins have certain internal absorption and osmotic sterilization effects, and have preventive effects on various fungal diseases and viral diseases. The dosage form is 5% aqua. Spray with 200 ~ 300 times solution to prevent digitalis virus disease, every 7 days 1 time, 3 ~ 5 times continuously. Prevention and treatment of virus diseases of lily, asparagus and other medicinal materials by 500 times liquid spray. Spraying 400 times solution of 5% water agent to control mosaic disease and chrysanthemum virus disease of foxglove and Atractylodes macrocephala. Control of burdock mosaic virus and ginger mosaic virus by spraying 5% wettable powder with 400 ~ 500 times solution.

Hymexazol is also called Likuling and Tujunqing. Systemic fungicide is mainly used for soil treatment and root irrigation. Spraying 450 times of 15% aqueous solution to control root rot and damping-off of ginseng and atractylodes macrocephala at the initial stage of the disease. Control of Fusarium wilt of fenugreek and safflower by root irrigation with 70% wettable powder 300 ~ 400 times. Spraying 15% water solution 450 times on the seedbed to prevent and control the damping-off of ginseng and American ginseng, spraying 1 ~ 2 times per square meter, and 2000 ml of liquid medicine. 50 ~ 60 times of 15% aqueous solution was mixed with a proper amount of fine soil and sprinkled on the seedbed to prevent and control seedling diseases of medicinal materials.

Iprodione is also called iprodione. Broad-spectrum fungicides have a good control effect on gray mold and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The dosage form is 50% wettable powder. Control of Chrysanthemum Leaf Blight and Asarum Leaf Blight by 800-fold Liquid Spray. 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid spray to control fennel sclerotiorum, ginseng sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum soft rot. Spray with 1500 times solution to control asparagus stem blight, lily gray mold, chrysanthemum leaf spot and American ginseng black spot. Using 0.3% seed dressing agent to control root rot of Astragalus membranaceus. Can not be mixed with alkaline pesticides.

Difenoconazole, also known as Shigao and systemic fungicide, has a good effect at the initial stage of the disease. The dosage form is 10% water dispersible granules. Powdery mildew of Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus was controlled by spraying 1000 ~ 1500 times. 800 ~ 1200 times liquid spray to control anthracnose of safflower, medlar, dogwood and other medicinal materials. Spraying 600-900g diluted solution 1500 times per hectare to prevent and control ginseng leaf spot defoliation and cassia leaf spot. Spraying 750 ~1200g diluent 1000 times per hectare to control asparagus stem blight and Schizonepeta stem blight. Can't be mixed with copper preparation.