How should senior high school students answer historical data analysis questions?

In the college entrance examination questions, material analysis questions usually appear in the following types: narrative, comprehensive, explanatory, comparative, critical, open and historical. The following is a simple explanation of several questions.

1, narrative. Narrative is a process (cause, process and result) of summarizing and synthesizing historical events (or historical phenomena) or major activities of historical figures from a historical perspective. Questions often require candidates to answer according to the materials and knowledge they have learned, or to extract arguments directly from the materials. Topics generally include tips such as "Brief Introduction", "Narration", "Overview" and "Trial Description". When answering questions, we should closely focus on the main activities of events or characters, sort out the scattered contents in the textbook as required, and pay attention to the re-understanding and reproduction of the textbook.

2. comprehensive type. Comprehensive type refers to the comprehensive examination of historical contents scattered in different chapters, different countries and different historical periods, which is not only convenient for examining the systematic connection between subject knowledge, but also pays attention to examining the thinking ability of analyzing and solving problems at multiple levels and angles. Judging from the method of solving problems, solving problems with two or more solutions is a synthesis of narration, demonstration, analysis and comparison. The outstanding characteristics of this kind of questions are the large span of content and high ability requirements.

3. descriptive. Explanatory non-multiple choice questions are to analyze and explain the nature of things or things (events). Problems often include words such as "trying to analyze, trying to explain, showing, reflecting and reflecting". This question mainly examines the ability of candidates to grasp the essence and laws of things and make correct explanations, as well as the thinking ability of multi-level and multi-angle analysis and problem solving.

4. comparative type. Comparative type is to compare and analyze two or more historical events (phenomena and figures) that are related to each other. According to different standards, it can be divided into four categories: single comparison and comprehensive comparison, horizontal comparison and vertical comparison, seeking common ground while seeking differences, qualitative comparison and quantitative comparison. This question mainly examines the thinking ability of candidates to analyze and solve problems at multiple levels and angles.

5. Annotation type. Commentary is to explain, judge and evaluate historical events (phenomena) and historical figures according to the basic principles of Marxism, and get a rational understanding that conforms to reality. The general requirement of this kind of questions is to comprehensively summarize and describe historical events (phenomena) and activities of historical figures, and then give an evaluation of historical materialism according to the specific situation at that time. Comments that combine different requirements can be divided into: evaluation and narration become the topic of comments; Combining with argumentation becomes a critical problem; Combine analysis to form evaluation questions. The tips of topics generally include comments, trial comments, comments, comments and comments. Pay attention to the background of the times and seek truth from facts when commenting.

6. open it. The answers to open questions are open, and students can make their own choices according to their knowledge structure, cognitive level, hobbies and values. Generally speaking, there are "what kind of views do you agree with?" "Try to talk about …" and "What is your understanding?" .

7. Historical papers. Analysis of written materials in short essays. As far as this proposition that focuses on "written expression" is concerned, the first step is to make a request and indicate the direction of the answer; In terms of expression, it is required to write, and the number of words is limited to about 200 words, unless it is expressly stipulated in the test paper; In the aspect of grading, the grading method is adopted. To solve such problems, in addition to the general requirements for material problems, we should also pay attention to:

(1) Due to the general types of short material questions, it is impossible to prompt reading with questions. Therefore, when reviewing the questions, we should read the materials more carefully and try not to miss any interest points.

(2) When dealing with materials, we should pay more attention to understanding, grasp their positions and viewpoints, understand the characteristics of historical phenomena and the characteristics of the times, and integrate the effective information of historical materials into the system of learned knowledge, thus forming a correct conclusion.

③ When answering such analytical questions, we should pay more attention to the following points:

First, it should be expressed in words. It's a paper, not a question and answer. It can't be like answering a question and answer.

Second, we should have both history and theory, combine history and theory, and give full play to the characteristics of history discipline. The biggest feature of historical materials is "history". Arguments and opinions should be related to "history", and it is not advisable to throw away the provided materials and historical knowledge. Therefore, whether it is a commentary or an argumentative topic, short historical essays should be closely related to the materials and answered from the materials.

Third, the article should embody the three elements of argument. The viewpoint should be clear, the center should be prominent, and the pros and cons should be clear; The arguments should be sufficient and well-founded; Arguments should be strong, logical, hierarchical and clear.

Fourth, we should pay more attention to the key points in the organization of words, be highly generalized, concise and accurate. In the article, the theme should be clear, the time and space should be clear, and the level should be clear. Because this kind of questions are generally limited by the number of words, candidates are required to make a draft or draft after fully understanding the materials and the intention of the proposition, so as to ensure that the language is concise and grasp the key points.

(2) "One, two, three" that must be grasped in the exam.

"One" refers to "a premise", that is, "to know and understand materials (especially charts and data)". It is necessary to clarify the main concepts and explain the main problems, and then figure out how icons and data represent concepts and explain problems.

"Two" refers to "two principles", namely "fully obtaining and utilizing effective information" and "connecting with teaching materials based on materials". The first is "fully obtaining and utilizing effective information". The so-called "effective information" refers to time, place, people, events, themes and so on. It is related to asking questions, which is often the center or theme of the material. If you don't find effective information, you can't complete the requirements of the topic well and affect the score. Followed by "based on materials, contact with teaching materials." The perspective of the problems shown in the textbook is not necessarily the same as that of the textbook. For example, a textbook may mainly describe its positive side, while a textbook may show its limited side. It is necessary to contact the textbook. It is necessary to link the contents reflected in the materials with the relevant knowledge learned in the textbooks, and make comments and analysis by using the knowledge and viewpoints learned.

"Three" refers to the "three steps" to conceive the answer. That is, "take a look" to see how many questions there are; "Second check" to find out the subject (or item) and limitation in the question; "Three Answers" organize answers according to questions. When organizing answers, it is best to use "serial number", such as ① ② ③.

(3) Answer the "five-character formula"-statement, discussion, analysis, comparison and comment.

"Narration" is narration. When answering questions, it is generally expressed in chronological order and causality, but it should be noted that the knowledge points required by the topic (1) must be involved, which can be appropriately expanded to be comprehensive as far as possible. (2) For those with strong generality and long time span, the questions are divided into historical stages first, and then answered in stages.

"Theory" is argumentation. Argumentation must first judge the right and wrong of viewpoints and topics. There are two standards: one is the standard of practice and the other is the standard of theory. In order to set facts and reasons, we must first prove the correctness or error of opinions and propositions with sufficient facts, and then make corresponding explanations, conclusions or summaries. The answer emphasizes that listing historical facts should be full, comprehensive and convincing.

"Analysis" means analysis. Generally, you should answer "what" first, and then answer "why" on this basis. Candidates are required to analyze the causes and backgrounds of historical phenomena, time and historical figures in a specific historical environment and conditions from the perspective of dialectical materialism, reveal the essence of things, understand the laws of historical development, and summarize historical functions, influences and historical positions, so as to learn historical lessons.

"Comparison" means comparison. For problems with comparative projects, they can be compared as needed; Many candidates often don't know what to compare, how to compare questions and have no way to answer them without giving clear comparison items. Mastering the following methods and principles can make a complete comparison.

Methods: Focus on one thing or one person and list related items; Then compare it with another one.

Principle: (1) Compare the causes, background, historical conditions and purposes of historical phenomena. (2) Compare the content, characteristics, characteristics, nature and essence of historical phenomena. (3) Compare the causes, historical functions, status, influences and lessons of things.

"Comment" refers to comments, evaluations, comments, etc. If you want to comment correctly, you must: (1) Look at the problem with dialectical materialism. (2) The position of commenting on the problem should be correct. (3) Comments should be based on facts. (4) Combining the basic knowledge and theory of textbooks.

(4) Matters needing attention in organizing answering questions.

First, when organizing answers, we must "answer any questions" and answer as required, that is, pay attention to the basis and restrictions. For example, if the question is "According to the materials …", then the answer mainly comes from relevant materials; If the question is "answer according to what you have learned", then the answer is mainly the textbook knowledge you have learned; If there is no basis for answering questions, look at the materials and questions, and pay attention to the combination with textbook knowledge.

Second, if a question has several headwords, it is best to write the headwords (such as reasons, meanings, measures, differences, etc.). ) indicate the answer content before the specific answer.

Third, the answers should be organized into paragraphs, main points and serial numbers. Generally, a question is a paragraph. If a question has several key points, it should be marked with a serial number.

Four, according to the specific questions and types, such as content, measures, reasons, significance, similarities and differences, etc., to determine the number of answers. Give more points and answer more, and give less points and answer briefly.

Fifth, the answers to questions such as "revelation", "explanation" and "experience and lessons" should be thought and organized from different angles and levels, and should not be described or analyzed from one aspect.

Sixth, answer as many questions as possible according to the materials and textbook knowledge, and don't leave blank questions, because when marking the college entrance examination, the right or wrong answers are not scored. In addition, for those questions that require answers according to what they have learned, the scoring standard is often "reasonable answers", which actually gives each candidate room to play.

Seventh, the language is accurate and standardized, the logic is strict, and the history and theory are combined.

Eighth, we should use correct historical terms and terminology. Judging from the scoring rules of comprehensive literature and history in the college entrance examination, it is clearly stipulated that "those who use inaccurate words or fail to express their thoughts" will be given only a small amount of points or no points. There are many concepts and proper nouns in history, such as natural economy, commodity economy, land ownership, constitutional monarchy, primitive accumulation of capital, industrial revolution, economic crisis, capitalist world system, world market, world pattern, globalization and so on. , must be accurately expressed, not arrogant.

Ninth, pay attention to the integrity of the answer: multi-faceted, multi-angle (breadth first, depth second), hierarchical (time, space, classification)

(5) Common ways of thinking

Mode 1: Comparing unequal treaties in modern times: background of the times+signatory countries+content+harm to China;

Mode 2: unified situation: background+by whom+regime construction+status+territory+outcome;

Mode 3: the performance of agricultural development: tool invention and improvement+farming methods+production experience accumulation+crop planting and promotion+wasteland reclamation, fertilization+water conservancy construction+frontier development;

Mode 3: the performance of handicraft development: the expansion of handicraft sector+the expansion of internal division of labor in handicraft industry+the improvement of technical level of handicraft products;

Mode 4: commerce: commodity type+market and city+currency+foreign trade;

Mode 5: cultural characteristics: characteristics of the times+style+influence+world status+eclecticism+all-round development;

Mode 6: Analyze the causes and background of the revolutionary movement: contradictions and conflicts+who participates in who leads+what means+fuse;

Mode 7: analyze the reasons for the victory or defeat of the war: nature+leadership factors+human factors+strategic and tactical factors+internal relations+enemy readiness+comprehensive national strength factors of both warring parties+international factors;

Mode 8: The main factors that determine the success or failure of the reform: whether it conforms to the historical development trend, follows the law of social development+the contrast between reformists and opposition forces+the level of political status and power+the attitude of the supreme ruler+whether the reform policies, measures and personnel are appropriate+whether it goes against the interests of the people and increases the burden on the people;

Mode 9: Basic conditions for the emergence and development of capitalism: capital+wage labor+production technology+raw materials+environment+market;

Model 10: Historical conditions for the establishment of political parties: objective conditions (the needs of the development of the revolutionary situation)+subjective conditions (the class, ideology and organizational conditions of cadres);

Mode 1 1: reasons for cultural development: politics+economy+nationality+foreign countries+the previous generation;

Mode 12: The basic conditions for the development of ancient agriculture in China are: national unity, social stability and political clarity+the ruling class pays attention to adjusting its ruling policies, encouraging the development of production, paying attention to building water conservancy+reforming production tools and popularizing advanced production technology+national integration and inter-ethnic exchanges+the hard work of the broad masses of working people.

(6), the analysis method and thinking mode of the college entrance examination history material questions.

1, historical background category = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)

(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...

(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...

(3) Cultural background = thought+technology+education+ ...

2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable factors.

3. Historical characteristics

Consider the background, time, purpose, process, content, measures, degree, scope, nature and influence;

4. Historical reasons:

(1) reason breadth: reason = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause) (politics+economy+thought)

(2) Cause depth: → direct cause → main cause → root cause.

Root cause: generally from the historical development trend, productivity development, economic base, subjective needs.

Subjective reasons: Generally speaking, we should think from the purpose, motivation, decision-making or policies and guidelines of the class leading an event;

Objective reasons: Generally speaking, we should think from the aspects of natural or social environment, economic situation and political status quo.

5, the root cause class:

Economic phenomenon: from the perspective of the reaction between the development level of productive forces and production relations (superstructure)

Political phenomenon: from the economic point of view;

Ideology and culture: social existence determines social consciousness, which is considered from the economic aspect;

6. Purpose and motivation: → direct purpose → main purpose → fundamental purpose

(1) Direct motivation: to solve various crises or problems currently facing.

(2) Main purpose: to achieve a certain goal and achieve stability and development.

(3) the fundamental purpose: to establish or consolidate the rule and safeguard the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests)

7. Comparison category:

First of all, we should make clear the objects of comparison (whether they are the same, different or similar) and consider them from the aspects of background, purpose, content, results, characteristics, methods, nature and influence. When organizing answers with the same point, you should first write the tips of comparison points, such as "characteristics:" and "methods:", and then write "Du-"; When organizing the answers of different points, write the tips of comparison points first, and then write "A.-B-C-"

8. Influence, function or significance:

Influence, function or significance = (positive+negative)+(domestic+international)+(economy+politics+culture)+current influence+far-reaching influence. ...

(1) Economic impact = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...

(2) Political influence = country+pattern+system+system+regime+policy+class+nation+ ...

(3) Cultural influence = thought+technology+education+literature and art+ ...

9, judge the success or failure and reason class:

(1) The basis for judging success or failure is → direct goal → main task → fundamental task.

(2) Reasons for success or failure = (subjective+objective) (economy+politics+military+strategy+...)

(Historical development trend and trend+reform policies and measures+strength comparison between old and new forces+fourth, look at the quality of reformers)

(3) the root of success or failure = (social conditions+class nature) (progress/limitation)

10, real estate analysis category:

Task+leader+main force+means+result ...

1 1, historical evaluation category

(1) Character evaluation = attribute+deeds+influence (progress+limitation)+conclusion. ...

(2) Evaluation of things = overview+nature and characteristics+influence (progress/response+justice/injustice)+conclusion.

(3) opinion evaluation = what is it (the opinion of the material or your opinion)+why (your reason)+how (the root of right and wrong and the correct opinion).

12, enlightenment, cognition:

(1) Politics = national conditions+leadership+masses+armed forces+democracy+legal system+thoughts+strategies+ ...

(2) Economy = productivity+relations of production+objective laws+development strategy+ ...

(3) Culture = criticism+transformation+inheritance+development+ ...

13, open material discussion topic

To answer open questions, we must make it clear that what matters is not what kind of views we hold, but whether we can demonstrate our views reasonably. Therefore, to answer such questions, we must first determine the point of view. Secondly, we should fully support the viewpoint by summarizing and refining the historical facts, and try our best to avoid omitting the supporting points of the viewpoint. Third, we should combine history with theory, with arguments and evidence. Fourth, one's own viewpoint must not be contrary to basic knowledge and theory, but the material viewpoint can be treated specifically. Fifth, the discussion should be comprehensive, generally speaking, while affirming the positive role, we should point out the negative role and avoid absolutization.