What are the traditional costumes in China

The Han Chinese people have their own long and gorgeous costumes, known as Hanfu. The Han Chinese dress is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, continuing from the legendary Yellow Emperor until the disaster of Kashin (1644).After the Qing army entered the country in 1644, a highly centralized government centered on the Manchus was established. The Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave their hair and change their clothes, which caused nationwide anger, discontent and armed resistance, followed by bloody suppression and massacre by the Manchurian Qing dynasty, and the Han Chinese dress gradually died out. In 1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan and exterminated the remnants of Zheng Chenggong, from which the Chinese dress died out completely in the daily life of the Chinese nation. After more than two hundred years of Manchu rule, today's Han Chinese gradually forgot the beautiful clothes they once had, and became the only ancient nation in the world without its own national costume. Today, people see the "Tang" and cheongsam, long coat and waistcoat are not the national costume of the Han, but the national costume of the Manchu or improved. It is gratifying to see that today, more and more Han Chinese people are proud to wear their own beautiful clothes, this folk spontaneous revival of the Han Chinese national costume movement, often called the "Han Chinese clothing movement".

National Totem

A dragon and a phoenix, meaning yin and yang, male and female, are the symbols of the Han people, who, due to their large population, have occupied most of China's historical development, and so have continued to use the dragon, China's oldest animal, as the symbols of their own people. The dragon flies and the phoenix dances, and is the national symbol of the central and southern regions. The dragon is the symbol of the Chinese nation, and the Chinese people are proud to be the "descendants of the dragon". Do you know where the term "descendant of the dragon" comes from? Mr. Wen Yiduo pointed out in his three works, "Fuxi Kao", "Dragon and Phoenix" and "Duanwu Kao", that the Chinese people are known as the "heirs of the dragon" because of the legend in the era of the Yellow Emperor. According to legend, the yellow emperor in the unification of the central plains before the "bear" as the iconic pattern. Defeat Chiyu united in the Central Plains, its logo and fusion of the annexed other clans and tribes of the iconic pattern. Such as the bird's iconic pattern, the horse's iconic pattern, the deer's iconic pattern, the snake's iconic pattern, the cow's iconic pattern, the fish's iconic pattern. Finally synthesized into the Chinese nation *** with the image of worship "dragon", a virtual comprehensive deity. This peculiar image implies the development of the Chinese nation, the integration of various ethnic groups, unity, and has become the iconic pattern of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. Later, the image of the dragon began to appear in various patterns, and gradually became a symbol of the emperor. Legend has it that Emperor Yan was born to a woman named Deng who sensed the "divine dragon" in the sky, Emperor Huangdi was born to the "Big Dipper" with a treasure attached to it, and Emperor Yao was born to the "Red Dragon" with a sense of Qindu, and the founders were the descendants of dragons. Therefore, the descendants of the Chinese nation are the "descendants of the dragon". The spirit of the dragon: it is the spirit of all things being one and compatible; it is the human attitude of pursuing harmony and group orientation; and it is the sentiment of the unification of China. The character of the phoenix: the phoenix nirvana seeks light, symbolizing the new birth and the awakening of the Chinese nation; the phoenix is the sense of anxiety that combines the sense of responsibility of the people with the sense of historical mission; the phoenix is the idealism of self-improvement and sacrificing one's self for the promotion of the Way; the phoenix is the attitude of diligence and thriftiness, hard work and struggle for a living.

Cultural customs

The Han culture is rich and colorful, and in the historical process of its formation and development, it has been open and receptive, resulting in the formation of Qilu, the Central Plains, Yanzhao, Guanzhong, BaShu, JingChu, WuYue, LingNan, Yunnan-Guizhou, Fujian-Taiwan, SongLiao, Hui-Jiangan, and other distinctive regional cultures, reflecting the pluralism and colorfulness of the Han culture. Since ancient times, the Han people have adopted an eclectic attitude towards various religious beliefs. The main traditional concepts of the Han are to be happy with one's life (to make one's own life and to seek one's own happiness) and to honor one's ancestors (rather than ancestor worship). Historically, some Han Chinese believed in Taoism and Buddhism; later, Catholicism and Christianity were introduced to China, and some people began to believe in these religions. For thousands of years, Confucianism, which advocates a benevolence-centered approach and emphasizes ethical education, and which was formed by the thought systems of Confucius and Mencius, has had a profound influence on the Han Chinese.

The Han are a people with an unbroken and long history. The origins of the Han are pluralistic and have both main and branch origins.

The Yanhuang group is one of the main sources of the Han. At the end of China's primitive society, in the Yellow River on both sides of the Central Plains, the rise of the Yandi tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribe formed a tribal alliance, in order to compete for the position of the leader of the tribal alliance and brewed the famous "Battle of the Hanking Spring", the Yellow Emperor achieved a decisive victory in the Central Plains. Tracing back to the origin, the Han people are called "Yan Huang Shihui", "children of the Yellow Emperor

The Han people appeared in the world, the world's history of unique stability, rare cohesion and attraction, began the world's history of the nation in the northwest of the Qin state, is the latecomer to the era of the Warring States, was originally a part of the Cannon, rather than the "Rong". In the northwest, Qin was a latecomer to the Warring States period, and was originally a member of the Cannon tribe, not of the "Zhu Hua" tribe. The state of Qin was originally a branch of the Injun, not a "Zhuhua" ethnic group, and was first listed as a vassal by Duke Xiang of Qin for his service in escorting King Ping to the east. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qin fought fiercely with the western Rong tribes, "and then dominated the Western Rong", Shiji (The Records of the Grand Historian). It became the center of integration of the western peoples. After Shang Yang changed the law in 395 B.C., Qin became the strongest country among the seven warring states, not only defeated Han, Yue and Wei, but also successively annexed the surrounding minorities, and established Qianzhong County, Wu County, Nan County, Nanyang County, Sancheon County, Taiyuan County, etc. The former backward Rong in the West had a fierce fight, "and then dominated the Western Rong", The Historical Records - Qin Benji. The former backward Rong country in the west became the center of the integration of the western nationalities, and jumped to become the backbone and core of the Chinese nation.

From the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, we can see that, following the rise of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue tribes one after another in the history of China's ancient national formation and development of the majestic scene, in the history of China's ancient national formation and development of the great integration of the dramatic scene. In this living drama of history, a brand-new nation, the Huaxia nation, was forged in the furnace of great ethnic fusion, forming four major branches represented by Qi in the east, Chu in the west, Qin in the south, and Zhao and Yan in the north, respectively, and laying the foundation for the formation of the united Han nation, which was the second stage of the formation of the Han race.

3. Formation of the Han race in the "Great Unification"

The Huaxia nation, forged in the melting pot of the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, was a decentralized, disunified nation, with the further development and improvement of the level of productive forces.

All this, concentrated to a point, is the demand for a unified political center. Therefore, Qin Shi Huang's great talent, in ten years time to unify the six countries, the end of the vassal disputes, the establishment of a centralized "unification" of the feudal state - the Qin Dynasty. In the "great unification", the Chinese nation also moved from dispersion to unification. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shi Huang took a series of measures to unify and stabilize the Chinese nation, such as implementing the county system, stipulating "the same text and characters in all books", unifying currency, weights and measures, and "the same railroads" and "the same lines of conduct", as well as building the Great Wall. measures to unify and stabilize the Chinese nation.

It was because of these "great unification" measures of Qin Shi Huang that the Chinese nation became more certain to become a stable people***same body, so although the Qin dynasty's fortunes were short-lived, the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and under the guidance of the idea of "great unification", the Han Emperor Wu Di created a system of "great unification", and the Han Dynasty became a "great unity". Politically, Emperor Wu of Han created the system of assassins, divided the country into thirteen prefectures, the implementation of the "household qimin"; economically, Emperor Wu of Han accepted Sang Hongyang's proposal, enacted the law of equalization, equalization law, with the capital as the center, the establishment of a nationwide commercial network, the circulation of commodities has greatly developed; cultural ideas, Emperor Wu of Han accepted Dong Zhongshu's "Strike down the hundred schools, the people of the country". "Dismiss the hundred schools, exclusive respect for Confucianism" proposal, so that Confucianism developed into a Confucianism, the dominant advantage, so that Confucianism into the formation of the Han nation *** with the psychological quality of flesh and blood part. All of these, indicating that the Western Han centralized "unification" feudal state more centralized, more powerful, so that the unification of the mainstream of China's historical development, so that the Chinese nation completed the development and transformation of the Han.

The development and transformation of the Chinese nation into the Han nationality was marked by the establishment of the Han name. When the Chinese nation was unified under the Qin Dynasty, its ethnic name was once changed to "Qinren", and the countries of the Western Regions had the habit of calling the Chinese nation "Qinren". But the short-lived fortune of the Qin Dynasty made the name of "Qin People" soon forgotten. The Han Dynasty, on the other hand, lasted for more than 400 years from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, which provided historical conditions for the name of the Han Dynasty and the name of the Huaxia people. In addition, the Han Dynasty was a powerful country, in the foreign relations, other ethnic groups called the Han Dynasty's army "Han soldiers", the Han Dynasty's envoys "Han envoys", the Han Dynasty people "Han people". Thus, in the Han Dynasty, through the Western Regions, the Xiongnu, the Western Qiang, the conquest of Korea, the service of the Southwest Barbarians, the collection of Fujian, Guangdong, South Guangdong, and the neighboring ethnic minorities to carry out unprecedentedly frequent exchanges of all kinds of activities, the name of the Han Dynasty has been called by the other ethnic groups of the name of the Huaxia nation. Lu Simian said, "The name of the Han race began after Liu Bang became emperor." (History of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983 edition, p. 22.) Lu Zhenyu, on the other hand, said, "The Chinese race has been called Han since Emperor Wudi Xuandi of the former Han Dynasty." (A Brief History of Chinese Nationalities, Sanlian Bookstore, 1950 edition, p. 19.) In a word, the name of Han race has been called since the Han Dynasty.

From the historical drama of the development and transformation of the Chinese nation into the Han nationality, we can clearly see that, after the Chinese nation was forged in the melting pot of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, under the guidance of the idea of "great unification", it performed the scene of a long rainbow in the history of the formation and development of the nation. Since then, the Han people have become one of the most populous peoples in the world, standing in the east of the world, which is the third stage of the formation of the Han people.

Development of the Han Nation

As soon as the Han Nation appeared in the world, it began the most magnificent historical process of national development in the history of the world's peoples, with a stability, cohesion, and attraction unique in world history.

The development of population is one of the most important signs of prosperity of the nation, which is what the saying goes: the country is prosperous and the people are happy. Feudal society, the development of the Han population through two major development period, namely, the Wei Jin North and South Dynasties to the Sui and Tang and Song Liao Xia Jin Yuan to the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the time of the two Han dynasties, the Han nationality had a population of about 50 million at the beginning of its formation, and the population exceeded the 100 million mark in the Song dynasty through the development of the Wei Jin, North and South Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties (Teng Zeyuan: "The Population of the Song Dynasty Surpassed the 100 Million Mark" (Population Studies, 1986, No. 6)). And through the development of Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population increased to more than 400 million in the Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty.

Why the Han population during the feudal period was able to get such a huge development, in which there is obviously what Engels called "the production of mankind itself, that is, the reproduction of the species" (Marx and Engels Selected Works, Volume IV, p. 2). The mechanism of the development of the Han Chinese population plays a role, but to understand and recognize the great development of the Han Chinese population, it is necessary to understand and recognize a prominent phenomenon in the history of Han Chinese development, that is, the problem of ethnic assimilation. The so-called ethnic assimilation is the problem of one ethnic group losing its ethnic identity and becoming another ethnic group. In the history of China's ethnic development, there have been cases of assimilation of ethnic minorities by the Han, and cases of assimilation of ethnic minorities by the Han, but compared with the two, the former is the mainstream, and an important reason why the Han can develop into the world's largest ethnic group.

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains were in great turmoil, and the centralized feudal state was in tatters, with feudal divisions and strife and war everywhere. In the great division, chaos and turmoil, the various ethnic groups or tribes migrating around, the northern Xiongnu, Xianbei, Umaru, dizi, Qiang have to dominate the Central Plains, part of the barbarians in the Jianghan region has also poured into the Central Plains, the Central Plains to form the Han Chinese and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Umaru, dizi, Qiang and barbarians intermingled with the situation; and the Han Chinese people of the northern part of the large number of people and south; in the Yangtze River and the Pearl River basin to form a Han Chinese and the barbarians, Slang, bureaucrats and other Southern In the Yangtze River and Pearl River Basin, the Han and the southern minorities or tribes such as the Barbarians, Slang, and Beng were intermingled. However, why did all or some of these minorities disappear from history at one time? Also, after the Tang Dynasty, in the new great division and turmoil, why did all or some of the ethnic minorities such as the Khitan, the Danghang and the Jurchen, who were once prominent in Chinese history, disappear from history? This is because they were assimilated by the Han, lost their own characteristics, and became part of the Han.

In short, under the sweeping trend of ethnic integration in Chinese history, the longer the intermingling, the deeper the communication of ethnic mentality, and the faster the development of Han's advanced economy and culture, the Han, a nation formed and developed by the intermingling of many ethnic groups, like a snowball, got bigger and bigger and developed more and more, and finally became the first big ethnic group in the world