Do people who are chickens wear silver bracelets? What are the functions and functions of silver bracelets?

In the last issue, we introduced the customs and cultures of Lisu, Gelao and Dongxiang. We also have a preliminary understanding of the differences between us in China.

This time we will talk about the Wa, Gaoshan and Lahu nationalities. Not much to say, let's walk into their world together!

Department of Veterans Affairs

eating habits

The Wa people mainly live in Yunnan Province in the south of China.

Wa area is rich in rice, and upland rice is widely planted.

The Wa people's staple food is rice, followed by corn, sorghum, Redmi, buckwheat, cowpea and mung bean.

Vegetables include bamboo shoots, peppers, melons, pumpkins, loofah, red beans, beans, soybeans, eggplant and taro. Some people grow vegetables, onions, garlic, leeks and ginger in their gardens.

The meat of the Wa people is mainly raised at home, including pigs, cows and chickens. In addition, there are habits of preying on mice and insects.

According to Wa custom, housewives are responsible for cooking and distributing dishes.

After the meal is done, put the rice in a big wooden plate and give it to your family. Everyone will get a bowl of soup. If there is meat, everyone will get an average share.

The whole family squatted around the main fireplace for dinner, and if there were outsiders present, they were given a meal.

For the hospitable Wa people, Shuijiu is a better drink.

Because it is fermented by yeast, it is cool and refreshing after drinking, benefiting the stomach and strengthening the spleen.

Water wine is similar to beer, low in degree and slightly sweeter than beer. It is suitable for men, women and children.

Every household makes water wine on holidays, especially after the rural economic system, the living standards of members have been continuously improved, and the village is full of wine fragrance.

Color preference

Wa costumes are decorated with black, red, blue, green, yellow and white, with solemn colors and simple and natural styles, which have become the carrier of Wa culture and harmony.

Color is endowed with the function of protecting body and driving away disasters in clothing.

In many cases, the color of clothing is the actual expression of people's feelings, emotions and psychological tendencies towards the natural environment in clothing. The worship of nature is integrated into real life, and people's spiritual sustenance is reflected through the color of clothing.

In clothing, color is a portrayal of people's living environment and a symbol of nature. Wa people advocate black, men's clothes are all black, and women's clothes are based on black, which represents solemnity and health in Wa costumes, which is closely related to their living environment and customs.

Different environments produce different emotions and feelings, which make people change their clothes consciously or unconsciously to coordinate with the surrounding environment.

Wa people like black, on the one hand, because Wa people are an agriculture living in mountainous areas, and people should not wear too bright clothes when working. Dark-colored clothes are very practical because they are stain-resistant and harmonious with the surrounding environment, so black has become people's first choice.

On the other hand, in order to prevent sunlight and mosquito bites, Wa people are covered with black mud to protect their skin and health.

Wa people come out of the soil and have a deep love for it. Finally, it was first used on clothes as a souvenir and passed down as an annual "black" activity. Black is the color of earth, especially men's wear, which is almost all black, only with some red and blue belts and backpacks. This is the interpretation of black in Wa costumes.

Clothing color can directly affect the natural changes of human existence, and is regarded as an entity of human and will, thus arousing human's awe of nature.

It makes the color without concept and color sense have a unique emotional symbolic meaning, which is used to express people's direct feelings about nature and life.

Wa people are crazy about black to the extreme. Wa people regard skin color as beauty, black hair as beauty and Hei Chi as beauty.

It is a commendable beauty and a natural beauty to blend in with black and red clothes.

People's feelings about color, such as likes and dislikes, admiration, etc., make clothing color independent of clothing modeling and clothing fabric, and express the symbolic significance given to it by people.

The cultural charm of clothing lies in the spiritual trust it gives to human beings. As a traditional color in China, red has always been loved by people in China.

Red can be associated with fire, blood and war, symbolizing enthusiasm, courage and victory. We know that the Yi people worship fire, while the Wa people worship fire more. Wa people mainly live in tropical rain forests and deep in the mountains. This mountainous area where the Wa people live together is called "Awang Mountain".

The Wa people's self-sufficient lifestyle, as a mountainous area, has a heroic character, which makes people here simple and heroic, and it is reflected in their daily clothes, which are simple, natural and generous, with black and red as the keynote. Wa costumes in Ximeng area are the most typical.

In order to drive away the cold and prevent mosquito bites, the Wa people make a fire at home all year round, which not only makes the whole living environment comfortable, but also protects their health. The "endless fire pond" in the house represents endless life, and fire has undoubtedly become the spiritual symbol of the Wa people. The reason for a good life lies in.

Fire is their representative and represents disaster, so red is often used as a decorative color in the clothing of Wa men and women.

The dyes of Wa nationality are mainly used in all kinds of barks in nature. They want people to be perfect with nature, whether it is red, white or blue. They combine patterns and patterns in their clothes to show their spiritual sustenance.

For example, Yan Shuai's Yan Bing skirt weaves various patterns in blue, green, yellow, white and other colors, representing different animals and plants, stars, fire, etc., and also shows the Wa people's quality of advocating nature and loving life.

Life taboo

Wa people are active by nature, and there are many taboo words and deeds in their lives.

You are not allowed to ride into the stockade. You must dismount at the stockade gate. It is forbidden to tie horses in the corner of the village.

If someone in the family is sick, a bamboo pole must be placed horizontally at the door of the house, indicating that there are patients, outsiders are not allowed to enter, and others are not allowed to stay at home.

When a woman gives birth to a child at home, outsiders are not allowed to enter the house that day, and cook the meat is not allowed inside or outside the house.

Don't put things at the shrine in the house at will, and don't hang clothes around the pillars of the house; In front of the indoor master hall, the main seat is where the master sits. Outsiders can't just sit back and wait. An outsider is regarded as the owner's wife.

Women are not allowed to grab men's hair casually, men are not allowed to touch women's feet, and they are afraid that others will touch their heads and ears.

When drinking, you must respect the elderly first, and drop a little on the ground before drinking.

When toasting others, extend your palms up and forward; If the palm is facing down, even if the thumb and other fingers are not separated, it means that you want to strangle each other.

The "three-legged stone" burned in the fireplace should not be moved casually.

Don't go into the mountains to cut down trees and kill wild animals; Cut down trees.

Kill the chicken to entertain the guests, the host must respect the head of the chicken to the guests, and when the host takes food for the guests, the guests must eat (eat less), otherwise it is impolite and disrespectful to the host and will never be allowed to enter his house in the future.

In the sowing season, if there is no sacrifice to village gods and family gods, you can't sow. In the rice harvest season, you must first meet the god of the valley (called "bolt meeting" in Tibetan), otherwise you can't eat new rice.

/kloc-Born after 0/5 days, he/she must work in his/her own field (mother symbolically replaces pulling two or three handfuls of grass), and his/her brother or sister will eat rice and chicken for him/her, so that he/she will not only love labor but also be rich when he/she grows up.

Before building a new house and cutting down one of the important pillars, kill a rooster to sacrifice to the gods to see how fierce the rooster is, otherwise it will be disrespectful to the tree; Celebrate the new house being built with glutinous rice, so that people and their families can love each other and support each other.

Don't say unlucky things when you go to the market and step on others' heels, otherwise you won't make money or buy good goods without luck.

When burying the dead, eat clean rice and meat, not coarse grains and vegetables; After death, you can't build a new house to get married, and you can't sow for the New Year.

Married and separated brothers, when killing pigs, the younger brother should give his brother a left front leg, and the older brother should give his brother a catty of back meat, otherwise it will be regarded as a gift for forgetting his ancestors.

When hunting in the mountains, you should finish every game meal and don't take it home, otherwise the mountain god will say to you, "You can't take it home after eating, and you are not allowed to catch animals in the future."

You can't get pregnant before marriage, let alone get pregnant, otherwise it will be an insult to the whole village god and will be severely punished.

Pregnant women and their husbands can't eat food and wine sacrificed to God; When the pregnant woman is less than one month old, she is not allowed to visit or chat; Women's old clothes and rags must never be torn off to mend men's clothes.

You can't cross the fireplace casually at home, or you will offend people.

Sit on the rice mortar, or the rice will not be cleaned; Anyone sitting on the threshold will stop the god of wealth from entering the house.

Passers-by (strangers) should not be allowed to sleep outside the door. After asking about the situation, let him (her) live in the house, otherwise he (she) will be considered as a family with ulterior motives.

When you see the fountain on the mountain, you can't stop it, otherwise you will be deaf and dry.

When you go out, you should pay attention to the "bird god" (small tits) along the way to decide the harmony and direction of birds. You can live a long life when you are lucky, but not when you are fierce.

People suffering from malaria eat the meat of female animals, otherwise they will never get well.

2 Gaoshan nationality

eating habits

The food culture is dominated by Minnan food culture, but it also integrates the characteristics of food culture in China, forming a rich and colorful food culture.

The staple foods of Gaoshan people in the early days were millet and sweet potato, both of which were eaten by hand.

Later, with the increase of rice, China's diet was gradually absorbed and chopsticks were used, and rice gradually became the staple food.

However, many Gaoshan people still retain many traditional characteristics. For example, the Yami people in Lan Yu have different restrictions on men and women eating fish.

Gaoshan people like drinking, and the wine brewed with millet also shows a drinking culture.

This is the most important food culture, which developed from the food culture of Fujian and Guangdong, and has become today's "dish". Its main feature is to emphasize seafood.

In Fujian Hakka drinking culture, restaurants and hotels set up niches to make a fortune.

In addition, like Fujian and Guangdong, it has a strong tea-drinking culture, likes to drink pot tea and pays attention to the exquisiteness and brewing of tea sets, which is especially popular with "Kung Fu Tea".

In history, several famous teapot with strong heat resistance and elegant appearance have also been produced, such as spring, autumn nursery, dish pot and so on. Nowadays, tea culture has also made new progress.

Color preference

The traditional costumes of Gaoshan nationality are brightly colored, mainly red, yellow and black.

Among them, men's wear includes waist skirts, dresses, embroidered feather crowns, robes and so on. While women have short skirts, aprons and over-the-knee pants. Besides clothes, there are many ornaments, such as crowns, arm ornaments and foot ornaments. , is made of flowers, when they dress up and dance, they wear it directly on their heads.

The traditional costumes of the nine ethnic groups in Gaoshan have their own characteristics.

For example, men like to wear embroidered clothes decorated with animal feathers, while women wear flower headscarves, embroidered robes and robes.

A-mei has an embroidered apron, and men have embroidered robes and shawls woven with red feathers.

Men in Bunun ethnic group mainly wear leather clothes, while women have headscarves, coats and waist skirts.

Peinan's wedding clothes are the most gorgeous and beautiful.

Life taboo

Taboo is a meaningful taboo rule.

It is a passive means that people are afraid of nature and take to avoid disasters.

Gaoshan people have many taboos about hunting and farming.

Its purpose is to avoid imperceptible dangers, especially death, by compulsory compliance with these prohibitions, so as to ensure that production, normal activities and morality are not affected and interfered.

Once the taboo is violated, everyone will feel uneasy because they have a premonition that they may suffer some kind of disaster, and immediately stop all the activities being carried out and take the form of prayer, speech, wine spraying and sacrifice. To mitigate possible dangers.

Those who violate the ban will be punished, bear all the expenses of the feast, and be executed to make up for it.

In addition, the birth taboo is also very prominent.

Mainly: it is forbidden to have twins. Twins are where wild animals are, which indicates that disaster is coming. Killing one of them is a disaster.

Bunun people are jealous of illegitimate children and usually abandon illegitimate children in the wild.

Ah mui has forbidden men, peeping and hugging. It is said that because my father is weak, he will infect weak diseases through contact, so that he is tired of hunting and has nothing to gain.

1 Lahu nationality

eating habits

The Lahu people's staple food is rice, supplemented by corn and buckwheat.

Vegetables include green vegetables, radishes, leeks and Chinese cabbage. Eclipse two meals, like cooking together.

If it's roast chicken, roast it until the bones are crisp. Lahu people are good at pickling food, and the daily pickled products include bacon, lobster sauce, halogen rot, pickled sauerkraut and so on.

"Chopped raw" is a dish that Lahu people must order for the New Year. The preparation method comprises taking fresh tenderloin of boar or male animal and protecting the heart, and chopping it with ingredients such as ginger, pepper, leek root, citronella, pepper, tsaoko, mint, olive peel, spices and salt.

Lahu people like to drink roasted tea, that is, first put the tea in a small clay pot and bake it on the fire, and then rush into boiling water when the tea is brown, and suddenly the tea is full of fragrance. This kind of tea is bitter. It tastes bitter in your mouth and quenches your thirst.

Wine is also an indispensable thing in Lahu people's life. Most of the wine they drink is brewed by themselves. It is divided into two types: water wine and shochu.

The brewing of Shuijiu is to soak the coarse bran of glutinous rice in hot water and boil it, then take it out immediately, steam it with retort, put it in a pottery jar filled with medicinal liquor, and make Shuijiu about an hour later.

Both Lahu men and women like to smoke tobacco and blue tobacco, and blue tobacco is stronger than ordinary tobacco. Men's pipes are carved from bamboo roots, while women's pipes are made of pottery and fitted with a bamboo tube about 10 cm long.

Color preference

After "harmony" and "harmony" were introduced into the Lahu nationality area, the Lahu nationality appeared the phenomenon of the coexistence of traditional costumes and costumes.

For example, the "grandfather" of Lahu people in Fulei County, Lancang County usually wears a blue or blue jacket. This kind of short sleeve is narrow and long, with no collar or short collar, right deviation, fat pants and thighs and black cloth head.

However, when doing business activities, they will wear white or long pants and round tops. The local people call this kind of clothing "Ye Fu".

In Cangxian, Gefu, Banli and other places in Zhou, women wear short shirts, tube skirts, white hair bun or large towels around their heads, or fashion.

However, when they go to church on Sunday, most of them wear gowns with high collars, high magnification and right oblique skirts, or short coats made by wear shoot. They wear tube skirts with beautiful lace, silver earrings, silver earrings and silver collars.

However, not all Lahu women's clothes are like this. For example, Lahu women in Gengma County, Lincang area used to wear silver earrings and bracelets, but now they no longer wear silver jewelry.

Lahu people have different psychological reactions, taboos and aesthetic requirements to the color of clothing.

Westerners of Lahu nationality in Gefu Township, Lancang County believe that the rainbow with red, yellow and green as the main colors was created by a beautiful girl named "Amananasi" (meaning "mother of rainbow").

It is said that this young girl turned into a rainbow and fought for a free marriage. In order to cherish this hard-won free marriage and love, generations of Lahu women's skirts in the western regions have been embroidered with rainbow-like patterns.

Laku people in Cizhu River area of Lanlun County are forbidden to use single red items, and outsiders bring red clothes, pants, blankets, satchels, towels and other red items into the village.

People who want to enter the village must put the above items in their bags before entering the village, but they are not afraid of red, green and yellow cloth belts.

Most Lahu people think that four red, white and black lines are twisted together (some people call them "red lines"), which can only be tied around the necks of people who have contributed to Lahu people, newlyweds or people who are on business trips.

So it is not difficult to see red, white and black clothes in these places.

There are many places in the west of Lahu people who worship white, so the white line is very popular among the people, and its symbolic meaning is the same as that of the "red line". Therefore, white men's shirts can be seen everywhere in these areas, but no white trousers skirts are found, which is consistent with the record of "the young man in white and the girl in red skirt" in the Lahu epic Mupamipa.

Life taboo

Dietary taboos. Using the meat of sows and female animals to do "chopping raw" thinks that life is given by motherhood, and chopping their meat will be retaliated by all animals.

Fasting the meat sacrificed by the roadside and in the forest, because it is for God to eat.

It is taboo to try new products in the Year of Rooster. It is believed that chickens have strong digestive ability, eat new rice in the year of rooster and are hungry all the year round.

Do not eat beef. Mupamipa said that Lahu people eat cattle, so they don't eat beef and have to be buried after death.

Housing taboo. Live in a house where people have died, or the residents behind will suffer the same fate.

Move the holy table in the room, or you will offend your ancestors and gods.

Don't stand on the firewood in the room, and don't sit in the middle of the firewood, or the taboo person will be separated from the flesh and blood.

Clothing taboo. It is forbidden to sew men's clothes with rags of broken skirts, otherwise men will be shot or injured by wild animals when hunting.

Lahu people around Cizhu River in Lancang River think red is unlucky, so they avoid wearing pure red clothes and pants. Foreigners bring in red blankets, red towels and other things.

Funeral taboos. Bury on an unlucky day, thinking that an unlucky day can't send you away.

It is forbidden to attend the funeral alone, otherwise the spirit will be with the dead, so the people attending the funeral must be in pairs.

Bury the violent dead in public, otherwise violent deaths will continue to occur.

Marriage taboo. Get married on the anniversary of your parents' death, or you will have a hard life.

Newlyweds should avoid using chipped bowls, or their children will lose their mouths.

Birth taboo. Pregnant women climb trees and avoid picking melons and fruits, otherwise they will.

The husband goes out of the city 12 days before his wife confinement, otherwise he will be hurt by "park death". Don't scold, or you will be retaliated.

Production taboo. It is thought that the appetite of horses will lead to poor harvest.

Corn and buckwheat can only be planted on the day of the Year of the Tiger, because tigers don't eat corn and buckwheat, and they can drive away other wild animals and make crops harvest.

Parents are forbidden to sow on the anniversary of death, otherwise the food will be taken away.

Don't bring meat when hunting, and don't bring pickles when fishing, otherwise the hunter will find meat and bad smell, which will lead to no harvest in fishing and hunting. It is forbidden to discuss hunting by the fire pit, otherwise the fire charcoal will inform the wild animals to escape.

It is forbidden to enter the drying room without firewood, otherwise it will reduce the amount of alcohol. After the Spring Festival, it thundered and the whole village stopped production for one day, which was neither painful nor itchy.

Holiday taboos. Working, chopping wood, washing clothes, cutting vegetables, doing business, borrowing things, stocking livestock, etc. On the first day of New Year's Day, in the words of the Lahu people, it means "those who move can't fight, and those who are green can't move".

On New Year's Day, it is forbidden to say or do something wrong.

The above is related to the wearing of silver bracelets by chickens, and it is about the sharing of Lahu people. I saw the efficacy and function of the silver bracelet. I hope this will help everyone!