How to improve irrigation efficiency of farmland water conservancy?

It is very important to improve the irrigation efficiency of farmland water conservancy. Every detail of irrigation will affect the later development. Improving efficiency can greatly reduce time cost and labor cost. Zhong Da Consulting Company will introduce the methods to improve the irrigation efficiency of farmland water conservancy.

I. Introduction

Ningxia Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, starting from Shapotou in Zhongwei in the south and reaching Shizuishan in the north. It is one of the largest irrigation areas in China. The irrigation area has abundant sunshine and unique irrigation water quality, which has created fertile soil for the development of agricultural production and become the main commodity grain base in the autonomous region. The landform type of Ningxia Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is Yellow River alluvial plain with flat terrain, and a relatively complete drainage and irrigation network has been formed at present. The gravity irrigation area of Ningxia YRDP is 6573km2, including Qingtongxia irrigation area and Weining irrigation area, with 4.6 million mu of cultivated land and a total production value of 96.82 billion yuan, accounting for 90% of the whole region.

In recent years, the drought in the western region has continued, the inflow of water from the Yellow River has been decreasing year after year, and the amount of water allocated to Ningxia irrigation area by the state's unified dispatch has also been decreasing. From 1999 to 2009, the average water consumption in the whole region was 38. 15m3, of which the water consumption of the Yellow River was 3.558 billion m3. The average annual consumption index of surface water in Ningxia is only 3.30 billion m3, with a gap of about 250 million m3. The situation of water shortage is grim. Therefore, the only way out is to implement the strictest water resources management system and accelerate the construction of a water-saving society. According to statistics, in 2009, the proportion of agricultural, industrial, domestic and ecological water use in Ningxia was 90.4:5. 1:2.5:2.0, with agricultural water accounting for the largest proportion. Strengthening agricultural water-saving irrigation is the key and breakthrough to promote water-saving society.

According to the main industrial structure, irrigation technology and supporting scale of the Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area in Ningxia, from the reality, we should constantly improve and strengthen the water-saving management mechanism of the channel management department, choose scientific and reasonable agricultural water-saving irrigation technology, reduce the agricultural irrigation water consumption in the irrigation area on the premise of ensuring the normal agricultural production needs, and fundamentally solve the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in our region.

Second, the demand of irrigation technology for farmland water conservancy in Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area

Due to the influence of geographical environment, climatic environment and economic development level, traditional crops such as spring wheat, rice and soybean are still the main crops in Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area. The traditional crop planting method determines that the irrigation system in Ningxia Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is mainly based on dry branch bucket irrigation system, agricultural wool irrigation and drainage system and border field. In order to improve the irrigation methods and irrigation quality in Ningxia Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area, it is necessary to choose a water-saving method which is suitable for the irrigation characteristics, easy to be accepted by farmers in the irrigation area, short in construction period, less in investment and quick in effect.

Ningxia Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is flat, which has the characteristics of centralized water use, short water use time and high sand content in Yellow River cement. Therefore, in order to improve the irrigation efficiency of irrigation areas, irrigation technology of farmland water conservancy should generally have the following characteristics:

1. The technology is simple, easy to learn and understand, easy to operate, and the centralized investment amount is small;

2. The irrigation efficiency is high, the uniformity is good, and the effect of saving water and energy is obvious;

3. Wide application conditions and easy popularization.

Third, the methods to improve the irrigation quality of farmland water conservancy.

Water-saving irrigation technology includes all methods such as irrigation measures, technologies and systems that can obviously improve water use efficiency and save water. Whether to save water is the result of comparison with traditional irrigation technology. Water saving or high efficiency are relative concepts. Water saving or high efficiency is generally measured by the total water consumption per unit crop output.

Water-saving irrigation technology is a continuous development process. Only by continuously introducing advanced technology can irrigation efficiency be continuously improved. According to the characteristics, field irrigation adaptability and technical requirements of Ningxia irrigation area, the water-saving surface irrigation technologies suitable for irrigation area are: plastic film mulching irrigation technology, small border irrigation technology and furrow irrigation technology.

1. Horizontal border irrigation technology

Border irrigation is a traditional surface irrigation technology widely used in Ningxia irrigation area at present. Horizontal border irrigation technology is a surface irrigation technology based on laser-controlled land leveling technology. Compared with the traditional surface irrigation system, reasonable system design and field management can make the field irrigation efficiency under the horizontal border irrigation system reach over 90%, and the irrigation uniformity can be effectively improved. The application of horizontal border irrigation technology in China is still in the introduction stage, and the introduction of horizontal border irrigation technology is of great significance to change the backward surface irrigation mode and low irrigation efficiency in our region and improve the level of water-saving irrigation technology in our region. According to the specifications and characteristics of the existing border field and the control conditions of the irrigation system, in the laser-controlled land leveling operation, one-dimensional slope-free leveling method is adopted, that is, by leveling the field surface along the water flow direction of the border block, the unevenness on the longitudinal slope surface is reduced, so as to eliminate the local reverse slope or reverse slope along the border length, reduce the unevenness of the field surface, ensure that the border block has a suitable longitudinal slope surface and improve the water flow. In the border field perpendicular to the direction of water flow, by improving the leveling accuracy of the field surface, the horizontal slope-free state of the side border surface can be achieved, so that the advancing front of the water flow can maintain high uniformity and consistency, which is conducive to the rapid progress of the water flow to the border tail. This land leveling design method not only uses the leveling function of laser controlled leveling technology, but also takes into account the advantages of border irrigation and the present situation of farmland irrigation and drainage system. With the improvement of the leveling accuracy of the border surface, the geometric size of the border block can be appropriately increased on the basis of the traditional border surface specifications, and the effective use area of cultivated land can be increased, which is convenient for machine tillage, machine sowing and machine harvesting of farmland, and can also greatly improve the irrigation efficiency of farmland water conservancy.

2. Plastic film mulching irrigation technology

Because Ningxia irrigation area is located in the arid and cold area of northern China, with short frost-free period, scarce rainfall and strong evaporation, plastic film mulching has a good effect on raising ground temperature and reducing evaporation, so the irrigation area is very suitable for developing plastic film mulching irrigation technology, in which water-saving and moisture-preserving plastic film irrigation technology has a good development prospect.

Plastic film irrigation is a new type of ground irrigation method developed on the basis of plastic film mulching cultivation technology in China. It is an irrigation method that the plastic film is laid flat in the border or ditch, and both the border and ditch are covered with plastic film, so that water can be transported through the plastic film and infiltrated into crops through seedling holes and professional irrigation holes.

3. Trench irrigation technology

Ditch irrigation technology is a kind of local wet irrigation. Improving the traditional all-wet mode of surface irrigation and carrying out furrow irrigation or local wet irrigation can not only reduce the proportion of soil evaporation between plants to the total evapotranspiration of farmland, but also significantly improve the utilization efficiency of soil moisture in the field, promote the deep rooting of roots, and help roots to use deep soil to store water. With the diversification of planting structure in Ningxia irrigation area, the planting area of some cash crops with low water demand and high economic benefits is expanding, and furrow irrigation technology has obvious advantages in this respect.

The results of experimental field in irrigation area show that furrow irrigation technology can save water by more than 30% and increase production obviously when planting cash crop grapes in experimental field.

4. Expand farmers' participation and speed up the final channel lining transformation.

Practice has proved that lining canal is the most effective method to control leakage loss. When conveying a certain flow, the cross section of lined channel is smaller than that of unlined channel, so the area occupied by channel can be reduced. In addition, the lining can also prevent the erosion of the canal bottom and slope, control the destruction of weeds and animals, and thus reduce the maintenance cost of the canal. Therefore, most irrigation channels in foreign countries are lined up, and the water utilization coefficient of the canal system is as high as 0.8~0.9.

5. Increase scientific investment and information management of water use.

With the development of science and technology, more and more digital water-saving products appear in modern agriculture, such as digital water meters, flow control and setting applications. Of course, in the process of water saving, a large number of digital and intelligent products and analog control equipment are needed. The above problems are believed in the near future.

While adopting new irrigation technology, it is also necessary to establish and improve the management mechanism and procedures of water conservancy irrigation. Small and medium-sized irrigation projects in rural areas have a wide range of contents, so it is necessary to apply for planning approval first, then implement it, and finally pay a return visit to the irrigation effect, implement unified management, rationally plan and layout, and conduct scientific management to ensure the improvement of irrigation efficiency.

Four. conclusion

High-quality irrigation project of farmland water conservancy not only has good benefits of saving water and increasing production, but also can obviously improve the land utilization rate, improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery and facilitate field management. Reasonable and effective irrigation management measures can improve the quality of farmland irrigation and ensure the needs of agricultural production and people's life.

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