Lingnan traditional stories and allusions

1、

Guangfu

Guangfu is a clan below the Han nationality. It is generally believed that the ancestors of Guangfu people were mainly ancient Zhou people, and the descendants of immigrants in Qin and Han dynasties were Guangfu people, which were divided into narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, Guangfu people refer to "Guangfu people" in spoken language, who are distributed in the Pearl River Delta and its surrounding areas with Guangzhou as the center, have their own unique culture and customs, speak ancient Chinese and have distinctive architectural styles. Guangfu ethnic group in a broad sense includes Cantonese ethnic groups in Guangdong and even all regions (Cantonese-speaking ethnic groups from generation to generation). Population: about 54150000 in the world [1]? Distribution: Guangdong, Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America and other places (more distributed) Ethnic group: Yellow race ethnic group: Han nationality: Guangfu ethnic group language: Cantonese (narrow sense).

The narrow sense of Guangfu family

Guangfu people in a narrow sense refers to the "Guangfu people" in daily spoken language, also known as the Cantonese family, formerly known as Panyu old man. As the name implies, Guangfu clan refers to a clan with the following characteristics: Guangfu people are a clan under the Han nationality. It is generally believed that the ancestors of Guangfu people are mainly ancient Zhou people. That is, 500,000 Qin Jun who opened up territory in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty, 500,000 women who moved to the Central Plains and tens of thousands of direct descendants of local aborigines. Moreover, in the past dynasties, Wang immigrants from the Central Plains moved in, and Zhuji Lane was the successor of the cultural roots. Guangfu dialect (Yayu) is the mother tongue of Guangfu people, which belongs to the continuation of the same language of all ethnic groups in ancient Central Plains. The folk identity of Guangfu folk takes the Han nationality in the Central Plains as the folk identity. Customs Guangfu people have a strong psychological identity with their own nation, and the people are generally proud of the prosperous Lingnan elegant language culture. Guangfu people live in South China with the Pearl River Delta as the center, including Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Foshan, Nanning and other large and medium-sized cities. Guangfu culture is a kind of marine culture and commercial culture. As early as the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it crossed the ocean to carry out trade, became a place for cultural exchanges and business exchanges between China and the West, and opened up the western line of the Maritime Silk Road. Buddhism and Islam were introduced from Lingnan with diverse cultural characteristics. In the history of19th century, there was a fierce battle between aborigines and tourists.

Generalized Guangfu family

Definition In recent years, some linguists and anthropologists often refer to Cantonese speakers (sometimes even all Cantonese speakers) as Guangfu people (different from Cantonese speakers who speak Hakka and Min) when studying and comparing the natives of Guangdong and Guangxi. Defining a generalized Guangfu ethnic group is beneficial to the comparative study of different local ethnic groups in Guangdong and Guangxi. However, whether all Guangdong ethnic groups should be called Guangfu ethnic groups (Guangfu people) is controversial. The widely distributed Guangfu ethnic groups mainly live in Hong Kong, Macao and other parts of the world. Most overseas overseas Chinese in Guangfu come from Guangdong and Hong Kong, so most of them only agree with "Cantonese" and "Cantonese". The strong recognition of the existence of Guangfu is widespread in Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, because the origin and ancestral home of Guangfu ethnic group in Southeast Asia are from Guangdong and Guangxi. Broadly speaking, overseas retrocessed relatives are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. Throughout Southeast Asia, the appellation of Guangfu clan in a broad sense is different. In Europe, America, Australia and New Zealand, Guangfu clan is the majority among Chinese, and there are also many Guangfu clans in the United States, Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands. Guangdong is mainly distributed in Guangzhou, Panyu, Huadu, Conghua, Zengcheng, Foshan, Nanhai, Sanshui, Shunde, Zhaoqing, Gaoyao, Sihui, Fengkai, Huaiji, Guangning, Yunfu, Dongguan, Taishan, Xinhui, Kaiping, Maoming, Zhanjiang, Heshan, Zhongshan and Lianzhou. Guangxi is mainly distributed in Qinzhou, Beihai, Nanning, Fangcheng, Dongxing, Hengxian, Guigang, Yulin, Wuzhou and Hezhou.

Guangfu dwellings

Guangfu folk houses usually refer to the buildings in the Greater Pearl River Delta region and western Guangdong, which are quite different from Hakka buildings and Chaoshan buildings in eastern Guangdong. Lingnan has a hot climate and frequent storms. Generally speaking, residential buildings are the plane form of Xiaotian, with large wells and compact layout. Guangfu-style ancient houses are generally inhabited by a few to dozens of people. The life scene in the old movie Seventy-two Tenants is a typical Guangfu residence-xiguan big house. However, the newly remake of the color version of "Seventy-two Tenants" can't find a suitable xiguan big house as the shooting venue.

Characteristics of Guangfu folk houses

Guangfu folk houses usually meet the requirements of ventilation and shading, which are the same characteristics of Lingnan architecture, followed by the characteristics of moisture-proof and sun protection according to natural conditions, including geographical conditions and climate characteristics; There is also a large number of absorption of the essence of western architecture, reflecting the inclusive style. In addition, the typical Guangfu residence also has a great "bell" character, which is named after building two bell-like wind-proof walls on both sides of the house. Yongerfu is a unique building in western Guangdong. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, as long as there was money to make a fortune, bell houses would be built to show wealth and generosity.

2. To understand Guangfu culture, we must first understand Guangfu people. Knowing the Guangfu clan, it is not difficult to understand the reasons for the formation and coverage of Cantonese dialects.

There are two battle stories in ancient Lingnan, which can help us understand the changes of ancient society in Guangfu clan distribution area. One is that the commander-in-chief of Qin Jun, Tu Youyou, died in the guerrilla warfare of the people of South Vietnam, and the other is that Zhao Tuo cleverly set up a one-man plan to complete the great cause of South Vietnam's reunification.

In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Tu Youyou as commander in chief and led 500,000 troops to March south of Wuling. Among them, one army was stationed in Yugan (now Yugan, Jiangxi), one army was guarding Ye Nan (now Nankang, Jiangxi), one army was guarding Luochengling (now Yuechengling, northern Guangxi), one army occupied Jiuyi Fortress (now Ningyuan, Hunan), and the other army was the "Panyu Capital" (now a county near Pangling). Li See and Zhang Long's exposition of Panyu's city construction time and related issues in Guangzhou Wenbo Collection L993 ~ 1995. )。

Under the attack of powerful Qin Jun, Baiyue was a small country with scattered forces, so it had to withdraw from the tribal settlements and hide in the deep valley of the jungle to fight guerrilla warfare. After Tusui captured Panyu, he was eager to implement all kinds of systems to violently attack Qin, thinking that he could subdue the Vietnamese. However, the custom of tattooing has a long history. Aggressive Vietnamese refused to give in to the violence in Qin Jun and bent on expelling foreign enemies. They used the advantages of being familiar with the terrain, being good at water warfare and mountain climbing to ambush, hiding in the mountains during the day and sneaking around in Qin Jun at night, attacking the grain delivery team in Qin Jun, keeping Qin Jun awake at night. Tired, the Xi 'ou people of Baiyue nationality also launched a big attack, killing Qin Jun's body everywhere and his commander Tosui. This story shows the root culture of Lingnan aborigines who are strong and good at fighting and do not give in to violence.

Chen Gongyin, one of the "three outstanding figures in Lingnan" in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said in a poem, "There are Wuling peaks in the north and Kyushu floating in the south." (Going to zhenhai tower on the 9th) can be used to describe the geographical environment where the Guyue people lived. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lingnan was still dominated by Baiyue people, and the bronze age in Guangdong began in the late Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Only five bronzes from this period were unearthed in Guangdong, but more than 1000 bronzes from the Warring States period were unearthed, many of which were locally cast. This shows that the productivity of Baiyue nationality in Lingnan has developed to some extent during the Warring States Period. In the pre-Qin period, Panyu, Zhaoqing, Luoding, Qingyuan, Sihui, Guangning and Jieyang in Lingnan had "small countries" of the Yue nationality, such as Panyu, Tielou and Yangyu. These "small countries" are the result of the development of tribal alliances. Although Lingnan has not yet established a unified state power, they are already the original distribution center for trade goods. Businessmen from Chu State in Lingbei often come here to trade, and there is a phenomenon of language exchange, so mature Cantonese also has some Chu sounds. At that time, Panyu's precious commodities such as pearls, jade, rhinoceros horn and ivory were famous in the Central Plains. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he not only wanted to expand his territory, but also coveted Panyu's precious commodities, so he sent troops to Lingnan.

After Tu Youyou's death, Qin Jun was still a "hundred-legged worm", and Baiyue people were inevitably powerful Qin Jun. The two sides were deadlocked, forming the trend that "Qin Jun could not understand the armor for three years".

At first, the traffic from Lingbei to Lingnan was not smooth, which affected the material supply in Qin Jun. Later, Qin Lu (with Shilu as the official title) led the engineers to dig a waterway in Haiyang Mountain, connecting Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River. The folks called it Qin Chishui Canal, also called Zero Canal (renamed Lingqu in Tang Dynasty). In this way, grain and grass can be transported from Lingbei to Lingnan by water, which solves the supply problem of Qin Jun and enables Qin Jun to fight a protracted war.

Later, Qin Shihuang sent Ren Tao as commander-in-chief, led Zhao Tuo and other generals, and sent warships south along the Qin Canal to attack Baiyue. The water army's participation in the war enhanced Qin Jun's fighting capacity. In addition, Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were good at gradually appeasing the Vietnamese, and finally gradually put down their resistance. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan and established Nanhai, Xiangxiang and Guilin counties. Among them, Nanhai County is equivalent to most parts of Guangdong Province today. Ren Xiao, the captain of the South China Sea, built a city in Panyu, known as Ren Xiaocheng in the world. This is the beginning of Guangzhou's urban construction.

When Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo went south with a great army, many dissenting Confucian had ordered a group of vagrants. Businessmen emigrated with the army; After the reunification of Lingnan, Qin Shoujun claimed to be 500,000; In the second year after the establishment of Nanhai County, Qin sent a group of sinners to Nanhai County to build houses and cities. In the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), Zhao Tuo wrote to the emperor and invited 30,000 widowed women to Nanhai County to mend clothes and take care of their lives. Qin Ershi allocated 6,543,800+5,000 women. This series of measures has greatly increased the number of "Zhongxian people" (Han people) in Nanhai County. They brought the Central Plains culture and advanced production tools and technologies, which greatly promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Nanhai County. Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo carry out the policy of national harmony, so that the Chinese and Vietnamese nationalities can live in harmony. The indigenous languages of ancient Vietnam belong to Zhuang and Dong languages. Due to the need of communication, indigenous languages gradually absorbed ancient Chinese, and the embryonic form of Cantonese appeared.

When Ren Tao was appointed commander of the South China Sea, Zhao Tuo was appointed commander of Longchuan. After they managed Nanhai County for several years, the Central Plains rebelled against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Seeing that the state of Qin lost its popular support and perished sooner or later, and seeing that Lingnan had favorable terrain to support troops and respect themselves, it sprouted the heart of separatism. However, his illness forbade him to seek hegemony again, so he had to pin his hopes on his confidant general Zhao Tuo. When Ren Tao was dying, he entrusted Zhao Tuo to act as the agent of Nanhai Wei and told him the plan to separate Lingnan, hoping that he would not miss the opportunity. Zhao Tuo readily accepted the order.

Zhao Tuo (Zhao He wrote ancient books) was originally from Dongyuan County, Julu County (now Hebei Province is calm). He has not only the ability to manage the army, but also the ability to manage the government. After Ren Tao's death, he first ordered the garrison troops of Wuling, such as Hengpu, Yangshan and Huangxi, to block the passage north of Lingbei to prevent the northern soldiers from going south. Then, the Qin officials who did not listen to orders were purged and cronies were appointed to important positions, which laid the foundation for calling the king and founding the country. In 206 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty. Suddenly, Qin finally withdrew from the historical stage. The following year, Zhao Tuo sent his troops to attack Guilin and Xiangxiang, and the legend of Zhao Tuo's ingenious male soldiers showed that he had a fierce confrontation when he attacked.

At that time, Prince Houshu, the leader of Xi Luo Ou's naked country, called himself "King Anyang" and was assisted by a "God Man". Legend has it that this man of God named Qualcomm made a crossbow, which can kill 300 people with one shot!

This magical weapon defeated Zhao Junlian, so Zhao Tuo secretly sent a prince to sneak into Anyang Palace. Because the prince was born beautiful and eloquent, he made Zhu Mei, the daughter of Anyang King, very happy. In order to please the prince, Zhu Mei stole the crossbow and gave it to the prince for destruction, so Zhao Nong had to defeat the king of Anyang. This legend cannot be said to be absolutely true, but it also shows that it is not easy for Zhao Tuo to pacify Lingnan.

By attacking by force and wooing the leaders of the Yue nationality, Zhao Tuo finally beat most of the tribes of the Yue nationality back to their hometown. He also divided Xiang County into Jiaodi County and Jiuzhen County, and appointed the leader of the friendly army Yue as the chief executive, firmly controlling the original Lingnan County in his palm. Since then, the situation in Lingnan has been stable. Around 204 BC, Zhao Tuo claimed to be the King of South Vietnam, established the country of South Vietnam, and expanded Renxiao City in Panyu, the capital, which was called Zhao Tuo City or Yuecheng in history. 1997, the site of Nanyue Royal Garden was excavated under the former Municipal Cultural Bureau of Zhongshan 4th Road in Guangzhou, which shocked the world. Experts speculate that the center of Nanyue Palace is within the scope of Guangzhou Children's Park today.

When Nanyue State was founded, its ruling scope was as follows: the northern boundary started from the south of Sanjiang and Longsheng counties in Guangxi, passed through Yan 'an, Gongcheng and Hexian counties in Xing 'an, passed through Lianshan, Yangshan, Lechang and Nanxiong counties in Guangdong, and then turned south through Li Anping, Heping and Jiaoling; The eastern border extends from Yongding, Pinghe and Zhangpu in Fujian to the South China Sea. The western borders are Huanjiang, Hechi, Donglan, Bama, Baise and Debao in Guangxi, bordering Yelang and Jumachi. From the south to the east of Changshan Mountains in central Vietnam and north of Daling Line. Panyu, the capital, is located at the intersection of the east, west and north rivers. Shipping has developed to a certain extent, becoming a metropolis with rhinoceros, elephant, poison, pearls, fruit cloth and other commodities, attracting many businessmen, and increasing language exchanges, further changing the prototype of Cantonese.

Due to the large number of Vietnamese, Zhongxian people living in South Vietnam have to do as the Romans do. Zhao Tuo's attitude towards vulgarity is "obeying good and forbidding evil". He explicitly prohibited the invading custom of the Yue people, but his clothes and habits naturally changed. For example, in order to have a good relationship with Zhao Tuo, Emperor Gaozu sent Lu Jiana as a lobbyist. When Zhao Tuo saw him, he wore vulgar clothes and his hair was tied in his back. Sit on the floor. Zhao Tuo not only took the lead in assimilating the customs of Yue, but also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Han and Yue. The Zhao family became friends with the famous Lu family of the Yue nationality in Qin Jin, which reconciled the relationship between China and Vietnam. He also popularized the spoken and written languages of the Han nationality, which made Chinese culture occupy an important position in middle schools, made Vietnamese and Chinese more integrated, and further developed the prototype Cantonese.

Later, some Vietnamese who had strong resistance to Zhongxian people moved to the Xijiang River basin or Maoming, Xuwen, Hepu and even Guangxi in the southwest, expanding the Cantonese-speaking area.

Zhao Tuo pursues the policy of good neighborliness, having been hostile to the Han Dynasty for only a few years, and having friendly exchanges at other times. Zhao Tuo surrendered to the Han Dynasty in 196 BC, which legalized Sino-Vietnamese trade. The Central Plains region has obtained the specialty of South Vietnam, and South Vietnam has also obtained the necessities of agricultural production provided by the Central Plains, such as iron tools and livestock such as horses, cattle and sheep. Later, Lv Hou came to power, discriminated against South Vietnam and cut off the supply of production necessities in South Vietnam. In a rage, Zhao Tuo took pride in Lv Hou's five years (before 183) and sent troops to attack Changsha. Lv Hou sent troops to attack South Vietnam, but failed to capture Lingnan. After Lv Hou's death, Emperor Wen of Han sent Liu Jiana to bid farewell to Zhao Tuo. When Liu Jia was still in the dynasty, Zhao Tuo presented a batch of treasures to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. Zhao Tuo's Letter to the Emperor brought back by Tuoba GUI is the earliest Lingnan literature in ancient books. Since then, the political and economic ties between Lingnan and the Central Plains have been strengthened again, and the Lingnan economy has developed smoothly.

Zhao Tuo lived for more than one hundred years, and South Vietnam was ruled by five masters. He arrived in Ding Yuan in the Han Dynasty for six years (before11year) and was finally destroyed by the Han Dynasty. After the destruction of Nanyue in the Han Dynasty, there were nine counties in Lingnan, namely Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiuzhen, Jiaozhi, Rinan, Zhu Ya and Yuer. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (original: 106), Jiaodi Department was established to govern the above nine counties, and Jiaodi Department was located in Guangxin (including the area from Fengkai, Guangdong to Wuzhou, Guangxi).

Zhao Tuo lived for more than one hundred years, and South Vietnam was ruled by five masters. He arrived in Ding Yuan in the Han Dynasty for six years (before11year) and was finally destroyed by the Han Dynasty. After the destruction of Nanyue in the Han Dynasty, there were nine counties in Lingnan, namely Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiuzhen, Jiaozhi, Rinan, Zhu Ya and Yuer. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (original: 106), Jiaodi Department was established to govern the above nine counties, and Jiaodi Department was located in Guangxin (including the area from Fengkai, Guangdong to Wuzhou, Guangxi).

Historians believe that the name Guangxin means "it is appropriate to spread goodwill and trust when Guangdong is newly opened". Guangxin is located in the hinterland of Lingnan, at the intersection of Lijiang River, Hejiang River and Xijiang River. It is a land-water crossroads, so it was valued by the Han Dynasty.

Since then, Guangxin, as the political and cultural center of Lingnan, has developed for more than 300 years, which has a great influence on the development of Cantonese.

Qin dug a canal to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, which became the first main waterway for Han people in the Central Plains to enter Lingnan. When they turn from Lijiang River to Xijiang River to Lingnan, they must first enter Guangxin area. After Qin unified Lingnan, many Qin defenders were stationed in Guangxin area. Here, the throat of Xijiang River is pinched, and Panyu can be reached to the east and Nanning to the west along the river, which is a strategic place. So Han immigrants also live here in large numbers, which accelerates the development of this place. In the Han dynasty, several scholars such as Chen, Chen, Shi Xie appeared during Guangxu period. According to ancient records, the prestige of Shi Xie, the cross-toed satrap, is comparable to that of Zhao Tuo, the king of South Vietnam, which shows its great influence. Therefore, people who believe in Cantonese have played a certain role in the development of Cantonese. Today, Cantonese in counties and cities on both sides of the Xijiang River basin is more consistent with Cantonese pronunciation and vocabulary in the Pearl River Delta, which can also prove this conclusion. (See Ye, Luo Kangning: Textual Research on the Origin of Cantonese, Language Studies,No. 1, 1995. However, it can't be said that Cantonese was formed in Guangxin area, because Zhang Mai was from Panyu and entered the court in the Western Han Dynasty. "Those who can be Cantonese should always be cynical", which shows that Cantonese was also popular in Panyu during the Western Han Dynasty.

In the Western Han Dynasty, Nanhai County was still in Panyu, and Nanhai County governed Panyu, Suzhong (now Qingyuan), Sihui, Boluo, Longchuan and Jieyang (Zengcheng in the Eastern Han Dynasty). In the eighth year of Jian 'an (203), Jiaotoe Department was renamed Jiaozhou, and the county was still in Guangxin. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), when Buzhi, the secretariat of Jiaozhou, visited Panyu, he thought that Panyu was developed in agriculture and commerce and the terrain was more conducive to development, so he moved the capital to Panyu in the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17). Since then, Panyu has once again become the political, economic and cultural center of Lingnan. Wu Wunian (226) established Guangzhou. Since then, the central position of Guangzhou has lasted for more than a thousand years, and the development and maturity of Cantonese is mainly in Guangzhou.

In the Jin Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains moved south to Lingnan, bringing Han people from the Central Plains to Lingnan. In the Tang Dynasty, a poet shouted:

Most northerners avoid Hu in the south,

Southerners can still speak Jin dialect.

In the Tang Dynasty, the commercial exchanges in Panyu were more prosperous, and officials were demoted to Lingnan, which made Cantonese absorb a lot of Chinese original sounds. At the same time, Cantonese has become more standardized in the development process, and its writing has become more standardized, forming a relatively independent language system.

Today's Cantonese still retains many medieval Chinese pronunciations, and look at a five-character poem by Du Fu:

Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.

Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.

The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.

Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.

Read this poem aloud. Cantonese rhymes better than Mandarin. Because the rhymes of Shen, Xin, Jin and Chai are the same in Cantonese, but the modern pronunciation of Mandarin is different. In addition, the word "a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" is known to have the meaning of "worth it" when you first read it in Guangzhou, but most northerners don't understand it. This is because Cantonese retains some archaic characters. Cantonese still retains the ancient four tones, so it is easier to master the rhyme of modern poetry in Guangzhou.

At the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, Cantonese has become a unique language family, an "independent portal", which seldom absorbs the Central Plains language. It has also matured in word formation, grammar and pronunciation, and its pronunciation and vocabulary have basically laid the foundation of modern Cantonese. Cantonese in the Song Dynasty has been far away from northern Chinese pronunciation, and Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta have also become the main areas of Cantonese circulation. In the Yuan Dynasty, although a large number of officials and people who went south with the small court at the end of the Song Dynasty stayed in Guangzhou, they brought many northern languages, but the results were minimal. In the Ming Dynasty, Cantonese was basically the same as modern Cantonese. In the Qing Dynasty, due to the increased contact with foreigners, Cantonese also absorbed some foreign words. With the increasing number of Guangfu people going abroad and moving to Hong Kong and Macao, the influence of Cantonese has expanded.

In the long-term development, Guangzhou dialect has become one of the seven branches of Chinese dialects (the other six branches are northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Min dialect, Hakka dialect and Gan dialect). Contemporary scholars believe that Guangfu dialect can be divided into several parts: First, Guangfu dialect is mainly distributed in Guangzhou, Foshan, Nanhai, Panyu, Shunde, Sanshui, Huaxian (now Huadu), Conghua, Zengcheng, Qingyuan, Longmen, Fogang, Dongguan, Baoan, Shenzhen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Zhaoqing, Gaoyao, Gaoming, Xinxing and Zhaoqing. 2. Gao Lian is mainly distributed in Yangjiang, Yangchun, Maoming, Gaozhou, Dianbai, Xinyi, Zhanjiang, Suixi, Huazhou and Wucun, with a population of about 6 million. 3. Luoguang tablets are mainly distributed in Sihui, Luoding, Deqing, Guangning, Huaiji, Fengkai, Yunan, Yangshan, Lianxian and Lianshan, with a population of about 7 million. Fourth and fourth cities, mainly distributed in Heshan, Jiangmen, Xinhui, Enping, Kaiping, Taishan, Doumen and other counties and cities, with a population of about 4 million. Generally speaking, the number of Cantonese speakers in Guangdong Province today is about 38 million. In addition, Wuzhou, Cangwu, Hexian, Nanning, Liuzhou, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian, Cenxi, tengxian, Mengshan, Guixian, Zhaoping, Bobai, Qinzhou, Hepu, Pubei and Lingshan. Many enterprises and units in Shilu, Basuo, Sanya, Bai Qing, Lingshui, Yinggehai and other places in Hainan Province circulate Cantonese, and Danzhou dialect can also be classified into Cantonese system, with a total population of several hundred thousand. Many overseas Chinese in North and South America, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa also use Cantonese, with a population of about1.5-20 million. Generally speaking, there are about 70 million people in the world who speak Cantonese! (Cantonese Dialect in Xinkui, Li See, Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1994, 10).

There are great or small differences in languages between Cantonese films and even dialects, especially between Siyi films and Guangfu films, so people have separated a kind of "Wuyi culture" from Guangfu culture (according to: "Siyi" in the old society refers to Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping and Enping; Today, it is called "Wuyi", which refers to the old four cities and Heshan). In recent 1200 years, the pronunciation of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, has become the standard pronunciation in all parts of Cantonese. Guangzhou dialect in a broad sense refers to Cantonese, while Guangzhou dialect in a narrow sense refers to the language used as the standard pronunciation in Guangzhou.

The composition and coverage of Cantonese are roughly as above. But how to explain the "Guangfu" of Guangfu lineage? This is because in the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou was called "Guangfu", while in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, guangzhou fu was ruled by Guangzhou, and guangzhou fu people were referred to as Guangfu people for short. What is the population composition of Guangfu clan? Scholars believe that the population composition of the three major ethnic groups in Lingnan-Guangfu, Fulao and Hakka-was formed around the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Although they all belong to Lingnan Han residents, they also have different cultural characteristics. Most residents of Guangfu ethnic group are descendants of ancient Lingnan people, who have realized the earliest sinicization of ancient Nanyue ethnic group since Qin Dynasty. The Fulao people have direct cultural ties with the Guyou Yue people along the southeast coast of Fujian, and the Hakkas are descendants of immigrants who later moved to Lingnan from the Central Plains.

Of course, due to the development of society and the migration of population, people in Guangfu ethnic areas are not necessarily descendants of ancient Lingnan people, especially in Guangzhou and Pearl River Delta cities, not to mention contemporary times, that is, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They lived in Guangfu ethnic areas and became Guangfu people. They were influenced by the local culture and made many contributions to the development of Guangfu culture. People in Guangfu advocate the phrase "the origin of the hero Mo Wen", but generally only pay attention to practical results, and don't like to show off their origins and qualifications (this is the embodiment of the popularization of Guangfu culture). Therefore, it is actually impossible to study the classification ratio of ancestral home of Guangfu residents.

3、

Generalized Guangfu family

Definition In recent years, some linguists and anthropologists often refer to Cantonese speakers (sometimes even all Cantonese speakers) as Guangfu people (different from Cantonese speakers who speak Hakka and Min) when studying and comparing the natives of Guangdong and Guangxi. Defining a generalized Guangfu ethnic group is beneficial to the comparative study of different local ethnic groups in Guangdong and Guangxi. However, whether all Guangdong ethnic groups should be called Guangfu ethnic groups (Guangfu people) is controversial. The widely distributed Guangfu ethnic groups mainly live in Hong Kong, Macao and other parts of the world. Most overseas overseas Chinese in Guangfu come from Guangdong and Hong Kong, so most of them only agree with "Cantonese" and "Cantonese". The strong recognition of the existence of Guangfu is widespread in Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, because the origin and ancestral home of Guangfu ethnic group in Southeast Asia are from Guangdong and Guangxi. Broadly speaking, overseas retrocessed relatives are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. Throughout Southeast Asia, the appellation of Guangfu clan in a broad sense is different. In Europe, America, Australia and New Zealand, Guangfu clan is the majority among Chinese, and there are also many Guangfu clans in the United States, Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands. Guangdong is mainly distributed in Guangzhou, Panyu, Huadu, Conghua, Zengcheng, Foshan, Nanhai, Sanshui, Shunde, Zhaoqing, Gaoyao, Sihui, Fengkai, Huaiji, Guangning, Yunfu, Dongguan, Taishan, Xinhui, Kaiping, Maoming, Zhanjiang, Heshan, Zhongshan and Lianzhou. Guangxi is mainly distributed in Qinzhou, Beihai, Nanning, Fangcheng, Dongxing, Hengxian, Guigang, Yulin, Wuzhou and Hezhou.