What does the tertiary industry include?

In 1985, the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China (PRC) and China put forward opinions on the three industrial divisions in China:

Primary industry: agriculture, including forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

Secondary industry: industry and construction. In industry, it also includes mining, manufacturing, tap water, electricity, steam, hot water, gas and so on.

Tertiary industry: other industries except the above-mentioned primary and secondary industries.

Text:

A classification method of dividing industrial departments in contemporary times. The primary industry refers to the industry that directly affects the natural production of primary products, the secondary industry is the industry that processes primary products into materials to meet the further needs of human production and life, and the tertiary industry is the department that provides products and services to meet the further needs beyond the basic material needs of human beings. Also known as the primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry.

The general trend of social and economic development: to survive, human beings must first produce food, and agriculture is the department that produces food. Therefore, the development of social economy always begins with agriculture that provides the most basic needs of human life. Later, when the grain produced by agriculture can not only meet the needs of the agricultural population itself, but also has surplus, some people gradually get rid of agricultural production and engage in industrial and other production or activities to meet other further needs of mankind. Marx said: "The less time a society needs to produce wheat and livestock, the more time it can win to engage in other production, that is, material production or spiritual production" (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 46, p. 120). With the full development of industry and agriculture, human beings demand to meet all kinds of higher-level needs besides material life needs, such as spiritual needs such as convenience in life and entertainment, as well as various needs of production services. Marx once predicted that with the substantial increase of labor productivity, the proportion of people directly engaged in material production will decrease, while the time and leisure for engaging in unproductive labor will increase.

British economist A.G.B Fisher divides the development of human social production into three stages: the first stage is the primary production stage, and the production activities are characterized by agriculture and animal husbandry. The second stage is characterized by large-scale rapid development of textile, steel and other industrial production. The third stage is characterized by the rapid development of industries mainly producing various service industries.

With the development of modern economy, industries that meet the higher demand beyond material life have developed rapidly. Therefore, there is a trend in social and economic development: the number of agricultural employees tends to decline relative to the number of industrial employees, and then the number of industrial employees tends to decline relative to the number of service employees. Economists call this trend of economic development "Petty-Clark Law", which was discovered and expressed by British classical economist W Petty and British economist C clark (1905 ~).

The formation of the concept of three industries Modern economists have gradually formed the concept and method of dividing the national economy into three industries in the process of studying the law of economic structure change and its development trend in the process of social and economic development. In the 1920s, the concepts of primary industry and secondary industry spread in Australia and New Zealand. They call agriculture the primary industry and industry the secondary industry. In 1935, Fisher further put forward the concept of tertiary industry. He believes that the tertiary industry meets the higher needs of human beings except material needs. In 1940, Clark used the concept of tertiary industry more widely. The tertiary industry refers to the service industry, including all economic activities except the primary and secondary industries. 1957, he clearly divided the industrial structure into three major departments.

The division of primary, secondary and tertiary industries reflects the different stages of social division of labor and the development of economic activities, the historical order of human economic activities and, to a certain extent, the development law of socialized mass production in modern social economy. At present, the concept of primary, secondary and tertiary industries has been widely used in the world. In many countries, the departments of national economy are divided according to the classification method of three industries.

Division of primary, secondary and tertiary industries Governments and economists in different countries have different understandings of the scope of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. For example, some classify mining as the secondary industry, and some as the primary industry. The differences among the three industries are due to

Governments and economists in different countries have different criteria for the division of three industries: ① Whether the production process and consumption process are carried out at the same time is the division standard, and those that are not carried out at the same time are regarded as the primary industry or the secondary industry, while those that are carried out at the same time are regarded as the tertiary industry. ② According to the distance from consumers, the farthest is the primary industry, followed by the secondary industry, and the nearest is the tertiary industry. (3) Taking the tangible or intangible products as the dividing standard, tangible products are classified as the primary industry or the secondary industry, and intangible products are classified as the tertiary industry.

In the early 1980s, China began to use three industrial classifications to calculate the gross national product, thus reflecting and studying the development scale, structure and level of social and economic sectors from different angles. 1985 The National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China (PRC) put forward the opinions of three industrial divisions in China:

Primary industry: agriculture, including forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

Secondary industry: industry and construction. In industry, it also includes mining, manufacturing, tap water, electricity, steam, hot water, gas and so on.

Tertiary industry: other industries except the above-mentioned primary and secondary industries. Because the tertiary industry includes many industries and a wide range, it can be divided into two parts according to the actual situation in China: one is the circulation department, and the other is the service department. It can be divided into four levels: the first level, the circulation department, including transportation, post and telecommunications, commercial catering, material supply and marketing and warehousing. At the second level, the departments that serve production and life include finance, insurance, geological survey, real estate, public utilities, residents' services, tourism, consulting services and various technical services. At the third level, the departments that serve to improve the scientific and cultural level and the quality of residents include education, culture, radio and television, scientific research, health, sports and social welfare. The fourth level, departments that need to serve the public, including state organs, party and government organs, social organizations, the army and the police. This level originally did not belong to the industrial category, but was set up to facilitate the coordination and international comparison with the common caliber of western countries.

Due to the different positions and functions of the tertiary industry in national economic and social development, China only calculates the first, second and third-level output values when counting the output value of the tertiary industry. According to these three levels, the domestic assessment caliber of the tertiary industry is calculated. When comparing with western countries, China plans to calculate the output value of the tertiary industry according to the general calculation range of western countries, that is, using the above four levels. According to these four levels, the international comparison caliber of the tertiary industry is calculated. Similarly, when China counts the gross national product, it only calculates the added value of the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry at the first, second and third levels.

For nearly half a century, the development and structure of the tertiary industry has been developing rapidly. Since 1970s, the development speed of the tertiary industry in most countries in the world has surpassed that of the primary industry and the secondary industry. Social labor and means of production have been transferred from direct material production departments to indirect material production departments (see production departments and non-production departments). Now in developed capitalist countries, the tertiary industry has occupied a very important position in economic life, and the growth of GDP in many countries mainly depends on the development of the tertiary industry. In economically backward countries and regions, underdeveloped primary and secondary industries restrict the development of tertiary industry, and the proportion of tertiary industry in national economy is also low. From a global perspective, with the development of technological progress, the proportion of tertiary industry output value to GDP and the proportion of tertiary industry employees to all employees will further increase.

With the development of modern social economy, the internal structure of the tertiary industry is also changing. Judging from the internal structure of the tertiary industry in most countries, commerce has always occupied the first place. At present, in some countries, such as the United States, the number of employees in the service industry has surpassed that in commerce, occupying the first place in the tertiary industry. In the service industry, it can be roughly divided into producer service industry and life service industry. The former is an industry that provides services for material production, while the latter is an industry that provides services for personal life or public life. Service industry can be divided into traditional service industry and emerging service industry according to old and new technologies. Traditional service industries, such as tourism, catering industry and repair industry. Consulting emerging service industries such as information service industry and computer service industry. In developed countries, emerging service industries have emerged and developed rapidly in recent years, and the development speed greatly exceeds that of traditional service industries. The integration of various services of the emerging tertiary industry with the traditional tertiary industry has completely transformed the traditional tertiary industry sector and modernized it, greatly improving the labor productivity and economic benefits of the entire tertiary industry. In addition, education, scientific research, health and other departments that serve to improve the scientific and cultural level and the quality of residents are also developing rapidly.

The nature and important role of the tertiary industry Although the primary and secondary industries are directly engaged in the production of material materials, the tertiary industry is not directly engaged in the production of material materials, and its products are different in material form and intangible form; But they are all engaged in productive labor, all produce certain labor products, and all are industrial departments. Marx divided social consumer goods into two categories: goods and services. Service consumer goods in the form of service are also a kind of product and an important part of social wealth. Marx said: "Service itself has use value, and because of their production cost, it also has exchange value" (Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 26, page 160). Under the condition of commodity economy, products in the form of services are also commodities, which have the same use value and value as general commodities. Service products have special use value and can meet people's needs. Service labor is condensed in service products, and it is also the crystallization of human mental and physical labor. Service workers provide services to society, and their labor consumption forms the value of service products. According to the nature of the tertiary industry, the statistics of gross national product should include not only the added value of products in the form of material data produced by the primary industry and the secondary industry, but also the added value of various intangible products produced by the tertiary industry. The added value of material production department is equivalent to national income plus depreciation of fixed assets; The added value of intangible materials production departments is equal to the net income of these departments (including labor remuneration and other income) plus depreciation of fixed assets.

In the contemporary national economic structure, the tertiary industry has occupied a very important position. The primary and secondary industries are the material basis for the development of the tertiary industry, and the development of the tertiary industry reacts on the primary and secondary industries, creating favorable conditions for the development of the primary and secondary industries from a broader field, mainly as follows: ① The development of the tertiary industry has established a department serving production, promoted the in-depth development of social division of labor, improved the degree of production socialization, and greatly improved the labor productivity of enterprises in the primary and secondary industries. (2) The development of the tertiary industry has established a circulation department to serve production, shortened the production process and circulation process, and promoted the improvement of the whole social and economic benefits. (3) The development of the tertiary industry facilitates the contact and coordination between the first and second industrial sectors, reflects the changes of social needs in time, and can promote the rationalization of the national economic structure. (4) The development of the tertiary industry, especially the development of transportation, posts and telecommunications, is conducive to strengthening the ties between economically developed areas and economically backward areas, establishing complementary relations, giving full play to their respective economic advantages, promoting the effective utilization of resources, improving the economic benefits of various regions, and contributing to the coordinated and smooth development of the entire national economy. ⑤ The development of the life service sector in the tertiary industry has improved the quality of consumption, expanded the scale of service consumption, promoted the change of consumption structure, promoted the development of people's life consumption, and is conducive to better meeting people's material needs. ⑥ The development of the departments serving the improvement of scientific and cultural level in the tertiary industry plays an important role in improving the spiritual civilization of the whole society, better meeting people's spiritual needs and developing social production.

In the development of modern social economy, we should attach great importance to the development of the tertiary industry and change the concept of developing only the primary and secondary industries and not the tertiary industry. To treat and set up the tertiary industry as an industry, we should change the tendency of simply pursuing the total output value of the primary and secondary industries and ignoring the output value of the tertiary industry. Of course, the development of the tertiary industry depends on the rapid development of the primary and secondary industries. Limited by the affordability of material production and the income level of residents. We can't grow ahead of the needs of the primary and secondary industries and the improvement of people's living standards, and we can't blindly pursue a comprehensive and modern tertiary industry system regardless of objective conditions. In a word, the primary, secondary and tertiary industries must adapt to each other and develop in a coordinated way, so as to promote the rapid development of the whole social economy and improve its social and economic benefits.