Appraisal knowledge of painting and calligraphy appraisal

Calligraphy and painting identification only with the naked eye and experience recognition, its reliability has great limitations, there are difficulties and difficult to form a persuasive argument, especially in the auction site or seminar; the industry are through the auxiliary portable video microscope to carry out on-site identification! Such as Anyty's MSA200 \ WM401TV and other microscope identification can be tiny things enlarged, in the 100-200 magnification or so can be very clear to see the material of the rice paper, the depth of the ink, the details of the seal, the strength of the information, in the microscope at a glance, experienced antique paintings and calligraphy and painting enthusiasts, based on this information, you can determine the age of the painting and calligraphy, in and out of the authenticity of the painting and calligraphy.

Also because the portable video digital microscope sharing is relatively strong, applicable to the scene (auction, customer site, sharing among friends); and real-time photography and video, can be compared to store; and portable digital microscope generally have comparison and measurement functions, is to assist the identification of painting and calligraphy analysis of the necessary tools.

Calligraphist's name, place of origin and time of birth and death

Mastering the calligraphist's name, place of origin and time of birth and death, for the identification of paintings and calligraphy is very helpful. These issues are often ignored by some counterfeiters, if we are more familiar with the words, then, it will be able to more easily see the problem. For example: the Ming dynasty Shen Du "plum blossom hundred chorus" book, "Shiqu Baoji" volume three of the sixteen recorded, the paragraph cloud Chenghua fourteen years in the fall of July after one day of hope, Shen Du book in the spring grass hall. Shen Du Yuan dynasty to Zheng seventeen years Ding You born in the Ming dynasty Xuande nine years A Yin died, 78 years old. Chenghua 14 years Shen Du has been dead for 45 years, so this booklet can be sure without looking at the object is a forgery. Another example: yao shou dec "three Qing dynasty" axis, the Qing dynasty Fang? Yi "dream garden painting and calligraphy record" volume eight of fifteen recorded, paragraph cloud three qingtu, yongle five years old in dinghai autumn day write, yundong yishi gongshou. Yao Shou Yongle twenty-one year decao born, Hongzhi eight years b Mao died, 73 years old. Yongle five years yao shou has not been born, so, can be sure that this thing is also a forgery. Precisely because of the painter's birth and death time on the identification of painting and calligraphy has a direct relationship, so it is necessary to grasp it as much as possible.

But, some of the painter's birth and death time and other issues, in the past literature, some did not record, some records are not true, so the work itself has become a first-hand material, it can supplement the lack of literature or correct the literature of the error.

For example: some of the works of painters and calligraphers have a certain level of art, but in the literature simply can not find the painter, not to mention his name, place of origin, birth and death time, artistic expertise and major activities. Such examples are quite a lot.

Another example: the birth and death of Zhao Meng Jian (Zigu) of the Song Dynasty, many documents recorded as born in the Southern Song Dynasty Qingyuan five years of hexavalent (1199), died in the Yuan Dynasty Yuanzhen yuan years of yiwei (1295), 97 years old. Some people have doubts about this, but have not been able to solve. 1962 "cultural relics" No. 12, published comrade Jiang Tiange on this issue of the examination of the article, deduced that the death of about five years before the Jingding to Xianchun three years, still has not yet made a definite conclusion. According to Zhao Mengjian's friend Gu Guang's poem on Zhao's "Narcissus" volume, there is a momentary event in the first year, the Penglai feet five days of the two lines, clearly stated that Zhao Mengjian died in the year of the first year, that is, five years of the Southern Song Dynasty Jingding (1264), at the age of 65 years old. This solves the problem that has not been solved for many years.

Yuan Ke Jiushi's birth year, in the past, some books on the record is wrong, for example, Guo Weiquan "Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing painters and calligraphers chronology" recorded as born in Yuan Huangqing yuan year of non-native (1312), Tianli two years of the hexi (1329 AD) was worshipped as the Kuizhangge Jianshu Dr. That is to say, Ke Jiushi false age of 18 years of age when the position. In this way, the question arises, although the person has the talent, the big which has 18 years of age on the appointment of Dr. Kuei Zhangge Jianshu Inscription? Obviously, this record is wrong. Then what year should be the birth year of Ke Sijiu? Palace Museum collection of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty Yu set "to kill mosquitoes fugue" volume, after the end of the paper with Ke Jiushi inscription, Ke's name under the paragraph Inscription of a few seals, one of the seals for the only gengyin Wu to descend, this seal for his birth year provides conclusive evidence. There are two gengyin years in the Yuan Dynasty, one of which is the twenty-seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1290), and the other one is the tenth year of the Zheng Dynasty (1350), and Ke Jiushi's birth year is undoubtedly the former gengyin year, i.e., A.D. 1290. Tianli two years of the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the appointment of Dr. Kui Zhangge Jianshu already false age of 40.

Re: about the death of Shi Tao's time, the past has been a different statement, Fu Baoshi "Shi Tao on the genealogy" and Guo taste drainage "Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing painters and calligraphers Chronology" are recorded as: born in the Ming dynasty Chongzhen three years gengwu, the Qing dynasty, the forty-sixth year of the Kangxi dinghai 78 years old is still in the. Guangdong provincial museum collection of shi tao "landscape" album on shi tao self-titled seven jingjie cloud: the parties begging for food bitter melon monks, precepts all tend to xiaoyana, fifty lonely line into a solo trip, a zen disease is as cold as ice. Gengwu Chang'an write this. Shanghai museum collection of shi tao "sixty since tao poem" cloud: gengchen new year's eve hold disease, touch the suddenly mournful, not a day language can be exhaustive of the feeling of life, parents of this life this body, this week after the flower armor ...... pick up the septet, which has ...... white head ignorant words difficult before the year of the flower armor thanks to the heaven! ....... We based on these two works, can be deduced that Shi Tao was born in the Ming Dynasty Chongzhen fourteen years Xin Si (1641), these two works are Shi Tao fifty or sixty years old, taken in round numbers, according to the general habit of writing articles can be more or less. See Shi Tao "flowers" book ten open a book, which painted orchids a self-titled poem: fourteen write orchid fifty-six, so far with your ichthyological, began to believe that the name of the high pen is not high, regret not from before more meat. Another page of peony painting the end of the identification cloud: ding autumn in October, Mr. Gzhai sentence for painting. According to the ding autumn that is ding ugly, that is, the Kangxi thirty-six years (1697), on the 56 years is Chongzhen fifteen years of non-nuclear (1642), which is Shi Tao's really reliable date of birth. The emperors and kings of the years, the common sense of the heavenly stems and earthly branches, for the correct identification of paintings and calligraphy, often plays a fairly important role.

The years of successive emperors often did not begin or end with a whole year or month, but crossed each other. An emperor died, and a new emperor, some of them changed the yuan, that is, changed the year, but also some of the year did not change the yuan, still use the old year. For example: Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun reigned for 48 years, is the forty-eighth year of the Wanli (1620) died in July, August Zhu Changluo (Guangzong) did the emperor, changed the yuan Taichang, only one month on the death of the September Zhu Yu school (Xi Zong) did the emperor did not change the yuan, until the next year (1621) only changed the yuan for the Tianqi. We see from some books, Wanli only 47 years, Taichang only one month is also counted as a year. Another example: Zhu Yuzheng (Yi Zong) died in March of the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644), but some books count this year as the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty.

We are in the calligraphy and painting on the drop, if you see written for the forty-eighth year of the Wanli gengshen spring or summer, are logical, if written for the forty-eighth year of the Wanli waxing month, is not logical, is problematic. If the fall of taichang year number of the paragraph, written as taichang yuan year geng shen spring or summer, can also be sure that there is a problem. Chongzhen years of painting and calligraphy, if written for the spring of Chongzhen seventeen years, the same is logical, for example: Yang Hyun "Pro Dong Beiyuan summer scenery mountain pass to be ferrying" volume of the paragraph written as: copy Song Dong Beiyuan summer scenery mountain pass to be ferrying, when Chongzhen seventeen years in the spring months. This is beyond doubt. Some people do not understand this historical process, think Chongzhen only 16 years, may be denied this work.

Traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy, most of the authors have quite deep literary attainments, there are many painters and calligraphers, is the time of the famous great literati, what they write and paint, often with a considerable correlation between literature. Some painters and calligraphers like to write their own articles or poems, and some other painters and calligraphers like to write the poems of the ancients or others; some painters like to copy the ancient paintings, or the poems of the ancients, and inscribe the poems of the ancients, and some other painters like to inscribe the poems of their own works. These various circumstances are determined by the likes of the painters and calligraphers themselves and the demands of the purchasers. Only a future generation can write the poetry of a previous generation, while a previous generation can never write the poetry of a future generation. If one discovers that a predecessor wrote the poetry of a successor, one can be sure that the item is a forgery. For example, the poem on the end paper of Gu Kaizhi's "Luoshen Fugu" in the Jin Dynasty is a forgery, copied from Ni Zan's poem on Wei Jiuding's "Luoshen Fugu" in the first year of the Hongwu reign in the Ming Dynasty. The original text of Ni's poem reads: "The slightest step on the waves and socks is born of dust, who saw the fair body at that time, and the ability to give has already lost Cao Zijian, and the good picture is only counted by Wei Shanren. Because Gu Kaizhi was a native of Wuxi, the forger changed the word "Wei" in Ni's poem from "Weishan Ren" to "Xishan". Examining Yu Ji Song Xianchun eight years non Shen born in Yuan Zhi Zheng eight years wuzi died, how can he write Ni Zan in the first year of Hongwu year wushen title poem? If we are not familiar with ancient poems, questions like these are not obvious.

In painting and calligraphy appraisal, also often used taboo is divided into avoidance of dynasty taboo (avoid the name of the current emperor and the late emperor) and avoidance of family taboo (avoid the name of the author's family elders or ancestors) two kinds. In the identification of science, avoiding taboo than easier to grasp, avoiding taboo is more difficult to grasp. There are three main ways to avoid taboo: one is to avoid the word lack of writing a (more for the last one), another is to avoid the word for a meaning of the alternative word, there is a way to avoid the word space is not written. For example: the National Palace Museum collection of Song dynasty Huang Tingjian "thousands of words" volume, the font is completely Huang's penmanship, there are individual words written at a poor level, because the volume of the text written within the test chicken hair, so this is ignored, the volume of the volume of the frame is indeed Song paper, and Liang Qingbiao collection of more than one side of the collection of seal, so we initially set as the Huang Tingjian authentic. Later found that the "thousands of words" dude fan round dude word was rewritten for the word group, should be avoided Song Qinzong Zhao Huan's taboo (due to dude, Huan pronunciation is similar to avoid taboo). Kao Huang Tingjian Ning four years (1105) died, from the first year of Emperor Qinzong Jingkang (1126) and 21 years, there can never be a foreknowledge of the budget to avoid the reason, therefore, sure that the volume of the "thousands of words" is the Southern Song Dynasty people copying the fake forgeries.

And the Southern Song dynasty Zhao? (Gaozong) Shaoxing twenty-three years written has been engraved into the "Sanxi Hall post" of the "line of a thousand characters Wen" volume, the text within the Xuan word into Yuan, Yin word into Shang, tree word into bamboo, Ching word into Qing, Jing word into Jing word less to write the last stroke, after all, the word into Xin, Heng word into Qi, Kuang word into Auxiliary, Huan word into Thai, Dang word into the group, the word Maru word into the bullet, Lang word into the wang, Hanging word into the relocation. ***There were 14 characters rewritten, all of which were Song taboo. Xuan, hanging, Lang avoid Zhao's founder's name Xuan Lang, Jing, after all, to avoid the grandfather of the great-grandfather Kuangyin's name Jing, Yin to avoid the father of the great-grandfather's name Hong Yin, Kuang to avoid the great-grandfather's name Kuangyin, Heng to avoid the name of the True Father Heng, Ching to avoid the name of Zhen of the Renzong, tree to avoid the name of the Yingzong Shu, Jean to avoid the name of the Yingzong's biological father, Yoon Jang, Huan, dandy, Maru to avoid the name of Huan of the Qinzong.

Another example: about 50 years ago, Beijing Liulichang has a drop for Dong Qichang's paintings, paintings are very good, drop the number of words is not much, the work of this frame is very neat, so some people want to buy. Later, some people saw the problem of this work, the Xuanzai Xuan word lack of writing the last stroke, is to avoid the Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi Xuan Ye's taboo. Dong Qichang died in Ming Chongzhen nine years, did not live to the Qing Dynasty, so it is certain that this work is the Qing Dynasty people forgery.

From the above examples, we can see that the richness of knowledge of literature and history, for the identification of the authenticity of paintings and calligraphy, also has a fairly important important role. If you don't have much knowledge of literature and history, then it is not easy to see the kind of rewritten avoidance of words, and therefore it is possible to break the authenticity of the work wrong.

Of course, the use of avoidance of painting and calligraphy, first of all, we must understand the avoidance of the characteristics of the era, for example, the Song Dynasty Xuan, Lang and other words are by the Northern Song Dynasty Zhenzong Zhao Huan Dazhongxiangfu five years to start the avoidance of the word before this is not avoidance of the word. If you see a Song Dynasty people write words or paintings of the inscription poem, paragraph summer is Dazhongxiangfu five years, on these not avoidance is in line with the law, and the paragraph for the Dazhongxiangfu five years later, these words do not avoid is not in line with the law, there is a problem.

We are talking about here is the general situation, in addition, there are very few special exceptions, such as Mi Fu's "Shu Su sticker" volume, before and after the two Yin characters, one missing a, the other is not missing. This is based on specific works for specific analysis.

At the same time, the problem of avoidance can not be rigidly set in stone to treat, some of the ancient works of calligraphy, in full accordance with the original Pro and not avoidance. For example, after the identification of Zhao Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, "Pro Ancient Two Thousand Character Man" volume, is completely in accordance with the original Tang Pro, the words within the text are avoiding the Tang taboo (such as the abundance of the world, such as the word are avoiding the word, such as the word are avoiding the taboo), and there is no word is avoiding the taboo of the Song Dynasty.

In short, the problem of taboo is complex, in the identification of painting and calligraphy using taboo to break, must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis, based on different conditions, flexible.