Important points from the first book of second year geography. Thanks!

Summarize the important points of geography in the first semester of the second year of junior high school

Answer: Hello, student, the teacher offers

Provide the following information for your reference, I hope it will help you:

Chapter I China from the World

§1.1 Vast Boundary

1. The Great Motherland: The Chinese People*** and the country is situated in the eastern part of Asia, on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean, on both land and sea; its geographical position is very advantageous: most of its territory lies in the middle latitudes. Its geographical position is very favorable: the territory spans a wide range of latitudes from north to south, with most of it located in the mid-latitudes, in the northern temperate zone, and a few areas in the south located in the tropics south of the Tropic of Cancer, with no frigid zone.

Land power: ① vast territory ② land boundary (more than 20,000 kilometers) ③ many land neighbors (15)

Marine power: ① vast sea ② long coastline (more than 18,000 kilometers) ③ six countries across the sea (Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia)

Easternmost: the confluence of the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River (135 E);

Westernmost: the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang (73° E);

Southernmost: Zengmuqiansha (4° N);

Northernmost: the center of the main channel north of Mohe (53° N).

China is a vast country with a vast territory, with a total land area of about 9.6 million Km2, almost equal to the whole of Europe, and ranking 3rd among the countries in the world.

China is the world's major maritime power, bordering the sea from north to south is the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. The mainland coastline is more than 18,000 kilometers long, one of the longest coastlines in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with an area of more than 500 square meters distributed in China's waters. The width of our territorial sea is 22.22 kilometers (12 nautical miles). The sea area under our jurisdiction covers about 3 million square kilometers.

Numerous neighboring countries: China's long land border, amounting to more than 20,000 kilometers, bordering countries *** there are 15 (jingle): East Korea, North Mongolia, Northeast and Northwest Russia; Western Haji tower Aba; Southwest India Nidan; the south there is also the Myanmar Lao Viet Nam. Across the sea there are six countries (jingle): Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan and South Korea.

2, 34 provincial administrative

Current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities, special administrative regions), counties (autonomous counties, county-level cities), townships (townships) three levels. China *** there are 34 provincial administrative units, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and Hong Kong, Macao, two special administrative regions.

Taiwan is an inalienable and sacred territory of China.

Master the names, abbreviations, administrative centers and outlines of the 34 provincial-level administrative units

§1.2 Large Population

1. The number of the world's first: Fifth Population Census: China's total population is 1.295 billion (2000) accounting for more than 1/5 of the world's population. The current population is more than 1.3 billion.

2, China's demographic characteristics: large population base and rapid growth.

3, China's population distribution characteristics: more in the east and less in the west (more in the southeast and less in the northwest). Unevenly divided line: Heihe (Heilongjiang Province) - Tengchong (Yunnan Province), densely populated to the east of this line, sparsely populated to the west.

Characteristics of the more populated areas Characteristics of the less populated areas

More populated in the east;

More populated in the coastal, river and lake areas;

More populated in the plains and basins;

More populated in the areas with well-developed economy and transportation;

More populated in the areas with densely populated towns and industries;

More populated in the areas of the Han nationality . Smaller population in western regions;

Smaller population in arid desert regions;

Smaller population in mountainous and highland areas;

Smaller population in remote agricultural and pastoral areas;

Smaller population in isolated agricultural and pastoral areas;

Smaller population in most ethnic minority areas.

4. China's population policy: It is a long-term basic national policy of China to implement family planning, control the quantity of population and improve the quality of population.

§1.3 Multi-ethnic family

1. Ethnicity: China is a united multi-ethnic family, with members of 56 ethnic groups, including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Miao. The Han Chinese have a large population, close to 92% of the country's total population; other ethnic groups (55) account for only 8% of the population and are known as ethnic minorities. The largest minority population is: the Zhuang; the smallest is the Lhoba.

2, the distribution of ethnic characteristics: large mixed, small settlements (Han areas with minority groups, minority areas are also inhabited by Han people; Han people are the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and central. Ethnic minorities, on the other hand, are mainly found in the south-western, north-western and north-eastern regions).

3. Ethnic customs: Mongolians - Naadam Assembly; Yunnan Dai - Water Festival; Chinese people - Dragon Boat Festival and so on.

Chapter 2: China's Natural Environment

§2.1 China's Terrain

1. Terrain features: the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, and is distributed in the form of a ladder. Sub-three ladder demarcation line: the first ladder (Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Hengduan Mountains) the second ladder (Daxing'anling, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains) the third ladder

Mountains: east-west direction: Tianshan Mountains, Yinshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Qinling Mountains, the South Ridge; north-south direction: Helan Mountains, Liupanshan Mountains, Hengduan Mountain Area. Northeast-southwest direction: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Taiwan Mountains, Yushan. Northwest-southeast direction: Altai Mountains, Qilian Mountains; arc direction: Himalayas.

The five Chinese mountains: Mount Tai in the east; Mount Hua in the west; Mount Heng in the south; Mount Heng in the north; Mount Song in the middle.

2, terrain features: complex and diverse, mountainous area. Crisscrossing mountain ranges and complex and varied terrain (33% mountains, 26% plateau, 19% basin, 12% plains, 10% hills), providing us with a rich and colorful natural landscape, but also the motherland's production activities and lifestyles vary from place to place. Mountainous areas: include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills. Common natural disasters: avalanches, landslides, mudslides.

The four great plateaus: the Tibetan Plateau: the world's highest plateau, known as the "roof of the world", the mountains are snowy all year round, glaciers; Inner Mongolia Plateau: the plateau terrain is flat and open, the northwestern part of the desert, the Gobi, the east and the central part of the fertile grasslands; Loess Plateau: the world's most extensive area of the distribution of loess; Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: most of the plateau has rugged terrain and limestone is widely distributed.

The four major basins: Tarim Basin: China's largest inland basin, within China's largest desert - Taklamakan Desert; Junggar Basin: China's second-largest basin; Qaidam Basin: known as the "Treasure Basin"; Sichuan Basin: the "purple basin". : "Purple Basin", the famous Chengdu Plain is located in the western part of the basin, developed agriculture, rich in produce, "the Kingdom of Heaven".

Three major plains: Northeast Plain: the vast area of black soil; North China Plain: the terrain is low and flat, the ground slope is very small;

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain: China's famous "fish and rice country".

§2.2 China's climate

1. Characteristics: complex and varied climate, monsoon climate. (1) Climate complexity and diversity: the temperature difference between the north and the south in winter is large, the south is warm, and the further north the temperature is lower. Summer north and south generally high temperature. (2, the monsoon climate is significant: although China has a variety of climate types, but the monsoon climate is significant, the monsoon climate zone is the most extensive.)

China's climate types are divided into: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, plateau alpine climate.

The influence of monsoon winds (especially summer winds) is the main cause of uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation.

Multi-hazardous weather: mainly cold waves, typhoons, droughts and floods.

Multi-drought and flooding disasters: flooding is a natural disaster that occurs frequently and causes serious losses in China; drought is a climatic disaster that has the greatest impact on China's agricultural production, is the most common and has the widest distribution.

2, according to the temperature of the north-south differences, and combined with the actual agricultural production, China from north to south can be divided into five temperature zones: cold temperate, mesothermal, warm temperate, subtropical, tropical. In addition, there is a highland cold, a vast area of the plateau climate zone.

3, China's coldest temperature place: the town of mohe in heilongjiang; the hottest place: turpan in xinjiang;

The most precipitation place: huoliao in Taiwan province; the least place: toxin in the turpan basin.

4, a place of precipitation and evaporation of the contrasting relationship, reflecting the degree of wetness of the climate of the place. China can be divided into: humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas, arid areas.

§2.3 Rivers and lakes

Basin is a concentrated area of rivers or water systems. A water system is a system of water flows that consists of all the large and small rivers in a watershed, as well as lakes, marshes, and underground culverts. Rivers where surface and underground runoff ends up in the ocean are called outflow rivers. The area of distribution of outflow rivers becomes the outflow zone. Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean, i.e. rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into deserts, are called instream rivers. The area where the endorheic rivers are distributed is called the endorheic zone.

The hydrological characteristics of China's outflow rivers are strongly influenced by the monsoon climate. Bounded by the Qinling-Huai River, rivers in the south flow through wet areas and are rich in water. Rivers in the north flow through semi-moist or semi-arid areas.

The hydrological characteristics of China's inward-flowing rivers are significantly different compared with those of outward-flowing rivers. The largest lake in China: Qinghai Lake; the largest freshwater lake is: Poyang Lake.

The Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates from the Tanggula Mountain, in the shape of "V, W", and its main stream flows through 11 provinces, including Qinghai and Tibet, and is finally injected into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, which is the first longest river in China and the third longest in the world. Upstream: source - Yichang (Wuhan); midstream: Yichang - Hukou (Jiangxi); downstream: Hukou - into the sea. The middle section of the river is known as the "Nine Quarters" - Jingjiang River.

The Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, the river with the largest amount of sand in the world, and one of the world's famous rivers. It originates from Ba Yan Ka La Mountain, in the shape of "several", flowing through nine provinces and regions, including Qinghai and Sichuan, and injecting into the Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5464 kilometers.

Note: The Yellow River worries how to manage please see notes.

Chapter 3: China's Natural Resources

§3.1 Overview of Natural Resources

What are natural resources: the materials and energy that people obtain from nature and can be utilized by humans.

Mainly including climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Characteristics of China's natural resources: total abundance, insufficient per capita. In the natural world, the number of natural resources is huge, but limited; the quality of natural resources in each region is different. Our natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. The distribution of natural resources has a certain regularity due to the constraints of certain causes, but they are generally uniform in regional distribution. The condition of natural resources is in a constant state of flux.

§3.2 Land Resources (June 25 World Land Day)

Land is the arena for human life and production activities. "The fact that there are many people and little land is the basic condition of our country.

1, a complete type: China has a complete range of land resources of all types, forming arable land, forest land, grassland and other land types, which is conducive to adapt to local conditions. China's grassland area, the world's largest, for the development of animal husbandry provides a better resource conditions. China's arable land area of less than 100 million hectares. China's land types: arable land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert, rocky mountains.

2, regional differences are obvious: China's spatial distribution of land resources is unbalanced, the regional differences in land productivity is obvious. According to the use of land and the status of land utilization, we divide land resources into arable land, forest land, grassland (belonging to agricultural land) and construction land (belonging to non-agricultural land) and so on. China's natural forest land is mainly distributed in the northeast and southwest; most of the forest land in the mountainous areas in the southeast is artificial forest. China's grasslands are mainly located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Tibetan Plateau. The quality of land resources varies greatly from region to region in China. Northwest inland light, heat is more abundant, but arid and less rain, insufficient water, to grasslands and deserts.

3, the characteristics of China's land resources: (1) advantage: the total amount of rich, complete type; (2) disadvantage: per capita possession of small, proportionally structural unreasonable, uneven distribution, various land resources destruction is serious.

4. "Cherish and rationally utilize every inch of land, and effectively protect arable land" is a basic national policy.

§3.3 Water Resources (March 22, World Water Day)

1, China's water resources (problems): (1) shortage of water resources (total abundance, per capita insufficiency; pollution, serious waste) (2) uneven spatial and temporal distribution (① time: summer and autumn, winter and spring less (the solution is to build reservoirs) ②) Spatial: more in the South and less in the North, more in the East and less in the West, that is, more in the Southeast and less in the Northwest (the solution is "cross-basin transfer of water and other projects"))

2, uneven distribution of time: China's water resources in the time of the distribution of summer and autumn, winter and spring, and seasonal, inter-annual variations in the characteristics of the big related. Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven regional distribution of water resources in China, in order to rationalize the use of water resources, it is necessary to build reservoirs, inter-basin transfer of water and other projects (such as: the diversion of yellow to Qingdao, South-to-North water transfer).

3, measures to solve water problems: ① build reservoirs ② cross-basin transfer ③ water conservation ④ protection of water resources ⑤ treatment and prevention of water pollution ⑥ afforestation.

Chapter 4 China's Economic Development

§4.1 Gradual Improvement of the Traffic and Transportation Network

1. Transportation: It refers to the use of means of transportation to carry people or things from one place to another.

2, transportation development and change: hand-carried shoulder → livestock pack transport → modern transportation (road, rail, air, waterways and pipelines)

3, the current distribution characteristics: dense in the east, sparse in the west.

Comparison of modern modes of transportation

Modes of transportation Advantages Disadvantages

Road transportation Convenient, mobile and flexible, fast, more expensive freight, smaller capacity

Railway transportation Fast, low freight, large capacity, good continuity Less flexible, high cost of short-distance transportation

Air transportation Fastest, comfortable, safe, smallest capacity, The highest freight cost

Waterway transportation The lowest freight cost, the largest volume of the slowest speed, affected by the weather

Pipeline transportation Convenient, fast speed, large volume, low freight costs, low loss, safe, reliable, strong continuity, easy to manage the flexibility of the poor

4, China's most important mode of transportation: railroad transportation.

5, transportation hub: refers to the place where a number of traffic and transportation lines cross.

Types: single and integrated.

6, the choice of mode of transportation to consider the factors:

(1) passenger transport: to consider the economic situation owned by the person, the length of time, the purpose of the trip, the destination reached, the distance between the point of departure and the destination and the price of various modes of transport, speed fast or slow.

(2) freight transportation: to consider the nature of the goods themselves and the amount of goods transported, transportation distance, the location of the destination, the characteristics of the means of transportation.

In short, whether it is the carrier or cargo, in the choice of mode of transportation, we must consider the characteristics of the means of transport, transport distance, time, transport purposes, transportation of people or goods itself, and so on the influence of a variety of factors. For example: valuable or urgently needed goods and the number of small, more by air; easy to die and deteriorate live, fresh goods, short distance can be transported by road, long distance and large quantities of available railroads on the special car; bulk bulky goods, long-distance transportation, as far as possible, the use of water transport or railroad transport.

§4.2 Development of agriculture according to local conditions - basic industries

1, agriculture: the use of transport, plants and other living organisms of the growth and development of the law, through artificial cultivation to obtain the products of the various sectors, collectively referred to as agriculture.

2. Classification: planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, secondary industry. Division based on: the different objects of labor.

Agriculture is big and small, agriculture in a narrow sense refers only to planting, while agriculture in a broad sense can include agriculture (planting), forestry, animal husbandry, vice, fisheries, five sectors.

2, the importance of agriculture - the basic industries of the national economy.

Characteristics of agricultural production in China: great differences. Reason: China's vast territory, climate, topography, moisture and other natural conditions are complex, regional differences, coupled with the different levels of economic development throughout the country, resulting in the type of agriculture and development of the country in the regional distribution of great differences.

3, the regional distribution of agriculture: the east and west of China, the south and the north of the difference is obvious.

1) planting, forestry and fisheries are mainly distributed in the east of China. Among them, the eastern semi-humid and humid plains area is dominated by planting; forestry is concentrated in the northeast and southwest of the natural forest area, as well as southeastern artificial forest area; the eastern coastal area is the base of China's marine fishing and marine aquaculture; the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is China's freshwater fisheries in the most developed areas. ② The western region has extensive natural pastures and is dominated by animal husbandry; there are four major pastoral areas in China (Inner Mongolia pastoral area, Xinjiang pastoral area, Qinghai pastoral area and Tibet pastoral area) there. Because of the scarcity of precipitation, cultivation is distributed only in the flat source of irrigation water, river valleys and oases. ③ Animal husbandry in the eastern and southern farming areas of China is dominated by livestock and poultry rearing.

4, the development of agriculture should be adapted to the local conditions:

①It is advisable to forest: the terrain is steep, soil and water loss is easy, but the development of forestry can maintain soil and water.

② grain is grain: flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water, conducive to farming.

③Pastoralism is suitable for animal husbandry: there is less precipitation, but pasture grows well, which is suitable for animal husbandry.

4) Fishing: there are many rivers and lakes, suitable for the development of fishery.

5. Challenges and Countermeasures for China's Agriculture:

Challenges and Countermeasures for China's Agriculture

Development Status Development Achievements Highly Noted in the World: Output, Rank, Production Capacity, etc.

Challenges Facing Problems Serious Problems: Decrease of Arable Land, Soil and Water Erosion, Natural Disasters, Environmental Pollution, etc.

Development Direction and Countermeasures 1.

2, the establishment of commercial grain bases

3, science and technology to promote agriculture

China's eastern and western regions of the difference in the direction of agricultural development and the reasons for it: (1) "the eastern coast of the developed areas to actively develop the export-oriented agriculture," the geographic conditions: terrain, flat, plains, hills; precipitation, abundant heat, water and heat. Abundant precipitation, adequate heat, water and heat with better; developed transportation, easy to transport, near the sea, convenient import and export, suitable for the development of foreign agricultural trade; advanced technology and equipment, information is not the source of a wide range of residents, the market is large. (2) and "the western region to implement the return of farmland to forests, vigorously develop eco-agriculture, characteristics of agriculture" is mainly because of the western natural conditions in the development of farming is at a disadvantage, the irrational use of land resources, has led to the deterioration of the ecological environment, the situation is grim, so must be based on the characteristics of the western region to develop eco-agriculture, characteristics of agriculture.

§4.3 Industry - the leading industry of the national economy

1, industrial production: the process of obtaining material information from nature, processing and re-processing of raw materials.

2. Characteristics of industrial production: stage, correlation, planning.

3, industry "dominant": industry is the main source of national revenue, but also the country's economic independence, the fundamental guarantee of modern defense. For agriculture, construction, scientific research, military and other sectors to provide a lot of machinery and equipment, scientific research instruments, is to promote the development of society's driving force.

4, China's industrial distribution trends: along the river, along the river, coastal. Among them, the coastal area - the most developed industry: 4 bases, 5 special zones, 14 open.

5. Comparison of China's four major industrial bases:

Industrial bases Favorable conditions for the development of industry

Liaozhongnan Industrial Zone Rich in mineral resources such as coal, iron and oil, and convenient transportation.

Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Industrial Zone Rich in iron, petroleum, sea salt, etc., close to the energy base of Shanxi, with a unified power grid, convenient transportation and strong technical force.

Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou Industrial Zone It has a long industrial history, strong industrial base and technical force, unified power grid and convenient transportation.

Pearl River Delta Industrial Zone Close to Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia, many of which are overseas Chinese hometowns, making it easy to bring in foreign investment for industrial development, with advanced technology and management methods.

Development of China's industry: China's output of coal, iron and steel, cotton cloth, television sets and refrigerators is the highest in the world.

Distribution of energy industry: Insufficient supply of energy coexists with waste, and it is necessary to carry out the policy of simultaneous development and conservation.

Coal is China's first major energy source, accounting for more than 70% of China's total energy production and consumption. Oil is China's second largest energy source, in China's energy and production and consumption of total second only to coal. Hydropower is an important energy resource in China.

6, the active development of high-tech industries

meaning: science and technology as the basis, electronics and information as the leader, products with high technological content.

Characteristics: a large proportion of scientific and technological personnel, high research and development costs, and rapid renewal of products.

China's high-tech industry development: late start, rapid development.

Distribution of China's high-tech industry: dependent on large cities, large scattered and small concentration.

China's high-tech industry of the regional difference guide:

Coastal - science and technology park type: China's eastern coastal areas with a good industrial base, strong scientific and technological strength, developed economy, high-level knowledge of the talent pool, the formation of electronic and information-based industries as a "leading" science and technology park-type industries.

Border - trade-oriented: the border areas have developed trade-oriented industries mainly in assembly and processing by taking advantage of their geographic location and relying on the development policies of the country.

Inland - military defense-oriented: relying on its resource advantages and industrial base, the inland region has formed industries closely related to military defense, mainly in non-ferrous metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, electronics, aerospace and other industries.