Reflection on the Opium War: The weapons of the Qing army are no worse than those of the British army.

In the Opium War, the gap between the killing effect of Chinese and British weapons was far greater than the gap between the performance of weapons. The failure of the Qing dynasty was firstly the failure of the system, and secondly the failure of technology. Bad muskets During the Opium War, the standard light weapons equipped by the British army were front-mounted muskets. To tell the truth, this is not an advanced weapon. Several important inventions of modern rifle weapon technology, such as primary explosive, fire cap, conical projectile, firing mechanism, etc. It has just been invented, and it is too late to use it on this gun. Rifle rifling gun, commonly known as rifle, has long range, high precision and high cost. It has never been the standard weapon for European soldiers. The maximum range of a front-loaded rifle is no more than 300 yards. 9 meters), the distance that can aim at the human body is 100 yards. 18 14, Colonel Hanger of the British army wrote a passage: If you want to shoot people 200 yards away with an ordinary gun, you might as well shoot the moon. The chances of hitting are all the same. Soldiers are prone to make mistakes on the battlefield. A common mistake is to forget to pull the clamping rod out of the barrel after loading. When you pull the trigger, the lever doesn't know where it flew, so naturally it can't be reinstalled. In addition, the common mistake is to put the warhead for treating premature ejaculation in Chengdu into the muzzle by mistake, instead of gunpowder, which makes it impossible to fire. The soldiers had to quit the team, stand behind and try their best to slowly dig out the warhead. What's more, muskets are fired in a queue, so many guns are fired at the same time that many soldiers don't know if they have fired them. They often have to reload many times to fill the barrel. The weapons of the Qing army are not bad. At this time, although the Qing army did not completely give up cold weapons, half of the soldiers still used firearms, mainly shotguns and old guns. The largest number is shotguns, which belong to muskets and are fired with match ropes. It's inconvenient when it rains. Generally speaking, the range of shotgun is slightly smaller than that of English musket, and the range of javelin is larger than that of English musket. The shooting speed of a bird, compared with a musket, may not be much different, about 2 rounds per minute. The shooting accuracy of shotguns and old guns of the Qing army is lower than that of the British flintlock. Mainly because shotguns and old guns are handmade. Compared with the British flintlock gun, the technology is rough and the accuracy of the gun bore is not high. We can draw a conclusion that the British flintlock fires 3 rounds per minute, with a hit rate of 90%; Army shotguns fire 2 rounds per minute, with a hit rate of 70%. Suppose 10 soldiers of two armies fired at several targets at the same distance. In one minute, British soldiers can fire 30 bullets and hit 27 targets. Qing soldiers can fire 20 bullets and hit 14 targets. Flintstones are twice as effective as shotguns. This gap can be made up by the advantage of the number of Qing troops. In contrast, the performance gap between the two guns may be even greater. The main problems of gun cleaning are insufficient penetration and low hit accuracy. The permeability is not enough, mainly because China powder is not good; The low hit accuracy is mainly caused by the poor maneuverability of the gun. With the same caliber, the Qing artillery was much heavier and lacked flexible turrets. It is almost impossible for those large-caliber guns weighing 3 to 5 tons to aim little by little under the heavy artillery fire of the British army. However, it is these heavy guns that pose the greatest threat to British warships. I was afraid of the guns of the British Qing army and repeatedly exclaimed how fierce they were. Why did only half of the Qing army use firearms when bows and arrows competed with guns? Originally, the Qing army was unwilling to give up their skill-crossbow, and their crossbow might be as good as muskets at that time in fighting capacity. Generally speaking, the maximum range of ancient crossbows is 300 meters, and the maximum range of arm bows in Song Dynasty is more than 500 meters. Yong Zhengdi of the Qing Dynasty boasted that the bow and arrow of the Qing army was the strongest in history. The crossbow has high precision and can aim accurately. A trained crossbowman can accurately hit a humanoid target 200 yards away. The firing rate of crossbows is about three or four rounds per minute, so it is very easy to operate. It's hard to imagine anyone making a mistake. The only problem is that you need to manually pull the cable to launch too many times, W.

However, after the musket is fired continuously, the barrel of the musket will heat up, causing an explosion or weakening the power of the bullet. The penetrating power of the bow is even stronger than that of musket bullets. Armbow's arrow can penetrate two layers of armor, but ordinary musket bullets can't. But arrows are not as destructive as bullets, and wounds are easier to deal with. Arrows also have advantages. They can be coated with poison or added with explosives. Therefore, at this time, the crossbow is more powerful than the musket. Even in the British army, it is often suggested to restore the traditional longbow and refuse to use inferior muskets. The changing tactics of bayonets, muskets and artillery of the Qing army are similar to those of Britain, but the bow and arrow are more powerful. How did you lose so badly? First of all, let me talk about an inconspicuous weapon bayonet equipped by the British army. Rifle is a weapon with short range and low firing rate. In combat, hand-to-hand combat is often inevitable. Before the invention of bayonet, musketeers had to be protected by spearmen. After the invention of the bayonet, the soldiers who used muskets with spears were spearmen. Soldiers who use cold weapons are no longer necessary, which leads to the progress of tactics and tactics. When British troops fight, they usually line up in two lines. Soldiers in the platoon can't do individual maneuvers, can't stand and reload, and can't stand or kneel in unison. There is a solid barrier composed of scattered soldiers around the team to keep in touch with the enemy, harass and kill the enemy, and disperse the enemy's fire, so that our queue will not be over-exposed to the enemy's fire. The Qing army should also line up and form various formations. In the array, heavy firearms usually rank first, followed by light firearms and cold weapons. When facing the enemy, bombard with distant artillery; Open your old gun when you are near; Use the shotgun again. Three strikes missed, and then cold weapons melee. As a result, when the Qing army was fighting, it could not wait for more than a dozen. This formation has low combat effectiveness. In order to coordinate the pace of cold soldiers 2 18.26. 13.226 and firearms, the Qing army can only move slowly, and its tactical mobility is quite poor, so it is difficult to move to a favorable position where firepower can be maximized. Flexible British formations can often successfully attack the weakest place of the Qing army through circuitous maneuvers. At that time, the total strength of the Qing army was about 800 thousand. In the Opium War, about 654.38 million people were involved in the war. At first, the British army sent more than 7,000 navy and army, and the highest number increased to 20,000. In specific battles, this military superiority has not been reflected. Using its powerful naval power, the British side firmly grasped the sea power and offensive initiative. In order to guard against the possible British invasion, the Qing government had to fortify dozens of seaports in seven provinces from Shengjing to Guangdong, and distributed them to various important towns with 4000 to 10000 troops. With such a short division, it is difficult to assemble superior forces in various places. In many Sino-British wars, China often invested as much troops as Britain, even at a disadvantage. Inconvenient transportation and slow deployment of troops aggravated the plight of China. 18411October 10, the British captured Ningbo, and Daoguang Emperor dispatched 2,000 elite soldiers from Jianchang and Songpan towns in Sichuan to Zhejiang to suppress it. By the time the Ministry reached the front line more than 2,000 kilometers later, the British army had been resting in Ningbo for nearly half a year, waiting for work. How can the Qing army not lose the selection from New Humanities 2007? eight