What are the general steps of painting?

The art of drawing images on a plane with colors and lines. Painting is the general name of all kinds and categories of painting and all its styles and forms. Broadly speaking, it also includes patterns, decorative patterns and architectural design drawings. It creates artistic images with the help of usable materials and corresponding production methods, including using various painting tools such as pens, brushes, knives and fingers, as well as various painting methods such as painting, rubbing, wiping and etching, to depict and replace pigments, inks, inks and other colored substances on the plane of paper, textiles, boards, leather, walls or rocks, and using modeling factors such as line blocks, colors, shades.

Evolutionary painting is an ancient art category that can be traced back to primitive society. So far, the earliest paintings discovered are about 15000 years ago, the primitive cave paintings of altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France in the late Paleolithic period. Later mainly include: Mesolithic and Neolithic murals in a cave near Hanpi, Karnataka, India; Neolithic murals in the caves of Atlas Mountains in North Africa, Sahara Desert, Libya and Rhodesia in South Africa; Neolithic rock paintings carved or drawn on cliffs in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Yunnan and Heilongjiang in China. Primitive murals depict animal images and hunting scenes, which are closely related to human life at that time.

Painted pottery first appeared in the cradles of several human civilizations, and was made by painting decorative patterns on the pottery blank and then firing it. From 4000 BC to 3000 BC, primitive painted pottery with geometric figures and animal and plant figures appeared in Obeid culture, Uruk culture in Mesopotamia and other parts of West Asia, and Crete with Aegean culture from 2000 BC to 65438 BC+0700 BC. Among the world's primitive painted pottery, China Yangshao culture and Majiayao culture have the most abundant decorative patterns. In addition to geometric figures, fish, deer and human faces, there are groups of humanoid patterns, which are rare in painted pottery. There are two styles of Greek pottery bottles in the 6th ~ 5th century BC: red with black flowers and red with black flowers, also called black painting and red painting. Painted pottery has also appeared in other parts of southeast Europe.

After the emergence of classes and countries in human society, there are decorative murals in palaces, shrines, temples, tombs and other places. Mural painting became the main painting form in ancient society. From 4000 BC to 3000 BC, there were decorative patterns of hunting ceremonies on the tomb walls of tribal leaders in the Nile valley. The main theme of murals on Egyptian tombs and temple walls is to praise the authority of Pharaoh and hunting activities. In the 0/7th century BC, there were scenes of assembly, worship and triumph in the murals of Mali Palace in the era of Hammurabi in Babylon. The theme of Assyrian palace murals from the 8th century BC to the 7th century BC is the king's life and war scenes. The earliest murals in China, according to literature records, can be pushed to the "palace murals" in Shang Zhouwang; Murals were painted in Mingtang in the Zhou Dynasty and Xianmiao in the Warring States Period. At present, the earliest physical objects seen are fragments of colored paintings such as horses and chariots in the site of Qin Wangfu in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, which have been excavated since 1959. There are many decorative murals in palaces and halls of China in the past dynasties, and their themes are generally civil and military heroes, auspicious signs, rare birds and animals, mountains and rivers, etc. During the Han and Tang dynasties, murals on the walls, top and sides of the tomb were the most popular, usually taking the life scenes, historical facts and strange gods of the deceased as the themes. In the grottoes represented by the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, a large number of murals from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty were preserved, and their themes were mostly Buddhist statues, classics, indigenous stories and general social life scenes. Buddhist temples and Taoist temples also often paint murals. The famous temple murals preserved so far include Yongle Palace of Taoism in Yuan Dynasty, Xinghua Temple of Buddhism and fahai temple of Buddhism in Ming Dynasty. The murals of Ajanta Grottoes and Bagh Grottoes in India excavated from 1 BC to the 7th century AD are mainly religious subjects. Murals have also been found in Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and Honduras, Mexico, where the Mayans lived from the 4th century BC to the10th century. The decorative murals on the wall of Knossos Palace in Crete from 20th century BC to17th century BC are the earliest architectural murals in Europe. The archaeological excavations in Pompeii, Rome in the 1 century were full of colorful murals. In medieval Europe, especially in Italy from 13 to 14, murals developed greatly. During the Renaissance, murals were widely popular in western Europe and northern Europe. The most famous masterpiece is Michelangelo's painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. After the Renaissance, zenith painting was still popular for some time. In its long history of development, murals sometimes rise and fall. Modern murals, regardless of subject matter, artistic form, or production materials and techniques, are of various categories. At the same time, mural design emphasizes harmony with architecture, forming a unified artistic whole.

Corresponding to the development of murals, there are mosaic paintings, that is, small pieces of painted pottery, stones, enamel or glass are spliced into a picture, which is not only decorated on walls and ceilings, but also on the ground. It prevailed in ancient Iran, Greece, Rome and medieval Byzantium. It is not uncommon for modern murals to use mosaic form.

In addition to murals, paintings in the form of independent frames are mainly scroll paintings in China. The earliest painting seen so far is a silk painting in the late Zhou Dynasty. Scroll painting has been developed in China for thousands of years.

/kloc-In Europe before the 0/5th century, the non-mural painting form was an altar mosaic, that is, the crucifixion was painted on a big board and leather and placed in a circular niche on the altar.

In Greece, Rome and Iran, there used to be a kind of small painting, that is, miniature painting mainly based on calligraphy and illustration. After the 7th century, this painting was widely used in the Christian Bible and prayer books. In the 8th century, the illustrations of Bayeux Sutra were very popular in India. Xiu Xiang, a figure attached to novels and periodicals in China since Ming and Qing Dynasties, also belongs to the category of illustration.

Woodcutting, carving words on a board with a knife and then printing them on paper, is the earliest form of printmaking. There were woodcuts in China as early as the Tang Dynasty, and the woodcut illustrations in novels and operas in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties have reached a considerable artistic level. From BC 16 to BC 15, Egyptian printmaking was born from the development of sketch. In the Middle Ages in Europe, woodcut pictures that survived for printing the Bible developed into prints. /kloc-in the 5th century, the German painter A. Diu Lei applied the scientific achievements of the Renaissance, such as human anatomy and perspective, to woodcut prints. Prints have been improved and created by artists, and a variety of materials and carving techniques have emerged. 15 ~ 16 th century, copperplate prints were popular in Europe, that is, carving on a metal material dominated by copper, including dry engraving and etching copperplate. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, on the basis of the invention of lithograph technology, lithographs with lithographs or lead lithographs appeared. In addition, there are linen offset printing flowers mainly made of yellow linen mixed with resin dry oil and soft sawdust. In the 20th century, screen printing was born.

Starting from the13rd century, painters in many parts of Europe began to explore a more convenient and expressive painting material on the basis of the popular wet murals and egg-colored paintings in the Middle Ages, and gradually formed oil paintings. Egg-colored paintings are mostly used in printmaking, and their pigments are made by adding egg yolk, honey, flower-free juice, glue and solvent. /kloc-After 0/5th century, oil painting gradually replaced egg-colored painting. Pigments in oil paintings are blended with quick-drying oils, such as linseed oil, walnut oil and poppy oil. Pigment contains stearic acid, which can not only show rich color effects, but also shape the level, texture and texture of images. Therefore, since the Renaissance, oil painting has become the main type of western painting, and now it is widely spread all over the world.

Similar to oil painting, there is watercolor painting. The pigment of watercolor painting is prepared with glue, dissolved in water when used, and painted on watercolor paper, which developed into an independent painting in Britain in the18th century. In Europe in the18th century, colored pencils were also very popular, also known as pastel paintings.

Different countries, regions and nationalities in the world have created their own unique painting styles due to differences in social customs and cultural traditions, as well as differences in material materials and means of expression. With the cultural exchange of different countries, we learn from each other, and then carry forward and create constantly, making painting develop into an extremely rich art category. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two systems: oriental painting represented by Chinese painting and western painting represented by European painting. Not only are the materials and tools different, but their observation methods and expression means also have their own characteristics.

In Europe, since the15th century, oil painting technology has been widely spread and gradually formed the characteristics of western traditional painting. Generally speaking, it is based on the concrete imitation and reproduction of objective phenomena, focusing on reflecting the truth of the object, so it pays attention to the correctness of distance, size and brightness, and pays attention to the relationship between perspective, light and shade and projection, thus creating the effect that spatial entities can touch. However, oil painting does not stop at depicting objects truthfully. Various formal factors of western painting, such as the clever use and arrangement of color and structure, also greatly affect the artistic expression of works. Painters use perceptual colors, compositions, rhythms and rhythms to highlight their creative intentions and express the connotation of their works, thus infecting the audience more strongly. After the development of western painting to impressionism in the19th century, it broke through the shackles of traditional realism in emphasizing subjective spirit, expressing oneself and exploring forms. There are various schools in the 20th century, from emphasizing form to negating form, from concreteness to abstraction, and there are various extreme views.

China's painting tradition takes "both form and spirit" as its conversion, and pays attention to expressing the subject spirit. Painting creation emphasizes that "nature is made by foreign teachers and the heart comes from China", that is, the painter observes and grasps objective things, emphasizes the understanding of spiritual characteristics from the outside to the inside, and creates a beautiful image and realm with profound connotation through the integration of the painter's subjective spiritual factors, including cultivation, morality and temperament. In the process of long-term development and evolution, Chinese painting has accumulated extremely rich experience in techniques, including brushing with brush and brush, expressing shape and texture with line drawing and ink color change, and emphasizing the communication of charm and momentum. The literati painting school also integrated poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing, forming an artistic interest with oriental characteristics.

Up to now, classified painting art has been divided into materials and tools, and its main types are: ink painting, oil painting, printmaking, mural painting, watercolor painting, gouache painting, sketch and so on. Many kinds of paintings can be subdivided into different varieties and styles. For example, printmaking can be subdivided into woodcut, copper plate, stone plate, offset printing and screen plate. Among them, woodcut prints are divided into watermark woodcut and mimeograph woodcut because of different printing techniques. If we distinguish ink painting from different characteristics of performance, there are meticulous painting, freehand brushwork and concurrent writing, as well as meticulous painting and freehand brushwork; According to the mounting form, it can be divided into scrolls and album pages. Oil painting can be divided into two categories: plain and light. The development of murals, in addition to the traditional wet murals, mosaic paintings, but also ceramic murals, colored cement murals, wood mosaic murals, murals made of enlarged photos, are all marginal paintings. In addition, there are paintings of propylene and various plastic pigments.

It is customary to distinguish painting types according to the theme and social function of painting: ① figure painting with characters as the main body. Among them, portraits depicting specific characters are very popular in15th century western paintings; China's portraits are traditionally called portraits, vivid images and portraits. (2) genre painting with social life as the theme. /kloc-in the 6th century, genre painting developed into an independent painting school in Europe. /kloc-the genre paintings of the Dutch painting school in the 0 th and 7 th centuries were famous for a while. 17 ~19th century Japanese ukiyo-e paintings are famous genre paintings, such as The Merchant's Bear by China Song Dynasty painter Song Li and The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan. (3) Posters designed for the purpose of publicity are also called posters. ④ Religious paintings with religious teachings and stories as their themes. ⑤ Comics characterized by satire and humor. ⑥ Military sports paintings with the theme of war events and military activities. ⑦ Historical paintings with historical events, stories and legends as their content, such as Bujitu painted by China and Yan in the Tang Dynasty, and Yue Xi Gui Han painted by Chen Juzhong in the Song Dynasty; European historical painting formed an independent painting form during the Renaissance and reached its peak in the17 ~19th century. Today, in China, there are New Year pictures specially drawn for the Spring Festival celebrations. In addition to figure painting, Chinese painting can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting according to the subject matter; Western painting can be divided into portrait painting, still life painting, animal painting, landscape painting, interior painting and so on. In addition, according to the form and genre of the picture, it can be divided into single picture, easel picture, group picture, cartoon and illustration.

Characteristics In the history of painting development, there are not only various means of expression, formal skills and style characteristics in practice, but also many factions in theory, reflecting the differences between world outlook and artistic view. In principle, all painting requires the perfect combination of ideas and artistic forms, and painting is a highly individualized artistic labor. In ancient and modern times, Chinese and foreign countries, styles and schools are varied, showing a state of letting a hundred flowers blossom. In the relationship between content and form, some attach importance to the social function and enlightenment of painting, emphasize the ideological and social significance of the subject matter, and require the works to express certain philosophy, beliefs and ethical concepts; Others emphasize the aesthetic function of painting, take aesthetic feeling as the highest realm and pursue perfect formal skills. In the relationship between the subject (painter) and the object (description object), some insist on the shape and quality of the objective object, and strive to be vivid; Others emphasize the painter's subjective spirit, that is, self-feeling, passion and psychological function. As far as the development of painting is concerned, different painters always focus on one aspect, such as realism, idealism, realism, freehand brushwork, concreteness, abstraction, similarity, spirit likeness, or both, and each emphasizes one aspect from different angles and degrees. In terms of creative methods, there have been major factions such as realism, romanticism, idealism and expressionism since ancient times; In the west, modern schools emerge one after another, some are realistic, and some completely abandon the concreteness of any meaning, which leads to painting only seeking rational thinking and not seeking concreteness.

As an art form, painting has its basic elements and characteristics. Different from other literary forms of painting, it is a plastic art that depends on vision to feel and appreciate. Painters can make full use of modeling factors (shape, color, light, line, etc. ) and the charm of brush strokes to infect the viewer. However, painting has its limitations, that is, it can't express plot development and psychological state with character dialogue like novels, poems, plays, movies and music, and can only express static images. Therefore, painters need to be good at selecting and capturing the most inspiring instantaneous images, summarizing, refining and sublimating them, and creating images full of vitality, expressiveness and association, so as to transcend the relatively static space-time category and reach a profound artistic realm.

Painting is different from sculpture, architecture and some handicrafts. It does not occupy three-dimensional space. It expresses its image on a plane, so it has its own unique artistic language. It uses the perspective principle, the back-to-back relationship between light and shade, and the change of cold and warm colors. , to express the distance level of the scene, so that the plane frame presents a deep and three-dimensional spatial effect. The reality and density of Chinese painting layout, the lightness and lightness of brush strokes, the subtle use of pen and ink and color, brush stroke and dyeing, the brush strokes, color blocks and various visualization techniques of oil painting all make the plane picture reflect the texture, momentum, charm and elegance of the image.

Even the most realistic painting is different from photography. Painting that describes objective real life is, to a certain extent, an artistic image created by the painter's subjective consciousness. In observing, understanding and feeling the objective world, the painter produces artistic imagination and association, integrates personal subjective spiritual factors, including self-cultivation, personality, temperament and emotion, and recreates art according to his own aesthetic consciousness and interest. Therefore, painting is far from a simple absorption and reflection of objective things, but a painter's expression of objective things through his own will and skills. The works of modern surrealism and photographic realism still have the quality of painting, which photography can never replace.

In addition, different kinds of paintings have their own special aesthetic interests because of the different materials, tools and expression techniques used, such as the changeable texture of oil paintings, the cutting interest in the relationship between black, white and gray prints, and the lively pen and ink interest of Chinese paintings, all of which show that the formal beauty of painting materials, means and techniques is an inseparable factor in the unity of painting images.